Past modals of deduction! These are my
favorite grammar structures! But Toby! WHY? Because they are essential for part two of
the B2 First Speaking Exam. Oh great, Toby! Teach me! Teach me! My name is
Toby, this is SMASH English and here is everything you need to know about past modals
of deduction for the B2 First Cambridge exam. We use past modals of deduction to talk about
what we think happened in the past but we do not know for sure. Maybe we think we
know. Maybe we feel like we are sure. But we don't know and we are not sure. So
first we need to prepare our modal verbs. I love modal verbs! They are my favorite verbs.
We have MUST, MAY, MIGHT, COULD, CAN'T, and COULDN'T. Remember MUSTN'T is not here. We
mustn't use MUSTN'T with past modals of deduction. Mustn't use mustn't. Mustn't, mustn't, mustn't.
But no! You mustn't use MUSTN'T with past modals of deduction. But how do we turn these
exciting, fun, magnificent, marvelous modal verbs into past modal verbs of deduction? I don't know
but I am sure that you are going to tell us, Toby. We add the auxiliary verb HAVE. HAVE always stays
the same. We never say has because MUST, MIGHT, MAY, COULD, CAN'T and COULDN'T are modal verbs and
after modal verbs we always use... the infinitive! The infinitive! Yes, the infinitive. And then
finally we add the past participle. So that's modal verb plus have plus past participle.
Isn't that simple? Yes! Very simple! Oh wow, Toby! That's so interesting but like, why do
we use them? That's a great question, Monica. So how do we use my favorite grammar, past modals
of deduction? MUST HAVE for positive certainty. We use MUST HAVE plus PAST PARTICIPLE when we
feel certain that something happened in the past. Remember we don't know for sure because we
were not there but we feel certain, we think there is no other possibility possible. So then in the
context of part two of the B2 First speaking exam! I would like you to say why you think these
people have decided to lie down. This person is lying on the floor during a football
match. I think he must have injured himself. Wow! That was brilliant! I was really
good in that speaking exam, wasn't I? Yes! "I think he must have injured himself" is so much
better than saying "I think he injured himself". "I think he injured himself" is fine if you
are trying to get the B1 certification... B1... Idiots... We're B2 so we use past modals
of deduction. Yes! This person must have decided to lie down beside a lake to relax. Again
fantastic, Toby! This is much better than saying "this person decided to lie down beside a lake
to relax". It's much better! Much much better! So make sure you do it in the exam, if you need to.
Here we have said MUST have because, well, apart from relaxing can you think of any other reason
to lie down beside a lake in this way? I can't. I can think of no other reason and because this
seems to be the only reason for this past action I use MUST HAVE. Um Toby actually you're wrong. I
can think of another reason. Um when I lie by the lake it's not so I can relax. It's so I can show
all the boys my hot body, glistening in the sun, covered in sweat... So this man
must have decided to lie by the lake to see me lying by the lake it's obvious. Monica,
when was the last time that Johnny called you? Um that's none of your business, Bruce. You're
so jealous of him. God! Oh shut up, Monica! He never loved you! Shut up he MUST HAVE LOVED me! He
kissed me so passionately and we... Here Monica is saying that she is sure that Johnny loved her in
in the past. Yeah, yeah. I feel sure. I'm sure he loved me. He must have loved me. He loved me. Past
modals of deduction! So useful! Such great grammar that you can watch right here on SMASH English!
I love watching grammar videos! Subscribe... bye. MAY, MIGHT, or COULD HAVE for possibility. We
use MAY or MIGHT or COULD plus HAVE plus the PAST PARTICIPLE to talk about a past possibility. We
are not sure. In this instance MUST HAVE means I feel sure. MIGHT, COULD, MAY = I'm not sure. So in
the context of part two of the B2 First speaking exam! I would like you to say why you think
these people are doing these activities. This person is fishing alone. He might have
chosen fishing because it is a peaceful sport. Oh my god! A brilliant, brilliant answer, Toby!
Well done! These people are climbing a mountain. They may have taken on this challenge together to
strengthen their friendship and try something new. Inspirational, Toby! Are these people in this
picture friends? I don't know! I don't know! So here I could use MAY HAVE, MIGHT HAVE, or
COULD HAVE to demonstrate that I don't know if this was the reason because I don't even know if
they are friends but if I must guess then this is a possibility. This is a possible explanation for
why they did this past action. But I don't know! I don't know, all right!? God I don't know
everything! Seriously using this grammar is the difference between a three and a five when
the examiners assess your grammar and vocabulary during the B2 First speaking exam. And if you want
to learn more about how the examiners assess you when you do your speaking exam watch this video
here. I talk about the marking scheme and tell you everything you need to know about how the
examiners mark your speaking. Brilliant! Because how can you give the examiners what they want if
you don't know what they want? You can't! You just can't! You can't! And trust me! I am a Cambridge
speaking examiner! If you use this grammar at any point in your speaking exam your mark
in grammar and vocabulary will be at least a four. Trust me it will be. It just will be.
Isn't that great? This is the only video you need! But also watch my video here about part two
of the Cambridge speaking exam because that will give you more information about part two.
I also have a whole playlist about speaking for the B2 First Cambridge exam! Isn't that great?
I'm so generous. Great! I'm great! Alright so if Johnny loved you, why hasn't he called you? Why
hasn't he messaged you? He hasn't done anything! If I had loved someone I would want to know what
they were doing now. Do you know what I mean? I don't know there are loads of possibilities! Um he
could have died. He might have been in a car crash or a plane crash or an animal may have eaten him.
Or he may have found someone else. No okay! That's impossible! Johnny! If you're watching this right
now then please leave a comment down below and and tell me why you haven't messaged me or spoken
to me in in years and I thought you loved me and I'm sure you do love me and I love you too I'm not
angry I love you. Bye! CAN'T or COULDN'T HAVE for negative certainty. We use CAN'T HAVE or COULDN'T
HAVE to talk about what we are sure did not happen in the past. For us this is not a possibility we
are sure that this definitely, definitely did not happen. I mean we don't know 100% but we are
sure. We know. We just know! We've got brains! Monica! He has not called you in months, he
CAN'T HAVE ever LOVED ya! And even if he did, he doesn't now! I'm sorry. Bruce my fingers
are in my ears and if my fingers are in my ears then it means I can't hear you and if I can't
hear you it means you don't exist so shut up yeah! Yo! I just passed my B2 First exam! All
of these fans... Uh I'm recording a video now, go away i'm busy, yeah! A video for what? A video
for what...? SMASH English! It's a really famous Youtube channel now. Huh? SMASH English? I've
never heard of it. Well you CAN'T HAVE PASSED the B2 First exam then, can you? Because without
SMASH English it's impossible! No seriously... I passed. I did great! I got top marks! Shut up you
idiot! That's not possible! You need SMASH English to pass! Without SMASH English you will fail!
That is the rule of life! Everybody knows it! Idiot! And with that we are finished. Now you
know everything you need to know about using past modals of deduction for
the B2 First Cambridge exam. If you liked the video don't forget to SMASH that
like button, subscribe if you haven't alreadyM leave a comment down below. My name
is Toby and this was SMASH English...
