Temperature, how it works : Tutorial Nuggets : Oxygen Not Included

and we're back with another quick tutorial on oxygen not included and today we're going to be tackling an issue i get asked about well i've seen so many comments about it but i've never really got around to doing it because it's kind of tricky to explain properly and to do it specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity the question usually boils down to when you should use water what's important for what like insulation or transferring temperature and today we're just going to do a very simple test to show you what each one does so we have here is obsidian on this side and we have igneous rock on the other and the thermal conductivity in both as you will notice is both two however the specific heat capacity on obsidian is 0.2 and igneous rock is 1.0 so igneous rock has five times the specific heat capacity and the simplest way to think of specific heat capacity as i'm going to use a battery analogy it's how much power your battery can store so this can store five times more power than obsidian so what we will do is we're going to grab a bunch of magma now it's not really hot magma to be honest it's pretty chilly for going to be realistic it's 2 000 kilos but it's heated to 476.9 degrees then we zoom out a bit and then we turn on the temperature overlay you'll see everything's nice and green and balmy no problems whatsoever at all and in the moment we can pause this it's going to get pretty hot pretty fast so there we go as you'll see this here is expanding much more rapidly and the reasoning behind that is to do with the well the specific heat capacity it only takes one fifth the energy to cause this to heat up so you've got it's like having two batteries plugged into the same uh charger they're both getting the exact same amount of power it's just this one doesn't need as much power to fully charge or discharge so it's got actually less energy in it so if we check out here this is up to 76 degrees over here this hasn't barely moved out at all this will expand out and well take up five times as much space uh let's maybe fast forward time a bit here i think that should be all right that's gone fair enough let's just have a quick check on something here you notice this is at 20.9 degrees whereas the adjacent tile is at 20 degrees and then as this hits a 21 you'll notice the adjacent half still no movement on it it is still the exact same temperature however as the tile beside it goes just above 21 so say 21.1 which you should do now there we go you notice the tile down here the style just below it has gone up by 0.1 of a degree so you notice there's a one degree difference between these two and then if you notice there's a one degree difference between these two and a one degree difference between these and all the way down so as you go back up you'll notice it's just a one degree gradient going back up until you get a little bit closer so there's actually a 1.1 degree gradient and there's quite a bit more what will happen is this will keep spreading out temperature again and again and again until eventually the whole thing is not one uniform temperature but everything will be one degree warmer than whatever is beside it just an example of what will eventually happen so this will just keep spreading out until there's just a one degree difference and the exact same thing is happening over here and let's find where is it 20.7 and the adjacent one is 21.7 there's actually two adjacent tiles injecting temperature into that one the difference will be since this one over here has so much lower specific heat capacity this will spread out five times as far now it will also take a lot longer as well you can see here this has been spreading out quite quickly but just due to the fact that it takes so little heat to for it to heat up a tile it will just keep spread it will spread out far over a far more distance but eventually it will also end up the same where each tile will be one degree different from the one adjacent to it just covering five times the space down here of course we've got another little test this is a thermal conductivity of one this is a thermal conductivity of two so this conducts heat way better well twice as well as this one so with this great conductive material one degree of difference between each block this one what are we guessing we'll say two degrees of difference something like that before it'll exchange temperature let's inject some heat in here and find out i have injected the exact same magma into both of them well it's not really magma to be honest it's instantly going to turn into rock but exact same temperature material for our heat injection then we'll just unpause it and let the heat spread all right so what we should be expecting here is this one should transfer heat faster because it's got the better thermal conductivity of 0.2 over the or of 2.0 over this one which has the thermal conductivity of one so this is transfer temperature at about half the speed so you'll see this red blob expand much much faster now we'll come to the practical applications of all of these uh particular features later but for now let's just have a quick check and see how this works out all right that's a bit of a surprise to me here but it turns out uh yet there's a one degree difference between the tiles before temperature will start to change between these two as well same this side the only difference is this one's spreading temperature far faster it seems this just transmits the heat between the two tiles quicker you need the exact same one degree temperature difference i had always assumed that the