RELATIVE PRONOUNS | RELATIVE CLAUSES | ADJECTIVE CLAUSES - who, which, that, whose, whom

hi everyone welcome to today's lesson i'm arnell today we're going to look at relative pronouns who which that whose and whom what about where when and why those are relative adverbs today we're going to stick to relative pronouns and we're also going to look at relative clauses relative clauses are also called adjective clauses same thing there's going to be a lot of information today so at the end of this lesson i have a mini test for you let's start let's start with an overview i have three sentences each sentence has a relative pronoun who which that what about whose and whom don't worry we'll get to that later the relative pronoun is the head of the relative clause each relative clause has a subject and a verb you can see in my first example the relative pronoun is the subject more on that later the relative clause always goes after the noun it is describing man cake email keep these basic points in mind because you'll see this repeated again and again in today's lesson how do i know when to use who which that or whose i think we need a chart what relative pronoun do i need that is always less formal and more common in spoken english which is slightly more formal i had a friend who could speak six languages i had a friend that could speak six languages i bought a blanket which glows in the dark i bought a blanket that glows in the dark i spoke to a friend whose uncle is a lawyer possessive can be a bit confusing but think about it like this i spoke to a friend his uncle is a lawyer same thing we can also use who's for things not just people it was a beautiful hotel whose lobby looked like a palace it was a beautiful hotel its lobby looked like a palace same thing my neighbor has a dog who constantly barks so annoying yes sometimes for pets we do use witch or that giant pandas which are endangered can spend 10 hours a day eating animals that have hair or fur are called mammals remember earlier in the lesson i said relative clauses are also called adjective clauses same thing that's really important we need to take a look at adjectives just for a second two sentences the big car is mine i have my adjective big it helps describe the car these beautiful flowers are for my mom beautiful is my adjective it describes flowers which noun which adjective is necessary the first one right if i remove big the sentence is grammatically correct but you don't know which car i'm talking about it's necessary it helps identify the car beautiful is optional if i remove it there is no confusion necessary information optional not necessary information necessary not necessary in english relative clauses that provide necessary information are called defining relative clauses they help to identify the noun relative clauses that give extra or interesting information are called non-defining relative clauses in your grammar books these clauses might be called restrictive or non-restrictive same thing we normally need defining relative clauses because there is more than one thing let's compare the printer that or which is next to the door can only print in black and white the printer which is ancient and needs to be thrown away can only print in black and white i need the names of all the people who were here last night i didn't speak to ed who was working in a different room so what makes a clause defining or non-defining look at the first sentence there are two printers if i remove the relative clause you don't know which printer i'm talking about imagine a conversation with a person who always removed the defining relative clause the email had a mistake in it which email was this from yesterday food is bad for you oh no i actually food is important it's important for our i hate people everybody okay you can see the sentences here obviously something is missing the email that or which you sent me last night had a mistake in it now it's clear food that or which is high in sodium is bad for you oh now i get it i hate people who walk super slowly and take up the whole sidewalk excuse me oh i'm sorry excuse me can i get oh can i just get okay so it's clear we need our defining relative clauses let's go back to comparing if i remove my non-defining relative clause it doesn't matter you still know which printer i'm referring to here i'm just giving you extra information do you notice any other differences between defining and non-defining relative clauses commas we always need commas to separate our non-defining relative clauses think of the commas like handles so you can easily remove the claws if you want you can also see i haven't used that after my comma rule do not use that in a non-defining relative clause it doesn't matter if you're speaking about a person or a thing do not use that after a comma but this whole comma rule is only important in written english right in spoken english there are no commas yes in spoken english there are no commas but if we give not essential information we would still use which or when we're speaking sometimes we add a little pause that pause is kind of like our comma my boss decided to end the workday early because of the blizzard which i thought was a good idea my teacher gave us a lot of homework for the weekend which was unfair i have my relative pronoun the relative clause and the comma fantastic the blizzard was a good idea the weekend was unfair we can use which in a non-defining relative clause to refer back to the entire sentence or the entire situation my boss allowing people to leave work early so they can drive home safely that was a good idea not the blizzard my teacher giving us a lot of homework on a friday i mean that that whole idea was unfair wow there's already been a lot of information i think we need a mini review we use who or that for people which or that for things who's possessive for people but sometimes things as well when it comes to animals normally we use which or that but we often use who for pets because a little bit more personal right and your relative clause always goes directly after the noun it is describing okay defining relative clauses give us necessary information they help identify the noun non-defining relative clauses give us extra interesting information we need commas to separate our non-defining relative clause do not use that in a non-defining relative clause and we can use which in a non-defining relative clause to refer back to the entire idea before it let's keep going okay the good news is we can forget about non-defining relative clauses we need to focus on the defining clauses i have two sentences here are the relative pronouns the subject or the object of the clause in my first example it's the object how do i know that because look at the verb in the clause bra you brought what you brought the amazing dish it's the object in my second example it's the subject of the clause my verb is have the lines have an x on them why is this important subject object because we can remove the relative pronoun if it's the object of the relative clause we can't remove the subject it's too important so in sentence one people are still talking about the amazing dish you brought to my party that's perfectly correct please sign the lines have an x on them very unnatural your turn i have three sentences here which relative pronoun can i remove pause the video if you need to we can remove the second one it's the object of the clause where is the hat i bought you is perfectly correct in the first sentence it's the subject and for sentence number three you might be thinking relative pronoun subject verb fantastic i can remove it we never remove whose because whose hair is the subject of the claws her hair let's do another one which relative pronoun can i remove i can remove the second one because it's the object of the clause who or whom i know who or whom is a big topic but when it comes to relative clauses and relative pronouns it's pretty simple who is a subject form whom is the object form i think we need a few more examples let's take a look jared was a prisoner who always broke the rules jared was a prisoner whom everyone feared this is my grandma who makes the world's best cheesecake this is my grandma whom you spoke to earlier who is the subject of the clause because it's clearly the subject of the verbs broke and makes jared broke the rules my grandma makes the cakes whom is the object of the verbs feared and spoke everyone feared jared you spoke to my grandma earlier we can remove the first whom but we can't remove the second why because it's part of a non-defining relative clause keep an eye out for those commas i have to say whom is slowly disappearing from the english language [Music] in spoken english especially it's not very common to hear whom you might see in written english which is great but generally when people are speaking they either say who or that are you ready for a test okay can you complete each space with a relative pronoun yes there can be more than one answer possible and look out for those commas [Music] okay you can see in answer number six i have who in parentheses technically whom is the correct answer but most native speakers would actually just use who now which one of these relative pronouns can you remove there's only one we can remove that in number five that or which because it's the object of my clause i can't remove the other pronouns they are either the subject of the clause or they're part of a non-defining relative clause so let me know in the comments how you did on the test thank you so much for watching today i really appreciate you guys watching my videos and i can't wait to make another one for you thank you bye [Music]

Channel: Arnel's Everyday English

Views: 132,124

Keywords: relative pronouns, relative clauses, adjective clauses, who, whom

Id: j25CFx-4g0I

Length: 15min 43sec (943 seconds)

Published: Mon Dec 13 2021