Modern Marvels: How We Use Oil Everyday (S15, E25) | Full Episode | History

it powers our jets and coats our lips we  drive on it ignite it and even play with it   and from the shirts on our backs to the roofs  over our heads we depend on it so if you think   crude is all about the pump well think again  now the secrets of oil on modern marbles you've heard the warning the world  as we know it has come to an end   uncertain supplies and rising demand  have made cheap oil a thing of the past sure that means higher prices at the gas pump but  that's not the only impact not by a long shot you   may not realize it but the first secret of oil is  simple it's everywhere we can talk about asphalt   to aspirin cosmetics to computers helmets to  heart valves safety glass to shower curtains   umbrellas to ziploc bags and everything in  between oil lubricates our machines our weapons   and even our skin it binds the building  materials in our roads and homes and it   provides the chemical building blocks for plastics  rubber and synthetic fibers just look around thirty percent of your television is made  from petroleum-based materials at least   fifty percent of your sneakers your exercise  attire nearly a hundred percent oil derived   and also the laundry detergent used to clean it   contact lenses check your toothbrush ditto but  wait did he really say aspirin is made from oil   aspirin and and many other pharmaceuticals are  petroleum-based products cancer-fighting drugs i   think it's an unknown fact that the petrochemical  industry provides the basic building blocks   little more than a century ago none of this was  true back then rubber came from trees plastics   were all but unknown and our biggest mode of  transportation required moving tons of coal   but then rose the combustion engine our mobility  soared and oil has been king ever since our whole   society has really matured around the concept  of this fantastic material available at a very   low cost that could be delivered to our doors  and the last 100 years 50 years has been just   figuring out new ways to take advantage  of that great raw material natural gas   crude oil just making so many magical things  happen a single barrel of crude equals 42 gallons   and americans consume about  20 million of them every day roughly 50 of every barrel goes to finished  gasoline while another 15 to diesel   remarkably it's that remaining 35 percent  that's become the backbone of our world   so what is it about petroleum that makes  it so versatile and for now so vital inside each barrel is a rich mix  of hydrogen and carbon molecules   formed in all sorts of  combinations known as hydrocarbons   some like c1 better known as methane are  relatively simple hydrocarbons and are considered   light automotive fuels contain slightly  longer chains while others such as the   chemical structure of motor oil contain heavy  complex chains of 50 or more carbon atoms separate these different molecules within the  crude and you generate potent energy sources like   gasoline and diesel yet within what remains is a  rich assortment of chemical building blocks known   as feedstocks it all depends on refining what  a refinery basically does is take the crude oil   rearrange molecules through various processes some  to make gasoline some to make diesel some to make   jet fuel but a lot to to make the basic building  blocks for many industries worldwide to use as   finished products valero oil is the largest oil  refiner in north america here at their wilmington   california refinery they process more than 135  000 barrels daily which arrive via tanker ship and   are pumped ashore this is a line that we receive  crude off of the crude ships the crew is brought   in through this line it's a 30-inch line it goes  into the tanks that you see behind us we have four   crude tanks approximately 300 000 barrels each  think of any refinery as a giant chemistry set   performing four basic tasks distillation  hydro cleaning cracking and blending each stage is designed to create  more exact and more pure feedstocks   stage one is distillation which separates  the primary hydrocarbons from one another   crew distillation is the first step in the  refining process this is where we take the   raw crude oil that comes in from the crude  tanks and we begin our initial separation   a furnace connected to this tower begins to boil  the oil to upwards of 700 degrees fahrenheit   as the heat intensifies different  hydrocarbon molecules within the crude   begin to vaporize at different temperatures now  separated these vapors rise within the tower   cool condense and are then  drawn off at specific levels the lightest hydrocarbons like the  liquid gases used to make aspirin   rise to the top while the heavier ones used  in motor oils and road materials remain toward   the bottom the result the once singular crude  has been separated into a variety of fractions   what we get in crude fractionation is these  products that you see here so starting with   the lightest product we have natural gas  which has to be stored under pressure   stored in this container