temperature differential would determine how much of the heat difference you need before temperature starts exchanging that would appear to be that's probably a standard then if unless there's one degree of temperature difference between two blocks they will never exchange temperature good to know however that's just a few of the that's just solid materials what happens when you start introducing gas up here we have a container of two kilos of oxygen and on the right of it two kilos of hydrogen they're rather large but what we're going to do is we are going to paint in just a little blob of magma into each of those exact same as before the exact same temperature then we're going to check out the temperature overlay and see how it goes now as you'll see it sort of spreads out in a very similar pattern but wow okay that goes i was expecting that to go up down left and right and pretty much the exact same ways but it seems it actually spreads out horizontally very unusual that might be because of the way i've got the tile set up one second i should have probably turned these into blocks hmm you know what we'll let this run for a little bit longer and then i'll retest the experiment with making this a perfect square all right i think we've got enough info there i think the surprising part is how much it spreads horizontally that is crazy far how much that spreads we'll just uh kill off those igneous rock pieces wow okay also as well as that when it goes upwards it seems to go far it goes seems to rise actually a little bit 17 up and only about 11 down interesting however we should really uh check here the the temperature differential here is enormous and yet it still travels quite slowly despite only being two kilos of gas for to pass through and the oxygen transfers temperature an awful lot better than it does the the hydrogen so it's got a specific heat capacity of one and a thermal conductivity of 0.24 hydrogen hydrogen in theory has much better thermal conductivity but a much higher heat capacity i thought with that enormous i mean it's 0.168 versus 0.024 so it's six times greater the thermal conductivity of hydrogen is six times greater however gas just doesn't seem to transfer heat very well hydrogen is actually a better insulator than oxygen that's okay you learned something new every day i thought it would have been the other way around but that's the way it works there's an a multiplier applied to the transfer of heat and gas uh the reason being otherwise you would need to transfer heat very well i mean uh one tile of one tile of anything is usually 100 kilos so a 100 kilo tile will have 50 times the mass of the gas touching it which could lead to really weird calculations so the gas has a bit of a multiplier for when dealing with heat so that you don't uh so that some actual heat can be transferred to it same experiment but this time i put in a box just to see if it really is just spreading heat that horizontally yeah that's immediately going all horizontal that is rather surprising though hydrogen yeah hydrogen doesn't seem to spread out the heat quite so fast as the oxygen good to know one more one last test for one final gas experiment i changed it so there's 100 kilos of hydrogen and oxygen in every tile so it's the exact same mass as the stuff down here and let's just see how if it behaves any differently now and no just slower all right that just gets even weirder there's actually conviction in this game never even thought it was possible so yes all of the hot gases appear to just travel up to the top where they just yeah they don't really spit out their heat so much that is assuming you have really really high gas pressure that's what happens to heat it just floats to the top great to know for the steam rooms oh wow that is actually very pretty down there i just did a little bit of investigation here this is actually perfect uh we'll see 26.9 27.9 28 30 and then it drops a point of a degree right there then it just keeps going up at 0.8 right until it gets to just before here there's one temperature difference in everything until i get to that point but i think that's more to do with these tiles beside it for some reason some of these are at a lower temperature of 0.2 this should be 50.8 or yeah 50.8 but it's 50.2 because some of the heat got drained into these tiles i don't know exactly but uh by and large yes you can expect a degree of temperature difference between tiles kind of amazing and oxygen it seems all the hot stuff just goes straight to the top and barely spreads any heat around who knew hydrogen pretty much the same thing though that's only if you have vast quantities of it if you have it as just two kilos of pressure it seems to just spread out nice and horizontally very strange anyway let's move on for our next little experimenter yeah i'm gonna start to start calling them experiments i've learned so much i thought it was gonna be a tutorial more of an experiment but uh suppose we learned at the same pace this here is a tank half full of oxygen and half full of magma two kilos of oxygen and about 1800 kilos of magma though i may have pushed them up to get a bit tight together now if you look here along the outside you'll see these insulated tiles are all 20c and they're all obsidian insulated tiles they're not the best they're not the worst and but not the best at worst i mean there's there's specific where is it their thermal conductivity is 0.020 uh if you'll check them before wait we've got an obsidian tile over here a regular obsidian tile and that one is actually two so these are far less conductive and thermal conductivity with an insulated tag on top of it means