Hi Guys! I'm Arnel and today we're going
to look at the four conditionals plus mixed conditionals. Okay I'm going to begin with
a general overview of the conditionals and I will get more specific as
the lesson continues. In English, we have four conditionals 0 1 2 and 3 plus mixed
conditionals. Each conditional has an IF clause comma and a main clause. The IF clause gives us a condition.
When I say condition, I mean situation, and the main clause gives us the result.
The zero and the first conditional express real possible conditions and results,
the second and third conditional express impossible, hypothetica,l unreal conditions and
results. Mixed conditionals are a combination of the second and third conditional. So, I
know it looks like a lot of information but by the end of this lesson you'll feel a lot
more confident and comfortable with conditionals. So, let's begin let's begin with the zero
conditional. Condition | Result if plus present simple present simple. We use the
zero conditional to express real conditions and results that are always the same. Same in the past,
same in the present, same in the future. For example, here I have two trees - If the wind blows, the
trees move. If plus present simple / present simple. This is real because wind always moves
trees right. This will will never change. So you can move the clauses
around and there's no difference. Maybe there's a little
difference, a mini difference. In writing, if your IF clause comes first ,add that
comma. If your main clause comes first you don't need a comma. So throughout this lesson you'll
see I'll kind of change things up. I'll start with the IF clause, I'll start with the main clause just so you know both ways are absolutely fine. If I drink coffee after 3 PM, I don't
sleep at night. IF plus present simple / present simple. This is always true for me. It's
always the same. Same in the past, same in the present, same in the future. I don't sleep at
night if I drink coffee after 3 PM. Same thing. Now, imagine you're giving
someone a tour of a building. If you push this button, the lights come on. You can
see, this is always going to be the same, it's never going to change. This button will never do anything
else. Imagine the zero conditional as a person... This person would be Miss Obvious. She
would tell you everything you already know. For example.... Hey Arnel! Yeah? I have
something really interesting to tell you. Okay.... If you leave ice cream
in the sun,... yeah... it melts. Yes, yes it does. People get hungry if they don't eat. So you can see the zero conditional
is very good at expressing things that are always true things that never
really change. When you get home, call me. If Phil calls, don't answer the phone. If
you accidentally drop some trash, pick it up. -call me -don't answer the phone -pick
it up, these are all imperatives, right? An imperative is a command. We can use
the imperative in the zero conditional. You can see the grammar is the same.
IF present simple / present simple. But here, I'm using WHEN. When you get home, call
me. So what's the difference between if and when? If you put a stone in water, it sinks. When you put
a stone in water, it sinks. There is no difference in meaning because this is always true. But
sometimes, there is a difference. Let's get specific. WHEN - I'm certain this will
happen, I am expecting this. IF - maybe this will happen. When you get home,
call me. In this situation I'm expecting my friend to get home. Ff course she's going home.
We had dinner together, and now she's going home. We'll look at this again in the first conditional. First conditional. condition | result. IF plus present
simple / will plus infinitive. What's the infinitive? You might know it as the 'base form'.
Infinitive / base form is verb number one. eat ate eaten, eat is my infinitive. talk
talked talked, talk is also my infinitive. In the first conditional you'll often see
will. WILL plus infinitive, but other modal verbs are perfectly fine, any modal verb
that can give you that future feeling: can could may might. We can also use GOINGTO because 'going to' is a future form. We use the first conditional for a possible
future condition and its possible future result. If we don't leave soon, we'll miss our
train. IF present simple / will infinitive. If I'm late for work again, I might lose my job. present simple / might plus infinitive. When
you tell Dan the news, he's gonna faint. gonna gonna gonna - of course in spoken English 'gonna'
is very informal, very lazy actually. When you're writing you want to write 'going to' and
FAINT is when you do this, when you're excited or scared or in love. So when you tell Dan
the news, he's going to faint. Of course with all of these you can also switch those clauses around
no problem. And you can see I'm using WHEN. I'm expecting this, I know you're going to tell Dan
the news. So let's look at unless. Unless? what is unless? So unless is a very common alternative for IF...NOT... If you don't get an invitation, you can't
come to the party. If.. not = unless. Unless you get an invitation, you can't come to the
party. Here I mean, no invitation, no party. If this program doesn't load, I
won't be able to finish my work. If... not = unless. Unless this program loads, I
won't be able to finish my work. No load, no work. Zero conditional - done. First
conditional - done. Let's compare them. If I have time, I work out. Work out
means exercise. If I have time, I'll work out. So what's the difference? Zero
conditional - this is true just generally in my life. If I have time, I work out. So I
work out maybe two times a week. First conditional is more
specific. It's about a specific future condition. What are you doing later today?
Later today? If I have time, I'll work out. I'LL. So remember earlier, I said: the
second and third conditional express impossible hypothetical unreal conditions and
results. Unreal, impossible, hypothetical, hmm... Sorry I couldn't resist doing that. So
just keep that feeling in mind as we look at the second and third conditional.
Second conditional: condition | result. If plus past simple / would plus infinitive.
WOULD is probably the most common modal verb you'll see, but you can also use
other modal verbs. Might, could are also possible. We use the second conditional to speak about an
imaginary unreal hypothetical present or future condition, plus its imaginary unreal result. I know
it's strange, we're using the past simple here but we really are speaking about the present
or the future. So just keep that in mind. If I won the lottery, I would buy a mansion. A mansion is a big
house, a big beautiful expensive house. IF plus past simple / would plus infinitive.
