- Today, we're learning
how to lay out and cut common rafters using a speed
square and a basic calculator. Gabled roofs like our mock-up here are made up of common rafters, and in order to lay out those rafters, you'll need to know the
slope of the roof first. In order to get the slope you'll need to measure and
understand four things: span, total run, unit run, and unit rise. First is the span. The span is the total measurement of the building from its outside edges. So the span of our
mock-up here is four feet. Next is the total run. This is an easy number to get because it's half the
distance of the span, or in our case, two feet. To understand unit rise and unit run, we're gonna use this visual aid. Unit run, which is represented
by this side of the triangle, is always 12 inches for rafters that are 90
degrees to the ridge, like our common rafters. And then last is the unit rise. So for every 12 inches of unit run, a rafter will rise a certain amount which is normally predetermined
on plans or drawings. If not, you can determine
this for yourself simply by choosing how steep or shallow you'd like your roof. But for our roof here we're gonna stay with a nine-inch rise. Now that we have some of the numbers, and now that you know some
of the terms and concepts, it's time to determine
the last missing piece which is the unit length or slope. The unit length or slope is
the ratio between the unit run and the unit rise. There are many methods
to calculate unit rise. Let's look at two of them. The first is the Pythagorean theorem. In order to solve for unit length, we'll need to use the equation C equals the square root of
A squared plus B squared. On the calculator type 12
squared plus nine squared equals, then the square root button for total unit length of 15 inches. The second method utilizes rafter tables which can be found online
or on a framing square if you have one. If we look at my framing square, length of common rafter per
foot of run is located here below the inch marks. The inch marks represent units of rise. So if we look under the nine,
which is what our roof is, we can see that the unit
length for a 9:12 slope roof is 15 inches. As you can see, both methods
come up with the same number, but if you're still a bit confused about what all these numbers are about let me add this thought. What I'm holding here
is one complete unit. Look at this not only as a visual aid, but a tool for figuring
out any rafter length for a 9:12 slope simply by adding more
of these units together. Let me show you what this
looks like in our mock-up. If you remember, our
total run was two feet, and our unit run here is one foot. Therefore, it will take two of these units to complete our building's total run which also means that it'll
take two of these units to complete our total
needed rafter length, which is 15 plus 15 for
a total of 30 inches. Now that we have our rafter length it's time to do some layout, and this is where our
speed square comes in. Starting at the top,
place the speed square on the top side of the rafter. Now pivot this square to the
nine on the common scale. Draw a line, and make a
cut with a circular saw. Next hook your tape measure
over the long point of the miter and measure down 30
inches and make a mark. Using the same speed
square set up at nine; draw a line. As a side note, it's okay to cut this
rafter a little bit long, like 30 1/8, or something like that. You can always recut a rafter, but you can never stretch one back out. The other thing I want you to know is that we're actually making a pattern, a test, if you will, and we may need to make
some tweaks and adjustments along the way. Jumping back in, the
line that we just marked represents the outside building line and the heel cut of the bird's mouth. But if you were to make a cut there we'd be left with a
rafter with no overhang. Therefore, we need to do
a little bit more work and it starts with
marking out the seat cut. Generally the seat cut of the bird's mouth is the same width as the top plate, or the top plate and exterior
sheathing added together. To mark the seat cut slide,
the square up the heel line until you've reached
your desired measurement. Take extra caution to make
sure that the two lines are exactly 90 degrees to each other. With that done, slide the square down continuing to hold that same nine slope, and with the aid of a tape measure, mark out your desired overhang. The last line to be marked
out before cutting begins is the soffit. Because we're going
with a four-inch fascia, this line will be our soffit cut. While cutting it's very
important to take your time, keeping your cuts straight and clean. Then once you've completed one rafter use it as a pattern for the second rafter. And once the second rafter's done it's time to test the fit. Holding them in place, look to see how well they're fitting. And is there any minor
adjustments that are needed? For example, look to see how well the ridge miters are lining up. Look to see if the seat
cuts are sitting flat to the top plate, and look to see if the
rafters are too long, leaving a gap then between
the rafter and the top plate. Small adjustments are
possible at this point because the rafter is actually cut 3/4 of an inch too long. You see the rafters were cut too long because we didn't account
for the Ridge board yet. And I did that on purpose. I have found that when you're learning it's nice to have the ability
to correct minor mistakes without having to scrap
a whole piece of lumber just because you cut it too short. Now, if your rafter was a
good fit from the start, go ahead and lay out to
remove half the thickness of the ridge from both rafters. So in our case, that's
about 3/4 of an inch. But if you had to make
some drastic changes you will most likely
need to take off less, and you may even need to
use a piece of ridge board to help you gauge the proper changes. It can be a bit of trial and error, and if you have to start all over, that's okay, you're learning. Just remember whatever
adjustments you make to one rafter be sure to do the exact same to the other. Then once you're satisfied
with those two rafters, and before you begin cutting more, double check to see which
rafter will be the best pattern and make sure it's marked clearly. After you've cut a few more
rafters with a pattern, start installing to see how they look. Keep the tops flush with the ridge and the heel cuts tight to the top plate. And lastly, remember
this: math is perfect, and oftentimes what we build is not. So some minor adjustments
are gonna have to be made. With a little bit of practice
and a handful of mistakes, you're gonna be able to build and create some amazing things. Hit that thumbs up button, subscribe to the channel,
if you're not already. Thanks for joining me. See you next week.