that the only conductivity that is considered for transferring heat is the heat of the tile normally if you have two materials it's average date between what the thermal conductivity of each one is and that works just fine but when it's an insulated tile the only thing that counts is the insulated tile's ability to conduct heat however you're going to notice here these tiles up here are all getting nice and toasty you'll notice they're 30 40 degrees whereas these ones down here they're all staying at perfectly 20 degrees they don't care they're they're bathing in two two tons of liquid magma and they're like yeah no we're good we got this and these tails up here are touching barely two kilos of oxygen and they're getting toasty what gives why are they transferring so much heat well this is back to that multiplier was talking about gas gets a multiplier for transferring heat into things that is why these tiles are all getting uh heated up nothing really you can do about this unfortunately it's just the way the cookie crumbles oh uh one thing here let's deconstruct that for the moment now there used to also be a bug where uh pieces of debris if pieces of debris were dropped on top of it instead of tile the heat transfer from debris was preset and it didn't take into account the insulated tag therefore you could end up with pieces of debris transferring temperatures into your incident tiles that has since been patched out and debris no longer does that so you don't have to worry about scraping every little piece of debris out of your perfect devices in case it accidentally overheats something but this just lets you know yeah hot liquids the insulated tiles don't care it takes forever for them to change temperature hot gases slightly different story you might want to double insulate double insulation means well exactly what it says just put two layers of insulation that will last you pretty much for an eternity and a half the reason being the two insulated tiles just will not exchange heat until one of them gets incredibly hot you know what let's find out how hot it takes before the two of them will start exchanging there we go this one's at 88 and this one here has gone up 0.1 of a degree so it takes quite a temperature differential once the temperature got to about 120 degrees we saw another 0.1 of a degree in temperature change all right this is taking way too long we're up to 0.3 of a degree that we had to get to about 150 i'm gonna see if we can't speed this process along a bit all right so the gas in here is now almost 10 000 degrees that uh that's pretty hot as you can see there we go that's some proper temperature rise right there uh let's see how let's see how long it takes before it starts to transfer some serious temperature after way way way too much time and 9990 degree oxygen i eventually remove that we've got it up to 1200 degrees and it's managed to raise the temperature of the adjacent insulated tail but up to about five degrees yeah so double layering will pretty much prevent all heat escape from gas i mean unless you've got something that you're trying to keep really chill on the opposite side of this i think you're pretty safe when it comes to the liquids they don't care liquids just don't really transfer heat very well to obsidian wait wait was there one there oh look 21. oh the only place that's happened is actually under the uh the debris it seems the debris is transferring a tiny little bit of heat but it's not as bad as it used to be okay so maybe don't leave debris in there well that's a one degree difference i'm not going to cry over that one but yes gases will heat up insulated tiles just slowly liquids they don't care and solid to solid transfer is really really slow like incredibly slow next up some practical testing of just what you can use this knowledge to how you can use this knowledge to your advantage uh first of here is uh this is sort of the hot plate for this petroleum boiler and at all stage you should make it out of gold the reason being has this very very low specific heat capacity that's the the battery charge or the level you can charge it up to and the thermal conductivity is not too terrible the reason having such low specific heat capacity is good is when you're injecting heat from here into here this is sort of like the bottleneck and you don't want to inject too much heat if you inject too much heat you're going to overheat the petroleum and that's just wasted heating you only want to heat things up to a certain amount so what we'll do here is we'll just slow this down a bit and just uh as those doors close you see the heat starts to be injected this temperature sensor set to 403 once it goes above 403 that door is going to disengage but if you check up here stay in this corner you can see the temperature is kind of quite high it hits about 412. yeah it hit about a little bit over about 412.5 412.5 degrees so it's overheated by just a little bit but then it starts to plummet down again now that's if you're using a gold temperature shift plate or a gold or gold temperature for a gold metal tile however we'll go down here and you'll notice this tile is made of copper now copper has the exact same thermal conductivity but the specific heat capacity is not 0.129 instead it's 0.385 which is well that's over twice as much what will happen here is uh once this starts to inject heat which is right there you can see the temperature goes up and we get oh actually 414.9 it peaked out at the reason being there was just there was more battery to draw on even though it's only a very small amount and i know there's lots of petroleum in here this is the bottleneck the