You’ve all heard about the mad scientist
who takes his work a little bit too much to heart and too far, only for something he created
to destroy him and sometimes many other people around him. Thankfully, academics are usually not so crazed
or careless. Nonetheless, throughout history you could
say at times scientists have gone too far, while at other times things just didn’t
end the way they wanted them to. And that’s what we’ll look at today, when
experiments took a turn for the worse. The Stanford Prison Experiment
We’ll start with something you might have already heard of and get to less well-known
experiments later. This was a social experiment that took place
at Stanford University in the USA from August 14th to August 20th 1971. It should have been much longer, but the guy
behind the experiment, one professor Philip George Zimbardo, has explained before why
it was cut short. This is what he said:
“Our planned two-week investigation into the psychology of prison life had to be ended
after only six days because of what the situation was doing to the college students who participated. In only a few days, our guards became sadistic
and our prisoners became depressed and showed signs of extreme stress.” Yep, the experiment didn’t really go as
planned. What happened was this. 24 male students were chosen from 75 to take
part in an experiment in which some of them would act as prison guards and others as inmates. It was a simple role-play, but the students
were asked to act it out as realistically as they could. In fact, they made it so real that the students
were mock arrested by local cops at their homes, then taken to the station and booked. They were even strip-searched, had their mugshots
taken and fingerprints done. The students were not chosen for which part
they’d play based on their personality. It was random. After a while the guards became extremely
authoritarian and they abused some of the prisoners psychologically, and soon it began
to seem not like a roleplay. They really were mistreating each other, these
young students who hadn’t acted like this before. Some of the pretend prisoners complained about
how they were being treated, but guess what, they were then abused by their fellow prisoners. One guy even went on hunger strike in protest
about treatment, and for that he was put into solitary confinement: a dark closet. It showed the professor just how people even
in acting roles could find sadism somewhere in them. It got so bad he just pulled the plug. In some ways it was a success since it proved
a point, but there was no way the academics could permit anymore psychological carnage
to happen. The Milgram Experiment
Again, you could say this social experiment didn’t exactly go wrong, but the results
were so shocking you could say the outcome was horrific. What Mr. Milgram was trying to achieve with
this experiment was to prove that humans can do very nasty things just because they are
following orders. An example for this was how could all those
people involved in the Holocaust all be pure evil? Maybe people just do awful things when an
authority tells them to do so. In the experiment there were three main people. The experimenter, the teacher and the learner. Both the experimenter and the leaner were
in cahoots, they were working together. Only the teacher was a proper volunteer. The learner was to be tested to see how physical
pain can affect memory and the teacher would be the one who inflicted the pain using electric
shocks he could give the learner at the push of a button. The teacher was told he got that role after
picking a slip of paper and could have easily been the learner, but that was a lie. As we said, the learner was in on it. The teacher and learner were then separated
and the test began. If the learner got something wrong the teacher
was told to administer a shock. Each time the voltage increased by 15-volts. The learner, acting out his role, would start
to shout in pain and then bang around, with those volts getting very high. He would then fall silent, as if dead or close
to it. The teacher had already been given the lowest
shock just to know how painful it was. He could only imagine what a higher voltage
must have felt like. Sometimes the teachers just said, “No more,
I can’t go on doing this.” But then they were told, “The experiment
requires that you continue.” Or. “It is absolutely essential that you continue.” Or. “You have no other choice, you must go on.” And they did, sometimes administering enough
voltage that in real life it would have killed someone for sure. Milgram later wrote as a conclusion:
“Even when the destructive effects of their work become patently clear, and they are asked
to carry out actions incompatible with fundamental standards of morality, relatively few people
have the resources needed to resist authority.” This one is on the list because a lot of people
later criticized such a dark experiment, stating that it breached ethical standards of psychological
research. Marie Curie’s Fate with Radiation
This Polish woman is one of the best known scientists that ever lived, but her experiments
really didn’t end well for her. In 1898, Curie discovered two powerful elements
that she called Polonium and Radium. Yep, she messed around with radiation and
we all know now that if you do this the consequences can be dire. In fact, she would carry radioactive tubes
around in her clothes. This eventually led to her dying from extreme
radiation poisoning. And you know what, if you want to see her
journals or look at her furniture which is housed at the Pierre and Marie Curie collection
at the Bibliotheque Nationale in France, you have to sign a liability waiver and wear protective
clothing. Some of those books are even kept in a box
lined with lead. This certainly was a woman who suffered for
