Physical Science for Kids - Lab Safety, Scientific Method, Atoms, Molecules, Electricity, and More

[Music] is that you yeah mom I'm home your study partner called he can't make it this afternoon oh no and my science test is tomorrow I'll help you get a good grade on that test who are you I'm Marco the pencil we can study for your tests in Marco's super science station that sounds cool but where is it and how do we get there just close your eyes and repeat after me there's no subject like science there's no subject like science there's no just kidding [Music] whoa this is no ordinary science lab you've got that right become this way [Music] and have a seat I can't wait to do some experiments in here hold on before you do anything in a lab you need to learn about science safety plan ahead by reading through all the steps of an experiment you should learn how to use any equipment you'll need and if you don't understand something ask before you start we need an organized keep your work area clean if you have long hair you should pull it back in a ponytail like my cousin Vito does maybe all you ladies out there it's out of here what are you doing keep any loose clothing out of the way if you are wearing long sleeves roll them up if you have an accident or c1 report it to the person in charge right away this includes anything that is spilled or broken and is especially important if someone gets hurt [Music] watch your eyes this is no way to do a science experiment let's change this to protect your eyes and skin make sure you wear safety goggles if they are provided but if you get something in your eyes telling a dog right away and if anything gets on your skin wash it off immediately no eating or drinking during a science experiment why not me Michael sorry sippy this includes you when you are doing a science experiment never eat or drink anything especially the substances you are using it ok I hope that's the last straw be careful with electric cords and equipment make sure that the cords are out of the way when you finish the experiment don't have or disconnect electrical plugs by pulling on the cords doing that can cause a short who are you calling short not that kind of short an electrical short oh okay then sometimes pop plates or Bunsen burners are used in experiments and they can get really hot when handling them use protective lids or ask an adult to help you we don't want anyone to get burned [Music] and finally when you finish your experiment clean up after yourself put everything away in its proper place wipe down your work area and wash your hands now can we do an experiment well no one start seeing just blindly experimenting except maybe scientists yeah I guess there should be a method to the madness that is it's called the scientific method we learned about that in science class but I can never remember all the steps sometimes I'm a little in the dark about that too what's going on maybe I can shed some light on the subject who said that tada it's my good friend Lumina hi I'm Marco who's the cute kid this is Kevin and he needs a good way to remember the scientific method well I can show you how with a little light music class ask a question about something you want to know make sure it is testable though gather observe things around you or collect information from the internet books articles or an axial location just make sure that any reference you use is scientifically based hypothesis is not the outcome make an educated guess face your predictions on cause-and-effect experiment design and perform an experiment next to put your hypothesis to the test follow written instructions and record what you are seeing multiple trials make the experiment more convincing analyze and interpret the results that you get you might have to modify the hypothesis and the experiment report let others know of the discoveries you've made your data might need to be rearranged question gather hypothesize experiment conclude report question gather hypothesize experiments include reports question gather hypothesize experiment conclude report I can see how the scientific method really matters it certainly does but let's move on to something of a different matter we're off to the metal Learning Centre whoa I think my chair is moving by itself don't worry we'll probably stop by itself too probably oh I was just taking my friend Kevin over to the matter Learning Center oh nice to meet you Kevin it's very nice to meet you now I know this chair can stop you two must be studying physical science today I hope you'll come and learn about life science with me another time we will we will for now here we are let's review a few things that matter I've learned that matter is anything that has mass and takes up space that's just what I was going to say but there are many other things to learn about matter matter is made up of tiny building blocks called atoms tiny huh are they smaller than a flea or a grain of sand Oh much smaller how about a blood cell you can only see under a microscope optimist are even smaller than that each of those things is composed of milli millions of atoms an atom is the smallest amount of an element you can get that still has the chemical properties of that element scientists have built special tools to look at atoms but even with an electron microscope atoms still look kind of fuzzy so let's look at this model of an atom of helium that's the gas that makes balloons float ah it looks like the tiny atom is made up of even smaller particles that's right the nucleus or centre of the atom is made up of protons which have a positive charge and neutrons that don't have