Now, I'm not sure if you knew this, but there are roughly 4.3
billion possible IP addresses and we're out like we don't have
anymore, which is a huge problem. Because as you saw in our last video, if a device wants to communicate on
the internet or with other devices, it needs an IP address. So in this video, I wanna talk about how is
that even possible, right? Because the people who invented the
internet were pretty stink and smart, but you see around the
time they invented it, which the Internet's birthday
is officially January 1st, 1983, it seemed like the 4.3 billion supply of
IP addresses was inexhaustible. Right? I mean, it sounds like it might be, but they didn't understand
two big things that honestly, they probably couldn't see coming. The
internet became kind of a big deal, obviously. Right. And second,
they did not anticipate all the, that we would assign IP addresses too.
I mean, think about it. They're like, oh yeah, maybe a few computers here
and there. No, your watch your oven, your microwave, your toilet now, because they did not understand
these two things would happen. They did some pretty
stink and dumb things. They mismanaged the heck out of our
IP address space. So in this video, we're gonna explore
that. What did they do? And later we'll talk about how we
fixed it, kind of with the bandaid. So by the end of this video, not only will you understand why the
inventors of the internet were very terrible planners, you'll also
understand a lot about IP addresses. We're building on the foundation
that we set in the first video, and this video will prepare you to become
a master chief ninja subnetting skill master chief ninja, because it is part
of my series. You suck at subnetting. So make sure you catch all the
episodes anyways, real quick. Can I show you something right,
right back here, this guy right here, that little raspberry pie is running
an entire business phone system. It's called three CX. It's amazing.
And it's sponsor of today's video. Now you may remember me doing a video on
setting up three CX on a raspberry pie right here. I also did it in the cloud. Why not only was it an
insanely fun project, but three CX is an
incredible phone system. And this is coming from a guy who
worked with Cisco phone systems. They're probably wondering Chuck, why would you put a phone system in your
house? And I would say, well, first, why not? It's just cool. And second three CX makes it super easy
because a lot of the features that you would be nickled and dime for that
cost so much are actually free. One of the biggest things is you
have unlimited users on your system, which trust me is awesome. And also
as a small business owner myself, I use three CX as my phone
system for my business. I have a toll free number in the cloud. I get free video conferencing
and my business is fully remote. And three CX is built for that.
Now I also made another video. You can check it out right here,
where I play with her live chat. I deployed it to my website. So
right from my assistant soft phone, she could take calls, take live
video chats, right from my website, which is kind of crazy. So
if you're a nerd, for sure, try the on premise install for three CX
or any other computer you have in your house. It's really fun. Really nerdy. Why don't you want to have a phone
system in your house? Doesn't everyone. And then of course, as a business, you can have this on premise or put
that sucker up in the cloud. Now, check this out. You get three C X free
for a year. And not just the software. If you don't wanna host this yourself, they will host it for you and
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for a year. That's what you're getting. So check 'em out. Link below three CX as
a phone system, I run from my business. And just as a, a nerd and a hobbyist.
So check it out, link below. So let's talk about how the inventors of
the internet mismanaged and mishandled are 4.3 billion IP addresses.
And if you wanna get nerdy, it's actually two to the 32nd power,
which is actually 4 billion, 294 million, 967,296, IP addresses. But
you 4.3 billion close enough. So here's what they did. And it comes down to how they
organized the IP addresses. They put them into what are
called classes. B C, D E. Yeah, that's it a C D E. And there are
two problems I have with this first, there are large groups of IP
addresses that we can't even use. I know like why you'll see. And second, they set it up to where they gave away
too many IP addresses. Because again, they didn't expect the internet to
take off and so many devices to have IP addresses. So they gave big
companies just, Hey, he, why don't you take 16 million
IP addresses? Just take
'em. Well, we don't care. We have so many right now. We'll
never run out idiots. Anyways, here. Here's what they did. So you need recall from the first
video that N IP address is four numbers separated by three dots. And each of these numbers can be
anything between zero and 255, which using big brain math will give
you a total of, well, right up here, see the top 4.3 billion IP
addresses, but man, they screw it up. So here's the classes. Here's how
they organize these IP addresses. So here's the chart.
Here's how we group 'em. I'm not gonna list every one of 'em
off. That would be super boring. So just look you can read, but seriously, if you're studying for an exam where you
have to know subnetting in the classes, then you might wanna make flashcards
out of this and memorize it. Now at first glance, there's
nothing wrong with this. Actually, there is one big glaring problem
with it, between a and B. See if you can notice it. We'll
talk about that here in a second, but the problem doesn't come in until
this very weird thing they did here. It comes, you ready? Hmm.
The subnet mask classes, a B and C each have their own default
subnet mask, which if you recall, from our last video, it determines basically how
big the network is or which
numbers an I IP address stay the same and which
ones change. For example, let's take the first network
we have here in class a, we have the 1 0 0 0 network. This is how
it would look here. Let's draw it out. There's the IP. And
here is the subnet mask. If you remember the hack I talked about,
when you see a 2 55 in the subnet mask, the corresponding or matched up
OCTE, which is the first one here, and the first one here will stay the same. So one will always be in the IP address.