heat from this door well magma through temperature shift plate into the diamond window tiles temperature shift left from the diamond window tiles into the door and from the door those two are just touching there's no temperature shift plate between them so this sort of acts as a the bottleneck and slows down how much temperature can get transferred now over here well yeah let's just say we went a bit crazy this one has even better thermal conductivity at a massive specific heat capacity of nine of 0.910 so let's see what happens when this one engages and there we go temperature starts to get injected and where do we pick up 117 118 yeah about 118.6 0.7 for the reason being there is just it's not even to do with the thermal conductivity so much as the specific heat capacity of this uh tile is allowing more and more heat to be injected so i've got these three set up i gave them all fresh magma at the exact same time and let's let them run a bit i want to say run a bit we're going to run them until they actually run out of magma or until the magma runs out of temperature to inject and then we'll know which one runs out first now the temperature differences or the difference between the all three is not going to be massive the reason being with a lot of magma here and only a few degrees doesn't make that big of a difference but it does count for a few things for example overheating your petroleum will mean as it flows back out of here you've got a chance of overheating the incoming crude oil and causing overheat and stuff like that so sometimes it's nice to know exactly how much you can push things and we've run out of heat well this one has this is the aluminum tiles with the very high specific heat capacity and you'll notice here the temperature has dropped to 443 degrees and it's ready to cycle out that magma over here the copper the copper here has the a lot less specific heat capacity and it's at c so it's got about 40 degrees more temperature in it then if we go up here to the gold which is slightly better at 0.129 for its specific heat capacity you'll see we've actually got 490 about 10 degrees more now as a bit of a side project i i messed around these diamond temperature shift plates are very good for transferring temperature and very cheap and efficient but over here uh exact same gold tiles but i've replaced the temperature shift plates with gold temperature shift plates smaller specific heat capacity just to see if it made a difference and the temperature over here is actually 510 so we were we were able to save a little bit more heat as well by using slightly more uh lower specific heat capacity temperature shift plates than uh than using the diamond ones over here so there is a way to actually make this even more efficient but it just costs you a lot more gold i'll still stick with diamond for the generic bill just on the grounds that diamond's easier to acquire but if you're looking to optimize things even further there's ways to use specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity to your advantage let's have a quick look at temperature transfer because there's one thing that's very often overlooked is temperature is transferred just on the four cardinal directions so if we check the temperature overlay here these three tiles totally heat it up but the ones right here diagonally touching them nothing's happening and that's sometimes inconvenience and it's where temperature shift plates come in so what we can do here is you know what let's sample it over this side if we were to say paint this in there you'll notice that's insulated ceramic tiles and the rest of this place just remains nice and bombing absolutely no change in temperature anywhere because it can't get out it's trapped inside these four tiles no temperature exchange possible however we stick in a diamond window tile that exchanges heat with all nine surrounding tiles so even these corner pieces that quickly turns the entire place into an incineration zone and that is the joy of temperature shift plates however they do have a few limitations so for example we can paste it in there that's great it shares its temperature with the adjacent temperature shift plates however those temperature shift plates don't really seem to share temperature with each other uh that one's actually gaining a little temperature because it's sucking out of the ceramic tile here also these temperature shift plates can force temperature into things they wouldn't normally accept them so quickly so for example this ceramic is actually getting heated up but it's not the magma that's doing it it's the temperature shift plate it's pushing it in uh temperature shift plates have sort of like a multiplier for allowing them to add temperature to something just makes it very useful now what you can do though is you could just uh well alternate stuff if you put things in a daisy chain that will heat that temperature shift plate which heats that diamond window tile next temperature shift plate blah blah blah all the way along and it allows you to just basically make a heat spike all the way also i'm using a lot of diamond here i know that's you can use other materials it's just diamond happens to be incredibly cheap plentiful in the biome in the oil biome has a good specific heat capacity and amazing thermal conductivity and there's pretty much no other use for it so temperature shift plates and tamarind seem to be its number one focus another thing about this is it doesn't really matter what medium it's in if it's in any medium at all that will also help transfer the temperature so if you check here and pow it just like you can see it just rockets