any kind of electric charge the number of protons always tells us the type of element this atom is a helium because it has two protons the tiny particles zipping around the outside of the nucleus are called electrons in a real atom they move much faster electrons have a negative charge protons positive neutrons neutral protons positive neutrons neutral and outside the negative electrons reside protons positive neutrons neutral protons positive neutrons neutral and outside the negative electrons reside so everything around me is made up of atoms does that mean I'm made of Kevin atoms oh no no no some things like helium oxygen and gold are made up of one kind of atom things made of only one kind of atom are called elements but sometimes different kinds of atoms will bond together to form molecules for example a water molecule is made up of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom oh yeah I've even heard people call water h2o and water is completely different from hydrogen or oxygen by themselves now water like all matter can exist in different states I've learned about states of matter solid liquid and gas that's right and matter can change States under certain conditions let's consider water in its solid form water is called ice but what happens when ice gets too warm to remain as eyes it melts oh it changes state from solid to liquid at a certain temperature the temperature at which it changes from solid to liquid is called the melting point now if you heat the liquid water up to its boiling point it will change to its gasp state which we call water vapour or steam like in clouds correct each type of matter has its own boiling point and melting point if you have two pieces of the same matter under the same conditions they will have the same melting point and the same boiling point I see no.not I see I see their point at which the liquid water turns to a solid is the freezing point the melting point boiling point and freezing point are only some of the properties of matter physical properties are things you can detect with your senses like when you touch something and it feels cold I touched a doorknob outside on a cold day and it felt really chilly but when I touch the door it didn't feel as cold I'll bet the doorknob was metal and the door was wood you're some kind of mind reader so why did the metal feel colder aren't the doorknob in the door the same temperature yes but metal is a better conductor than wood heat leaves your hand more quickly when you touch the doorknob so the metal feels colder than the wood even though they are the same temperature wood is a better insulator than metal if you had on mittens the metal would not feel as cold because mittens are good insulators do so that's another property of matter and it's gold conductivity metals are also good conductors of electricity I suppose you'd know about that Lumina let's think of some more properties of metals hmm they tend to be shiny especially if you polish them you're talking about luster another fun property of metals is malleability oh that means that metals can be bent and shaped into important things like wires there are so many more properties of matter color odor density hardness magnetism and texture just to name a few what's this looks like you boys have been making some physical changes huh what do you mean this water boiling is a physical change of matter even though the state changes from liquid to gas the molecules are still h2o still water I get it physical changes don't change the chemical properties of matter like if I break a wooden pencil in half both pieces are still made of wood why don't we think of a different example how about crushing a can or forming metal into wires those are physical changes too but if you really want to mix things up you can make a chemical change take a look at these nails this one is all rusty but how is that different from breaking a stick or crushing a can rust is a chemical change the iron in the nail combines with oxygen in the air to make a new molecule with different properties than iron or oxygen alone and if we burn this paper inside the bigger that will cause a chemical change to the ashes are different from the paper on the molecular level we've made a different kind of matter with a chemical change so far we've learned a lot about pure substances things that are made of a single element or compound like helium it's made of only helium atoms and water is made up completely of h2o molecules but some kinds of matter are combinations of different atoms and molecules we call these things mixtures but wait isn't water just a combination of hydrogen and oxygen atoms how is a mixture any different from that with a mixture you can separate out the parts with a physical change let me show you what I mean suppose we are making a fruit salad I like blueberries strawberries and almonds we can mix those together to make a salad this salad is a mixture I understand what you're getting at you could pull out the almonds if you didn't like those what are you nuts just kidding as I was saying you can separate the salad back into blueberries strawberries and almonds so the salad is a mixture but you can't separate water back into hydrogen and oxygen with a physical change Bravo now check this out let's pour salt in this beaker of water salt and water are each pure substances but they blend together to make a special kind of mixture called a solution in this case the solution is salt water that's a mixture how are you going to take the salt back out with a physical change we'll boil the water remember state changes are physical changes the water