And when you see a zero anyone's game, it can be any number between zero and 255. Now that is a pretty
stink and big network, because if we're just keeping the
first Octa at the same, the one, but everything else can be different.
Do you know how many addresses that is? That is, I gotta look it up.
Oh my goodness. 16 million, 777,214 IP addresses and one network, which is ends sane. Especially when you
contrast that with your home network, which we talked about in the
first video might look like this. There's the IP address and here's the
subnet mask. And with 3, 2 50 fives, we're locking in those first three
numbers leaving the last one, the last OCTE to be anything which
with this is a humble 256 addresses. So 2 56 versus 16 million. Why? Well, the idea was that government entities
or big companies might need a lot of IP addresses. And since they
had plenty 4.3 billion, let's just give 'em a whole bunch.
And that's what they class a was for. And you might recognize some of the
companies that have these class, a IP address networks like general
electric, GE they own 3, 0, 0, 0, IBM has nine at and T
has 12 Xerox, 13 HP, 15. Each of these companies owns
over 16 million IP addresses. So looking back at our
class, a range class, a networks are very host heavy because
they give you so many stinking hosts over 16 million. And thanks to
their default subnet mask. There are only 126 total class a networks.
Now you're probably thinking, Chuck, are there actually networks like that big, like 1 0, 0, 0 with 2 55,
0, 0, 0 is a subnet mask. That's a lot of IP addresses in
one network. And the answer is no, they don't really make 'em that big. Yes. The governing body who hands out IP
addresses the Santa clause of IP addresses or the head Oprah, we call them IANA
or IANA, the internet assigned numbers, authority they will assign or allocate
all those IP addresses that entire network to a company will pick on IBM
for a second with their nine network. What they will do is take this huge
network full of IP addresses and cut it up into smaller slices. So they might have the network
9.40 with a subnet mask of 2 55, 2 5, 5 0. And you're probably thinking, whoa, they
can do that. Yeah. So while a class, a network has the default
subnet mask of 2 55, 0 0 0 0, that's the minimum they have to have. They can cut it up very small
and say in this network, the, the one and the four will
always be an IP address. And this particular network
is smaller with 256 addresses. So they can take their big, massive
network and turn it into smaller subnets. And that my friends is your
first little glance into subnetting, which is what we're gonna really cover
and dive deep into in the coming videos. And by the way, also what it
here taking a class, a network, and we cut it up and made it smaller
with a different subnet mask. Other than its default, we call that
a classless network. So for example, my home network is actually
ten seven one zero, a class, a IP address,
or a class, a network. But my subnet mask is
2 55 dot 2 55, 2 5 0, making it a degenerate, a classless network because
we're breaking all the rules. We're not obeying this ABC to EFG stuff.
That's basically what you're doing. Got no class. But if you do obey the
rules and you use the default subnet mask, then you're class full you're full of
class. You're elegant, but you're no fun. Now I'm just kidding. Little
bit. So anyways, back to our, our address ranges our classes.
We focused a lot on class, a right here and his subnet
mask, giving a network, just a ton of IP addresses too
many way, too many, which is again, it's part of the problem I have
with IANA or the head Oprah. They just gave away too many IP
addresses. And then as we move down, you'll notice that class B has a
different default subnet mask of 2 55, 2 5 5 0 0. So again, if we
take this first network right here, bring it on down here. It might look like this with the subnet
mask of 2 55, 2 55, 0 0 locking in those first two numbers.
Those first two octets, those will always stay the same.
But then these last two numbers, these last two octets can be anything
they want between zero and 255, I'm talking 65,534 host or
IP addresses per network. So bummer you get less IP addresses,
which again is way too many. But the flip side is that you get more
networks with a class B IANA or queen Oprah can assign 16,382
networks because again, a class B by default must have a
minimum of a subnet mask like this. And then moving on down
the line, we got class C, which will look the most
familiar to you, right? Cuz it's it contains your
home network. And again, we'll take that first network
here, bring it on over here, come on little guy with this default
subnet mask and those first three numbers they're locked in. Can't touch those
Octas and looking very familiar. We have a total of 254 available
IP addresses on that network. This is the best plan they should have
done this with every single network. Because with class C networks, we have a total available
for queen Oprah to assign 2,097,150 networks. So if they had done that with every
class, we'd be okay, kind of maybe no, we wouldn't. We have a different solution because
eventually we would've run out, but we wouldn't have run out so quickly.