I would buy a mansion if I won the lottery. You can see this is a very unreal
condition and an impossible result. If I were shorter, I would wear heels more. IF plus past simple / would plus infinitive.
Now, why am I using WERE? Were I? Was I! I was! Right? When it comes to the second conditional
we often use WERE with any subject. If I were, if he were, she were. Yes WAS is also possible,
but some people consider WERE to be more correct. You know, the second conditional
is used a lot in songs. That's because in songs people are
dreaming, right? They're dreaming about life, they're dreaming about love. So I'm going
to play you a short a short piece of one of my favorite songs from one of my favorite musicals.
So listen out for that second conditional Okay. [song] [song] Okay so here we have it, in the musical a
poor man is dreaming about being rich, so he's using the second conditional. If plus past
simple, notice that WERE / would plus infinitive... biddy biddy bum. okay obviously biddy biddy bum
is not a verb, but you can really see that grammar. Uh there's just so much information.
I can't remember everything. If I were you, I wouldn't worry.
Conditionals take a long time to learn. Sometimes the best way to review and to
learn grammar is not by learning them separately. but by comparing them so let's do that.
If I listen to music on my phone, I use headphones. If I listen to music on my phone, I'll use
headphones. - I'll I'll. If I listen to music on my phone, I'd use headphones. So what's the
difference? Zero conditional: I always listen to music on my phone. When I do this, when I listen
to music on my phone, I use headphones every time. First conditional: more specific.
Imagine you and a friend are studying. I'm gonna take a break. I might get a coffee
or listen to some music. No no music, I am studying. Yeah, if i listen to music, I'll use my headphones, okay? You won't hear anything.
You can see a specific situation. Second conditional: I never listen to music
on my phone, I like the radio, but if I listened to music on my phone, I'd use
headphones. The sound quality is better I think. Third conditional. condition | result. If plus past
perfect. Remember, we formed the past perfect had plus past participle. What's the past participle?
It's verb number three. eat ate eaten, eaten is my past participle. Remember the infinitive? talk
talked talked, talked is my past participle. Would have would have plus past participle.
Now, we always use HAVE, even if our subject is he or she, we use HAVE. HAVE every time for
every subject. WOULD is probably the most common, but you can also use COULD. We use the third
conditional to speak about a past unreal impossible situation, condition, plus its impossible
result. So third conditional is all about the past. If I had studied harder, I would have passed
my exam. In reality I didn't study hard so in reality I didn't pass my exam. 'would've' - when speaking we always contract. If I'd studied harder, I would have passed my exam. If you want to get lazier, you can just
say WOULDA. I WOULDA passed my exam. I would have made more food if I
had known Karen and Paul were coming. In reality, I didn't make more food because
I didn't know they were coming. If I'd known Karen and Paul were coming
I would have made more food. If I hadn't tripped, I could have, I could have won
the race. In reality I did trip so I didn't win. You can see all of these are impossible
because you cannot change the past impossible past condition
and their impossible result. Review again: zero one two three, let's compare
all four conditionals to really get that feeling. If we drive, we get there faster. If we drive, we'll get there faster. If we
drove, we'd get there faster. WE'D = we would. If we had driven, we would have gotten there
faster. We would have gotten there faster. Zero conditional: my husband and I work in the
same office. Sometimes we walk, sometimes we drive. If we drive, when we drive, we get there faster. Of course, driving is faster than
walking. Remember Miss Obvious? First conditional: this isn't general like
the zero conditional, this is specific right? So tomorrow I want to visit my parents. Oh we can
take the four o'clock train. The four o'clock train? If we drive, we'll get there faster.
Specific future this is a possible. future conditional and a possible result -
If we drive, we'll get there faster. Second conditional: my husband and I, we don't have
a car. It would be impossible to drive. We walk, we take the bus, but if we, if we drove, we'd get there
faster. We'd get to work faster. Third conditional : We got to my parents house 30 minutes late. If we had driven, we would have gotten there
faster. The train was 30 minutes late. Past hypothetical condition because
we didn't drive, we took the train. So the good news is, when we look
at mixed conditionals we can forget about the zero and first conditional.
So let's keep going we're almost done. So we know the second condition is about a
hypothetical present future - If past simple would infinitive (or other modal). We know the
third conditional is about a hypothetical past condition with a hypothetical past result. If
plus past perfect / would have plus past participle. So what happens if I want to speak about a hypothetical past condition with a hypothetical
present result? I need to mix them right. If I had studied German in
school, my German would be better. I didn't study German in school
so now my German isn't very good. And of course you can switch the clauses
around with the same meaning. My German would be better if i had studied German in school. Baby, I love you, I can't stop thinking about you. Well if you hadn't broken up with me, we would still be
together. Break up means to end the relationship. This couple did break up, this
couple is not together now. If you had put your coat on, you wouldn't be sick.
You wouldn't be sick if you had put your coat on. You didn't put your coat on so now you are sick. So, we've looked at three
examples of a hypothetical condition in the past with its present hypothetical
result. You can see the mixed conditional here . But what about a present hypothetical
condition and its hypothetical past result? If I were rich, I would have bought that coat. unreal present, hypothetical present, in
reality I am not rich, I didn't buy the coat. Why didn't you come to my birthday party? If I
lived closer to you, I would have come. In reality, I don't live close to you which means I couldn't
go to your party. I didn't go to your party. Okay amazing guys, well done! There was
a lot of information in this video. You know what, leave me a comment
below, give me an example using any of the conditionals. Good, so I really
hope this lesson was helpful. SUBSCRIBE to my channel, turn on those notifications so
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