evaporates into vapor and leaves the salt behind in the beaker oh that really was a mixture got any more mixtures up your sleeve well I don't have any sleeves but another mixture is right under your nose and in your nose and down in your lungs ah air must be a mixture too smart boy air is a mixture of mostly nitrogen and oxygen some metals are mixtures too we call metal mixtures alloys bronze is an alloy of copper and tin I suppose copper and tin have different melting points that's really bright of you that's how we can separate tin and copper from a bronze alloy just heat it to around 240 degrees centigrade that's hotter than the melting point for tin but way below the melting point for copper we're gonna need the bigger hot plate learning about matter was a blast Marco well then let's blast off to the electricity Learning Center here we can learn all about electricity electricity is a kind of energy that we can find in nature but we can also produce electricity to do work look at the terminals on this battery tell me what symbols you see I see a plus sign and a minus sign that's right the plus sign shows the positive terminal and the minus sign is for the negative terminal say that reminds me of something we saw at the mater Learning Center in an atom protons have a positive charge and electrons have a negative charge correct now it just so happens that opposite electric charges attract each other so if we connect this battery to a light bulb electrons will move from the negative terminal to the positive terminal you're so bright and so is this light bulb when electrons move through it we call the moving electrons an electric current we've created a simple circuit with the battery the light and the wires the wires are made of metal so they conduct electricity well let's add a switch so we can conserve our battery good idea when we open the switch the circuit is broken and the light goes out now let's have some fun we can take these wires off the switch to see what materials will conduct electricity aha if we touch the wires to something that is a good conductor electricity will flow and the light will come on I'm so proud of this guy let's try this eraser that doesn't work looks like robber is a good insulator yes it is how about these no dice I'll bet those are made of plastic another insulator now this paperclip is made of metal I'm thinking this will work yeah metal is a conductor hey Marco what about you it looks like wood is an insulator here put these on um okay what's this thing for oh nothing much it's just a metal helmet I want to iron out a few things look at all these different kinds of magnets okay great I like magnets because they are magic I have no idea what makes them work and I don't care Marco just kidding magnets are objects or materials that have a magnetic field this field can attract magnetic matter like iron magnets can also repel or attract other magnets how can they do both it's all about the poles kid it's all about the poles hey Tara I was just teaching a Kevin here about magnets well I know a thing or two about magnetism really sure the earth has its own magnetic field don't you know and just like planet Earth all magnets have a North Pole and the South Pole the like poles of magnets repel each other but the North Pole of one magnet will attract the South Pole of another magnet lookee here how are you doing that these ring magnets are turned so that their light poles are toward each other so they repel the magnetic force is strong enough to make them float if we flip one of the magnets over like so now the top to attract just like I told you there are permanent magnets that keep their magnetism over a long time and temporary magnets that lose their magnetism more quickly in fact we can make a temporary magnet by stroking this needle with a strong bar magnet if we stroke in the same direction many times the needle will become a temporary magnet that's cool but why would we make a temporary magnet out of a needle glad you asked kiddo we can use this magnetized needle to make a compass the needle will line up with the Earth's magnetic field and point toward the poles the speaking of bows the magnetic field is always stronger close to the poles of a magnet these dark lines represent the magnetic field around these magnets see how the lines are closer together at the poles sounds like we've gotten everything ironed out about magnets not so fast electro magnet emerge humble I told you there was a magic in magnets yeah right what's that contraption whew it's an electromagnet when an electric current passes through these coils it causes the nail to become a temporary magnet and the more coils the stronger the magnetic field a battery with a higher voltage will make a stronger electromagnet too because more electric current will flow through the coils electromagnets are really special you can turn them on and off we can use them to make a crane for moving iron in a junkyard or to make a lock with a remote switch electromagnets are used in motors and even for generating electricity just a minute there's something fishy here when I turn off this electromagnet the nails still attracts these paperclips sort of whoo electromagnets may hold some of their temporary magnetism when they are turned off but they're much stronger when electric current is flowing through them if electromagnets are left off they will eventually lose all of their magnetism [Music] let's move on to the motion and gravity Learning Center okay but no more helmets I'm not gonna fall for that again oh you won't need a helmet I don't think I understood the gravity of what I was saying