her science. The Louis Slotin Incident
This is another person who died in the name of science and it was radiation that got him,
too. The Canadian scientist had been part of the
Manhattan Project to create the nuclear bomb, but things turned black on 21 May 1946. That day he was showing seven colleagues a
fission reaction. In short, a screwdriver slipped and what followed
was a burst of hard radiation. The other scientists in the room later said
they witnessed a blue glow, and some of you might know that this means trouble. Mr. Slotin later left the room, but then he
vomited. Not a good sign, because if you vomit soon
after radiation poisoning it usually means you are going to die. He did die, and that’s the end of his story. Thankfully the other scientists were alive
after, but some of them did have to spend some time in hospital. In fact, three of those people in the room
that day died because of complications brought on by the radiation dose they received. The Monster Study
Could an experiment have a worse name? The Monster Study was an experiment that started
in 1939 and involved 22 orphans. It was led by an American psychologist called
Wendell Johnson and took place at the University of Iowa. It was simple enough. What the researchers did was take half of
the kids and give them positive therapy sessions in which they were told they had excellent
speech. They were praised and given lots of compliments. The other half were given only negative feedback
and told they could hardly speak at all. All these kids had been told at the beginning
was they were going to be given some speech therapy sessions, not of course that they
were part of a bigger experiment. Ten of the kids given feedback were actually
stutterers, but the rest weren’t. What the experimenters wanted to do was see
if they gave positive feedback to stutterers could they actually make that person stop
stuttering. But the more unethical part is they also wanted
to see if they could induce stuttering in a non-stuttering kid by giving him or her
aggressive negative feedback. Some of those kids without stutters were told,
“The staff has come to the conclusion that you have a great deal of trouble with your
speech. You have many of the symptoms of a child who
is beginning to stutter. You must try to stop yourself immediately. Use your will power. Do anything to keep from stuttering. Don't ever speak unless you can do it right.” What happened was some of those criticized
kids never fully recovered, and while they didn’t develop a stutter many of them were
psychologically damaged and did have problems talking for the rest of their lives. In fact, in 2007 seven of those kids, now
getting on in age, received compensation for the torment they had suffered and the emotional
scars they had lived with. The experimenters didn’t actually call it
the Monster Study by the way, it became known that due to its very sketchy ethics. The New York Times spoke to one of the non-stutterers
in 2003. She said, “It just ruined my life… I can't talk no more.” She then just hung up the phone. The moral of this story is you don’t mess
with kids’ heads like that. Project Cirrus
In the 1940s the USA had the idea of trying to control hurricanes and divert them away
from people or towns. Scientists believed they could seed them with
dry ice. Then on October 13, 1947, the US Air Force
sent a plane up to a hurricane to drop 80 pounds (36 kilograms) into the clouds to attempt
this diversion. Bad move, because this seemed to make it change
direction. It ended up hitting the town of Savannah,
Georgia. One person was killed and 200 million dollars’
worth of damage was caused. One man said its path had been changed by
human intervention and lawsuits were threatened, but it took some years for the government
to admit that it had seeded the hurricane that “went whacky.” We should add, though, that it’s unlikely
that the seeding caused the change in direction. Still, some people believe it did. Stubbins Ffirth’s Filth Rubs
In 1793 Philadelphia’s population was decimated by around 10 percent and the demon that did
it was called Yellow Fever. This was something that needed to be dealt
with, and on the scene was a doctor called Stubbins Ffirth. Yes, that’s two Fs, but we don’t think
he was a stutterer. Mr. Ffirth studied yellow fever and one very
bad conclusion he came to was that it was not contagious. Now we know it is, and we know it is very
contagious. But he was sure it wasn’t, and he could
prove it. In one of the weirdest and outright nasty-sounding
experiments of all time he made cuts in his arms and smeared the vomit of yellow fever
sufferers into those cuts. For good measure, he also rubbed the vomit
into his eyeballs. Could it get any worse than that? Of course it could. Stubbins then decided to take that vomit and
fry it up while inhaling the fumes, which was strange to say the least. In the end he just ended up drinking the raw
vomit. He so much wanted to prove that the disease
was not contagious that he put the vomit aside and then started testing with blood, urine
and saliva. It seems he didn’t delve in feces, though,
so we can commend him for that. He published his findings in a thesis called,
“A Treatise on Malignant Fever; with an Attempt to Prove its Non-contagious Non-Malignant
Nature.” This experiment went wrong as he was completely
wrong about yellow fever not being contagious, but he in fact got very lucky. That’s because the patients he used had
been infected so long they were no longer contagious, so all Ffirth suffered was the
experiments themselves. We imagine they weren’t very pleasant. What horrible experiments have you heard of? Tell us in the comments. Also, be sure to check out our other video
The Horrors of Unit 731. Thanks for watching, and as always, don’t
forget to like, share and subscribe. See you next time.