Come on adventures of the internet. Why can't you just look into the future
and anticipate our needs seriously? So that's class a, B and C. We're about to get to the D and
E which infuriate me. I mean, I don't get too angry about it,
but it's still pretty stupid. But first I just wanna point out. I hope that you're picking up that
the job of the subnet mask is to help determine how many networks and how
many hosts we have for each class. Class C gives us the most networks and
the, and smaller hosts per network. Whereas class a gives us too many
freaking hosts per network and like only 126 networks. If you
stuck with the, you know, class full subnetting or class
full networks. But of course, and you probably assume this nowadays, we mainly do classless networks to take
advantage of the IP addresses we need to use. So anyways, I'm gonna officially
say Iyana. That was a dumb idea. And now we're stuck with
your mistake, but it's okay. All we have to worry about is
learning this chart, memorizing it, knowing what it is, and then learning
something scary called I, I P V six. We'll cover that later. So now let's talk about my biggest
problem with this is that there are IP addresses that we cannot
use. We just can't. We can't. So class D E notice they don't have
a subnet mask, cuz it doesn't matter. Class D IP addresses are reserved for
multicast or you might see it written in one word. I never know. All you have to know about those is that
they're very important to networking and you can't use them right
now. So don't worry about it. Just memorize what they are.
And then class E networks. These bad boys are mysterious. They are locked up in the
department of mysteries, FBI, CIA. I don't know they are experimental. So don't even think about touching those
who they'll get in trouble and I'm just getting you can't touch 'em they
they're untouchable anyways. So we can't use DNA. And there's one
more, I don't know if you noticed this, look at that shark, is there a number
range missing? Can you find where's Waldo? I'll give you a hint. It's in between
a and B and also here's the other hint, Dorothy, because there's no place
like home. This'll make sense. And I always gonna make sense here
in a bit. I'm not losing my mind. You may have noticed that the range here
ends at 1 26 and then picks back up and B at 1 28, making us go, huh? Where the junk is 127. Like where to go. That's a lot of IP addresses just missing.
That's an entire class, a network, which means we're talking
1 27, 0 0 with the subnet mass 2 55, 0 0, 0, which leaves
missing over 16 million addresses. Where are you guys at? You know where
they are? They're on your devices. These range of addresses. Anything beginning with 1, 2 7 are
what's known as loop back addresses. You may have heard that term before. They're used for network
testing and don't get me wrong. I love me a good loop back address because
you can use it to test your network. You can actually make sure
that your computer's networking
is working by pinging your loop back address. What am I
talking about? Let's try it real quick. If you're on windows, go ahead and launch your command prompt
or type in windows. Key search CMD. It'll look like this on Mac Linux.
It'll be terminal. And right here, acro stand across the board type
up in P I N G or ping space. 1 27 0 zero.one. Now, if
you're like what the junk is, ping ping is what we use in it to
see if something is alive and awake. So for example, I on my computer might send a ping message
out to network shock.com saying, Hey, are you awake? And if network shark.com is awake and
a alive and actually there in living, he should respond back with a response. It is by far the most
common troubleshooting
tool you'll ever use in it. So looking back at our example
here, we're gonna ping 1 27 1, which is an IP address that just is
virtual and lives on your computer. And we should all get the same result.
If you're working head enter, Hey, are you awake? Yes, I'm awake.
Heym are you awake? Yes. I'm awake. That's essentially what you're doing. You're just making sure
that you can hear yourself, but the kicker is and the
just it's so stink and stupid. I don't maybe is there something
I don't know about this here? Here's the problem? I think all
we needed was just this one. IP address 1, 2 7 0, 0 1 to test our Nick
our network to make sure it's working. Cuz we just did that. But for some reason they thought we might
need 16 million to do that because do this, you can go ping 1, 2 7, 1 5, 1 5, 8, just a random address. And we get the
same thing. We're pinging ourselves. Our computer has 16 million virtual IP
addresses ready to respond to itself. Why? Okay. It's okay. Chuck it's okay. So roughly 4.3 billion IP addresses and we can't use a lot of them and a lot of
them are mismanaged. Thanks a lot IANA. Thanks a lot. Head Oprah.
No, it's fine. It's. Fun to learn this. It's fun to learn
how our IP addresses were formed, how they're organized
into classes, B C, D E. And it's definitely something
you want to commit to memory. So get those flashcards
out, memorize the sucker. It will come in handy
your entire it career, and also pretty handy on any kind of
test you might be taking here soon. Now I know this might all
seem like doom and gloom. I, some problems that we have
with our current IP address
space and why we are just out, we're done, but don't
worry. In the coming episode, I'll show you the massive bandaid we put
on our IP address situation and it did solve the problem kind of, and then we put it even bigger bandaid
on it to really solve the problem. But who knows what will happen? I know I'm not being specific cause I
really want you to watch that video. So go ahead, go and watch. It should
be up here somewhere or maybe up next, over here or over here. I never know
where to point anyways. That's all I have. And also have you hacked the YouTube
algorithm today? Let's make sure you do. If that like button subscribe, button and notification
bill comment almost forgot. You gotta hack YouTube today. Ethically
of course. Yeah. That's all I have. I'll catch you guys next time
now real quick in case no, this video is also part of my CCNA series
designed to help you and prepare you for the Cisco CCNA certification exam. That's a mouthful and the sponsor
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