oh very funny gravity can mean seriousness but in science gravity is a force of attraction kind of like magnetism well no magnetism and gravity are completely different forces magnetism can pull objects together or push them apart gravity is a force that pulls any two objects with mass together no matter what they are made of both objects get pulled towards each other just because they have mass the strength of the gravitational attraction between two objects depends on two things the first factor is mass that's a measure of how much matter is in an object the more mass something has the harder it pulls on other objects that's why everyone around the globe can stand on the ground without falling off the earth the mass of the earth is so large that she holds us close what are you trying to say hmm gravity is what makes us fall sometimes - like when a trapdoor opens you're right well the second factor that affects gravity is distance the strength of gravity between two objects gets smaller the farther apart they are that just makes sense the Earth's gravity pulls really hard on me when I'm standing on it but what if you were on the International Space Station we're out on a spacewalk gravity wouldn't be so strong then I could float around almost weightless or what if you were on the moon well I wouldn't be weightless but I would weigh less than I do on earth and I could jump really high that's because the moon has a smaller mass than the earth your mass stays the same but you'd weigh less because of the lower gravitational pull from the moon exacta now obviously gravity will affect things that are moving sure if I throw a ball up in the air gravity will pull it back down right you give the ball a speed and a direction that's its velocity the ball speed or rate of travel may be fast at first but the pull of gravity will slow the ball down and then accelerate it back toward the ground acceleration is the change in velocity when something speeds up we call that acceleration and when something slows down we call that deceleration now suppose your ball hits the ground and starts rolling down a hill it will accelerate again but what if it rolls onto some flat ground it will keep rolling for a while that reminds me of something an object in motion tends to stay in motion you're talking about inertia an object at rest will tend to stay at rest and an object in motion will tend to stay in motion unless a force is acting on it I know that ball won't keep rolling forever something slows it down that something is called friction friction is a force that appears whenever two things rub against each other the friction of the ground against the ball will slow it to a stop action happens whenever two things are in contact even when the ball is moving through the air that's called air resistance even though the air molecules are tiny they still cause friction on the ball we've talked about motion so much my head is spinning don't be silly [Music] let's get you ready to go to the light and energy learning center okay I'm all set are you sure oh yeah whoo that was different he'll bet it was an energy comes in many different forms heat electric sound chemical mechanical and light are some of the kinds of energy we use energy is the ability to do work can you guess my favorite kind of energy Wow let me see is it light you got it light energy is released by light bulbs the Sun and fire all those sources also release heat energy I know that's true after it's on for a while a light bulb can be pretty hot why thank you Oh energy can be transferred from one place to another that's what happens when you touch a cold metal doorknob the heat energy is transferred from my hand because metal is a good conductor of heat cool literally we've also seen that a battery can release electrical energy and that comes from chemical energy inside the battery sounds like more than one type of energy is involved in most processes did you say sound that reminds me that applying one kind of energy to matter can lead to the release of another just think about plucking the strings of a guitar that's mechanical energy and it releases sound energy how about that interactions between matter and energy are so important to our everyday life when you use a flashlight you convert chemical energy to electrical light and eat energy when you listen to the radio you convert electrical energy to sound energy when you clap you convert mechanical energy to sound energy and by using soda bad nose you convert light energy to electrical energy as you know light is my favorite kind of energy light can be reflected with a mirror or a still body of water and sometimes light is absorbed that's why a black car gets hotter in the Sun than a white car it absorbs more light I never really thought about why that happens before it's fun to take a closer look at things oh look Marco he's bending light huh that's right light bends when it goes through the magnifying glass to make a larger image the same thing happens with binoculars and optical telescopes light can also be scattered in fact the sky looks blue on earth because oxygen molecules scatter the light thanks everyone you've really helped me study for my physical science test but now I should get back home okay just close your eyes and repeat after me that'll never work come on try it there's no place like home there's no place like home there is no place like home there's no place like home there's no place like see you next spring hey science fans you can download the practice physical science test at my website just visit www.meliar.com/mpanel.htm I'm Marco the pencil take some