along the temperature shift plate line these areas down here are still what 26 27 they're barely touched but up here yep 200 degrees and such that's just a handy way of making sure temperature goes where you want it to and one of the handy things about temperature shift plates but now let's go and combine all that knowledge to make some cooling what we have here is a probably oversized cooling device i've made several like it before but this one it's just more for demonstration purposes than cleanliness this is an oxygen production facility in full rodriguez it's producing three kilos of oxygen well a little bit under but it's about 68 degrees it's coming out at almost 70 c you can of course use radiant liquid piping going through here to help dump off some heat there's other ways you can cool this but we just want that as hot as possible so we can demonstrate things as efficiently as possible this here is just regular granite pipe we're going to connect them up here and oh we're going to sever those right there and if we've done this correctly everything should now be passing through this direction and you notice here this is heating up the pipe slowly but surely 50 40 40 comes out the other side though and it's actually chopped quite a bit in temperature the reason being the granite here is passing through this section it's a nice chilled tank of liquid well water and the water is cooled down to about seven degrees was it yeah it's all cool down to 7c and there's some temperature controlling we'll go into in a bit but what's important here is these granite pipes they're not special they're just regular standard issue granite pipes that you can build at the ex at the start of the game and you'll see the gas here is going in here at 67 c it's one point coming out at 46 c on the other so you're losing some temperature but at 7 c in here we should really be losing an awful lot more what would happen if we were to replace those pipes would say radiant gas pipes after installing the radiant gas pipes you'll see here auctions coming in at 60 going out the other side at 27 27 27 that's a hell of a drop now it's not down to the seven degrees but it's to do with well radiant gas pipes radiant gas pipes are an annoyance because they're you really have to sort of compare them to liquid pipes to get an idea of what's going on this is them all compared off against each other however there's a bit of a difference going on here uh when you're making ventilation pipes they can only be made out of ore well that's a rough rule of thumb there's an exception there's exceptions so you've got gold amalgam ore is what you're making your radiant gas pipe out of which is why it has such thermal terrible thermal conductivity whereas you make your radiant liquid pipes out of refined material which means it's made out of actual gold which means its thermal conductivity is absolutely amazing at 120. so gold amalgam is the worst for vent air for gas pipes but actually one of the best for liquid pipes it's it's very confusing until you actually look up to numbers you don't realize what's going on for example iron here thermal conductivity of 110 for liquid piping for gas piping eight and it's come in second then copper is 120 for liquid and nine for ventilation it's just weird tungsten well wolframite refines into tungsten wolfram is actually quite good for gas pipes and is unfortunately it's pretty rare though so you don't usually want to waste it and it also makes a good radiant pipe aluminum ore is probably one of the best ones you'll see here it's 41 for aluminum ore for a gas pipe and it's really great and it's even better for liquid pipes if you're trying to exchange temperature so this is probably one of the best materials for temperature transfer in the game unless you want to get in to start getting into space materials for example we've got niobium up here or thermium at 440 in both it doesn't matter if it's used as a gas pipe or a liquid or a liquid pipe that's because these three up here these three are all refined materials so steel is also pretty good as a radiant gas pipe it's actually one of the best it's the third best in the game also for expensive uterus also makes a decent radiant pipe though not as good as say something like gold which is much cheaper and get and easier to get your hands on so i suppose for the big takeaway would be for your gas pipes use aluminum ore or steel if you've got your if you can that's actually the best one to use and you usually need small runs of it for your liquid pipes i find gold is usually sufficient or even copper whereas it uh so copper here is 120 gold is 120 aluminum is wonderful it's just depending on your map you may not have access to it but down here we made these pipes out of copper ore and that means we're getting some decent temperature transfer we've knocked it down to 26 but we've got the potential to take it down to seven now another thing you could do is you could extend out this temperature transfer area so there's more area to transfer temperature but let's just see what happens when we put in some better gas piping i say we switched to aluminum with aluminum we're getting it all the way down to 7c would you look at that oop that one's at eight that one's at eight okay they're a little bit further down inside the tank so oh no it's working out pretty good that was a difference of let's see here that was nine thermal conductivity on this copper or pipe this one up here was 41. so that much of a change really allows you to get much finer control now one one last thing sometimes it's just better to throw things at a problem rather than try anything too