we have a light gasoline  product a heavier gasoline product called naphtha   we have jet fuel range and diesel range products  we have gas oil range products and we have   residuals like asphalt or in this  case this is a sample of coke   none of the fractions that come off the  distillation tower are finished products   and all will require further processing after  more than a million years underground most   need a good cleaning to rid them  of contaminants especially sulfur in this process we bring the oil in and mix  it with hydrogen we pass it through the heat   exchangers behind me and the heater to my left and  we heat the oil up to about 700 degrees at that   point we pass it over a catalyst and that catalyst  along with the hydrogen removes contaminants   in the oil before we send it on for further  processing the result a clean contaminant-free   product like this jet fuel in fact most  airports maintain direct pipelines to local refineries and as for all that  removed sulfur it's collected and sold   as a key ingredient in agricultural fertilizers  in rubber tire manufacture in fire extinguishers and even in explosives but not every fraction is ready yet  and some even need an atomic makeover cracking shatters larger complex hydrocarbon  molecules into simpler more useful ones   which are then made into finished products   this can be done either directly with intense  heat or in combination with chemical catalysts   you can see this is the sort of catalyst  we use it almost moves like a liquid   what we do is we mix this catalyst at very high  temperature with the gas oil over 300 degrees   and it reacts to form these lighter  products that you see here cracking heavy   gas oils into smaller hydrocarbon molecules  creates this base oil used to power ships   in addition the cracking makes propylene captured  in this canister propylene is a feedstock used   in makeup toothpaste antifreeze paints and  polyurethane products including football helmets no new oil refinery has been built  in the united states since 1974   only through new efficiencies have refiners  been able to keep up with ever rising demand we don't throw anything away the barrel of crude  is much too valuable a resource not to try to   use everything we can out of it and we try to  use 100 of that barrel throughout its history   the industry has used chance discoveries to turn  what seemed like waste into useful products rod   wax was a whitish goo that came out of the ground  on drill bits and often clogged the mechanisms   only after learning that oil workers  used the rod wax as a bomb for cuts   did chemist robert chesbro begin to toy with  it later naming his new product vaseline   although no longer scraped from rigs today  a jar of vaseline is sold every 39 seconds   as a byproduct of refined lubricant oils petroleum coke the nasty black residue left  after all the other fractions are removed   was deemed the bottom of the barrel until  used in ironworks to help fuel their furnaces   waste is a resource so they started  looking for and finding uses for these   various byproducts that were created in the  refining process and in 1910 a ford model t   owner urged a scientist named walter snelling  to examine vapors rising from his gas tank vents   two years later snelling filed  a patent for the oil-borne gas   propane propane is one of those fuels that nobody  makes on purpose it is a by-product and we've been   able to uh basically as an industry uh build a  business uh on a product that in the early years   of of the industry was literally flared off as a  waste product propane arises at multiple stages   during refining think of it as pure bonus it's a  energy rich hydrocarbon has about two and three   quarter times as much hydrogen per molecule as  say a natural gas molecule it's also a very very   clean burning fuel and it's cost effective propane  produces 18 to 24 percent less co2 than gasoline   today 17 million homes rely on propane  for home heating cooking and power organic farmers use its heat  to wither weeds in their fields and to sanitize livestock houses without chemicals and of course more than 50 million homes use  it to fire up the family barbecue imagine two   percent of the energy market being tapped in  by 50 million plus folks just for barbecuing portability has always been a prime  advantage of all oil and its derivatives   compared to coal for example  it's an easy resource to move   oil is very versatile and one of the key  things about it is that it's a liquid   which makes it easily transportable propane is no  exception manufacturers put the gas under pressure   which causes it to reform as a liquid  making it 270 times more compact because it can be stored as a liquid and  consumed as a gas you have a great deal of   options in terms of the type of applications  that it can be put to and that seems sort of   counter-intuitive in many respects but that's  one of the unique properties of propane is that   it can be a liquid and it can be used as a  gas as well only when the tank valve is opened   and the pressure inside normalized does the  liquid