tips from me to do the best on your test here are some strategies take a big breath and let it go taking a test a shows what you know eat something healthy but don't over eat when you mock your test be sure to be really neat the night before get a good night's rest so you can do your best on the test read the questions carefully and here's a tip to use eliminate wrong answers before you choose stick around and I'll show you some more so you can make your [Music] and now that we've reviewed some of the material from physical science let's see how well you might do on a sample test for those of you following along you might want to use pause when a question first comes up to see if you can choose the right answer before Kevin let's start with a question about safety that you might see on a science test one students performed experiments with three beakers of salt water they place the first beaker over a magnet they poured the contents of the second beaker through a funnel lined with a coffee filter they heated the third beaker on a hot plate which of the following should the students avoid while doing these activities a read through the steps of the experiment and understand them be tell the teacher if a beaker accidentally breaks see pull the electrical plug of the hot plate out by pulling on the cord D clean up your work area and wash your hands this is a place where it comes in handy to read the question carefully if you missed a word avoid you might feel in the first answer you came to that sounded like something you should do ah so I need to find the answer that is something I shouldn't do that makes it easy to see that the answer is C pull the electrical plug of the hot plate out by pulling on the cord I agree you should never do that now sometimes you mark your answers right on the page with the questions but this test has a separate answer sheet be sure you find out how your teacher wants you to mark the answers on your test to make sure we fill in the right bubble we'll put the test over the answer sheet just under the question we're answering like this the answer to question 1 is C now let's look at some test questions you might see about the scientific method to which question is testable in a scientific experiment remember this a testable question is not based on opinions well deciding which pet is better would be an opinion so a is an a testable question B is also a matter of opinion C hmm that's based on something I could observe I could design an experiment to see if parakeets are more active at night this is probably a testable question these seems to be a matter of opinion - perfecto you found the testable question out of the 4 so our answer for question 2 is C here's one more question that deals with the scientific method 3 the chart below shows the results of an experiment designed to test the lives of 4 different brands of batteries for new identical flashlights were used each flashlight got two D size batteries of one brand all batteries had the same expiration date which of the following statements is the best conclusion for this experiment a brand 4 is the best value let me shine a little light on something we don't have enough information to reach this conclusion to know if a battery is the best value we would need to know the prices of all the batteries since that information is not in our data answer a cannot be right B says brand one has the shortest battery life looking at the chart brand 3 has a shorter life than brand 1 this one's wrong - what about answer C brand 3 is the cheapest battery hold on we don't know the prices of the batteries that's right answer C is a bad conclusion now look at the chart brand 4 has the longest battery life we can be sure our answer is let's look at some questions about matter that you might see on a science test for some very small things are listed below which is the smallest let's see atom salt plant cell flea I'm sure the answer to this one is a and Adam great job 5 all of the following are considered mixtures except air in the atmosphere a water molecule I'm pretty sure that's the answer the hydrogen and oxygen in h2o can't be separated with a physical change let me check the rest the alloy of bronze or salt water a C and D are all mixtures we should mark answer B excellent uh-uh right I was feeling in the run bubble now what are we gonna do don't worry I'll erase it completely and neatly so our correct answer gets counted 6 which action will result in matter with new chemical properties melting is a state change that's a physical change burning is a chemical change but I'll check all the answers sharpening a pencil hmm occasionally I need to sharpen up before a test but that's not a chemical change and D all of the above can't be right so the answer is B burning a log super 7 Logan tried to put a cookie sheet into the preheated oven without a potholder Logan burned his finger on the metal rack in the oven why did Logan's finger get burned a the metal rack conducted heat to Logan's hand that's true B Logan did not have a potholder to insulate his hand from the metal rack that's true too see Logan did not follow proper safety procedures if he had he wouldn't have gotten burned so the answer is d all of the above awesome you remembered about safety as well as conductors and insulators of heat and now for the last question on matter 8 some students were studying the properties of water a beaker containing 150 milliliters of water was placed on one hot plate a second beaker containing 300 millilitres of water was placed on another hot plate at the same time both hot plates were switched on at the same