subtle so down here you notice we've got a giant tank of water that giant tank of water is hooked up by a temperature sensor to these doors and these doors are sucking temperature from this big ice block over here fed by a super coolant powered aquatuner a little bit of late game design i'm going to admit however the reason we're using water down here is it's just massive thermal capacity if we just uh go in here to the water itself its specific heat capacity is for 4.179 which in comparison to say something like oxygen over here that has a specific capacity of 0.790 and we're only passing through a kilo of oxygen per pipe whereas there's a thousand kilos of water down here this just allows you to keep things stable for example if we were to swap all of this out and change it for say hydrogen there we have 100 kilos of hydrogen now you probably would be able to achieve that quite normally in in your game the reason being it's just it'd be too hard to get 100 kilos in there store compressors you'd probably only have 10 but just for example here you look over this side it is bringing out the temperature but it's not nearly as stable anymore and it's going to fluctuate up and down a lot some of them here are five some of them here are six and as the temperature goes in and out you'll notice them going up and down up and down constantly it's just there's not as much mass in there to keep a stable temperature it gets even more pronounced if we reduce this to 20 kilos 20 kilos is what you can reasonably expect to put into a room without using some sort of uh exploitative bugs or yeah well depending on where you want to do it and you'll notice here the temperatures are now going down sometimes to one degree sometimes up to five or six seven it just it's all over the place it's not nearly as stable so sometimes you don't need to put in fancy controls or the perfect materials just throw a large quantity of mass at it if you're trying to stabilize something and keep it at a very accurate temperature just do a lot of math at it and just try and manage the temperature that way now one last thing let's go through some of the more useful items in the game for their for their thermal capacities and conductivities and such like the worst gas for conductivity is chlorine it just has the worst .008 it's just useless hydrogen is one of the best gases because of its very high specific heat capacity it's about half that of water and water is very handy because of its very high specific specific heat capacity it's the biggest battery in terms of heat then you've got polluted water also amazingly high specific heat capacity and its advantage though is its freezing point is higher or it can go to colder temperatures before freezing and higher temperatures before boiling an extra minus 20 and an extra plus 20 on each end of the spectrum meaning it's really good to use as a coolant because you can cool things down cooler or heat them up hotter before things start to break for example this aqua tuner over here it reduces the temperature of the liquid passing through it by 14 degrees and that's a flat 14 degrees regardless of the liquid so if it water going through it it will reduce its temperature by 14 degrees but that's 14 degrees multiplied by 4.179 if you were to say to put to the super coolant super coolant has a specific heat capacity twice that of water twice as much battery storage power and if that's reduced by 14 degrees that's pretty much twice as much cooling you're getting out of it all for the exact same amount of power that's why supercoolant is so useful and my polluted water is so useful now i'm giving an honorable mention here to ethanol don't really use it much myself but it does have a huge thing going for it it can go down as as low as minus 114 degrees its vaporization point is a little bit lower but it does mean you can freeze things quite chill very early on with access to ethanol however its specific heat capacity is much lower 2.46 it's not quite half of water but let's just say it's it's much weaker meaning you'd have to run this through your aquatuner an awful lot more to generate as much cooling as the water would do it just has the advantage of being able to go down to lower temperatures i know this tutorial was not uh your standard fare with a specific build in mind it was more just about a lot of general questions you get asked about temperature transfer and how it works in this game i learned a few things though i didn't realize oxygen did actually have a bit of convection well i'm assuming you have enough of it and that gas is spread horizontally more than vertically well you learn something new every time you start playing around in this game i'm going to leave you with this which is a block of half obsidian half igneous rock igneous rock has a specific heat capacity of one the obsidian on this side has a specific specific capacity one-fifth of that so this should spread temperature far faster this far slower and we've stuck a big blob of magma in the middle and we're just gonna time-lapse for the credits just to just make a wild guess as to what you think is going to happen anyway i hope you enjoyed and good luck do [Music] wait this this makes no sense the the hottest part is no longer the center where all the heat was injected the hottest part is now a few tiles to the left where it's it's 47.4 how is this now hotter than the the place where all the heat was dumped off what like wow this game always finds new ways to surprise you

Channel: Francis John

Views: 44,751

Keywords: oxygen not included, tutorail

Id: 8fD6tpJvW7o

Length: 29min 51sec (1791 seconds)

Published: Thu Aug 06 2020