setting after 12 minutes both beakers had boiling water in them which of the following will be the same for both beakers a the temperature at which the water boils the boiling point for the water in both beakers should be the same about a hundred degrees Celsius this is probably the correct answer I'll check the other ones to be sure be the time it takes for the water to boil something we didn't talk about earlier was the difference between temperature and heat heat is a thermal energy that can move from one thing to another temperature is a measure of the average energy of the molecules in matter because we have different amounts of water it will take more heat energy for the larger amount of water to reach its boiling point you mean it will take longer for the beaker with 300 millilitres to boil precisely that rules out B C says the volume of water left in the beakers no way the Baker with less water starts boiling first it will have even less water and the question tells us that both beakers still contain boiling water yeah good you D the water will physically change from a liquid to a solid now that's just ridiculous we'd have to put the water in the freezer to do that our answer is hey this next question reminds me of an experiment we did at the electricity Learning Center nine Durrell set up a science experiment with a following circuit to show which materials conduct electricity when Jarell touches both wires to the following objects one at a time which will make the light bulb glow from our experiment we can rule out the plastic comb the wooden spoon and the eraser but the bulb will glow with the nickel because metal is a good conductor here are a couple of questions about magnetism 10 which of the following is not true about bar magnets a bar magnets have only one magnetic pole remember what I told you all magnets have two poles north and south that's probably our answer then this question is asking which is not true smart real smart and those last three look true to me magnetic force is strongest at the poles all magnets attract Dyan and like poles of magnets repel each other our answer is H that's the only statement here that is not true [Music] [Applause] eleven look at the picture of the electromagnet below which of the following is true about electromagnets a wrapping the wire around the nail more times will make the electromagnet stronger let's see if you are paying attention answer a is true you got it kid but let's make sure they aren't trying to trick us good thinking look at beep if the battery is replaced with one of a higher voltage the electromagnet will get stronger that one's true - so is see electromagnets are temporary magnets the answer must be D all of the above these next few questions are about gravity and motion 12 what could cause the gravitational force to grow stronger between two objects we learned that the two factors that affect gravity are mass and distance that means a is correct and so is B but look at D nothing that's just said our answer is C both a and B [Music] [Applause] 13 mia has water in a wheelbarrow she's pushing the wheelbarrow towards a tree to water it Mia stops suddenly to avoid running into a kitten and water spills over the front of the wheelbarrow the water spilled over the edge because of a friction no the friction between the water and the wheelbarrow wouldn't make the water go over the edge be inertia I think this is our answer an object in motion tends to stay in motion but let me check the last to see heat we're getting colder how about the acceleration that's a little tricky Mia decelerated rather quickly but it was inertia that caused the water to keep moving and go over the edge our answer is B I wonder if the kitten got wet I'm thinking yes 14 if a ball is rolled across the grass on a soccer field the ball will slow down because of a friction B inertia C the speed of the ball D the acceleration of the ball I know this one is friction because of Tara's explanation sounds good to me [Music] [Applause] let's look at some test questions about light and energy 15 what two forms of energy are released when a newspaper is burned hmm you see fire when a newspaper is burned and we learned that fire releases light and heat energy yes that's one of the answers let me look answer a says light and heat the other answers can't be right they all have electrical is one of the released forms of energy fantastical [Music] let's look at one last question sixteen Leila noticed that the ribbon in her hair was coming untied when she went to feed some ducks in a pond how did she see this a the pond absorbed light from the Sun the pond may absorb some of the light but that's not why she would see the ribbon B the Ducks bent the light with their bills I doubt that's what happened see the smooth pond surface reflected light I think that's our answer but let me check the last one deep waves on the pond scattered light that's also something that can happen but scattering the light rays would not allow Leela to see the Untied ribbon she saw her reflection in a still part of the pond that means our answer is C [Music] [Applause] hey science fans you can download the practice physical science test at my website just visit www.meliar.com/mpanel.htm you

Channel: Rock 'N Learn

Views: 262,937

Rating: 4.4600301 out of 5

Keywords: physical science for kids, fourth grade science, science for gifted preschoolers, scientific method, parts of atom, electricity for kids, magnetism, chemical changes, physical changes, lab safety for kids, prepare for science test

Id: BnQnXN0y8P0

Length: 52min 7sec (3127 seconds)

Published: Tue Oct 15 2019