propane return to its original gas form   and at that point it's ready to roll propane  is the most widely used alternative motor   fuel in the world there are about 11 million  vehicles that that operate on propane every day   here in the united states anyone that's been to  las vegas and taken a taxi cab from the airport   to a hotel is ridden in a propane powered taxi  cab but if you think that's all there is to oil   answer this what do hot tubs packing peanuts  and top secret weapons depots have in common   one word plastics petroleum's  most prolific byproduct each year american refineries process more than  6 billion barrels of oil but here's a stunning   fact from less than five percent of that comes  more than a hundred billion pounds of plastic that's more plastic than the combined weight of  every man woman and child in the united states   plastic is oil's most abundant finished product we  can't live without it and it's getting expensive   even something as simple as a paper cup its  functionality is based on having plastic on   the inside here because if you didn't have  that plastic your latte would be all over   your lap because it's the plastic that seals the  liquids inside and allows this cup to do its job   monomers the chemicals from which plastics are  made come from the gases collected during refining   of oil and natural gas like other fractions  these gases are cracked into smaller hydrocarbon   elements known as chemical feedstocks from seven  basic feedstocks including ethylene propylene and   benzene nearly all the plastic in the world is  manufactured nylon is an example where we can   actually show you how it's made so we add in here  a dye acid and then we're going to add a diamine   and at the interface of these two chemicals  both are derived from oil you end up with nylon each year more than 8 billion pounds of nylon  make everything from stockings to parachutes but nylon is not alone when it comes to many uses   nearly every plastic can be  formed and shaped in infinite ways that's what makes it so valuable a lot of folks  think that plastics have always been cheap you   know but that isn't true actually for a long time  plastics have been more expensive than metals   the part of it that's cheap is manufacturing  all of those different types of things spartec plastics is an international  manufacturer of plastic materials   an annual production of  more than 1.7 billion pounds their materials can be found in  everything from food packaging   to tanning beds to bullet resistant windows here at their la mirada california facility  the focus is on plastic sheeting in rows   made from two of the more prominent  plastics this plant primarily runs abs or   polystyrene they're both a styrenic  based material every time you open your   refrigerator door the shelf the food liners and  certainly the door that's polystyrene as well   abs and polystyrene arrive at the spartec  facility in the form of plastic pellets some are virgin stock others recycled   air hoses move them throughout the facility until  they reach the extruder the heart of the operation inside this heat extruder is a long auger screw   that steadily rotates pulling the  plastic pellets toward its opposite end as the pellets compress  and rub against one another   friction and heat are created causing the  plastic to melt the taffy-like mix is then   pushed through a thin die forming a plastic  sheet that threads across a series of rollers   it may look fairly simple but there's a lot  of geometry and a lot of calculations that go   into the design of a screw and a lot of that has  just been derived by trial and error over time this roll stock will be used in various packaging   while a quick change to a larger  die results in plastic sheets   that can be shaped into single plastic  pieces for spas boats even kayaks   you put this sheet in a couple of ovens and you  just gently heat it on there as opposed to the   really vigorous heating they went through  to melt it it will begin to soften until it   begins to just sag and that's what they'll  refer to it as the sag that it's got that's   moved around then and put over a mold and the  old vacuum forming technique just pulls it down   and sucks it down to make the form of whatever  part it is that you want thermoforming is a key   method for custom plastic manufacturing  but there are others including welding vinyl also known as pvc is a petrol-based  plastic known for its durability and flexibility   its practicalities were first teed up in the 1920s  by a chemical engineer in search of legend holds   a better golf ball today oil-based plastics  still play a role in golf ball manufacture and pvc's advantages have spread across  industry healthcare and the military since 1997 the us military has destroyed nearly   55 percent of its cold war  arsenal of chemical weapons but it still got nearly 14 000 tons to go and  surrounded by an environment filled with deadly   agents like sarah a worker's protective suit  means the difference between life and death   here at vinyl technology they've manufactured  more than 130 000 of these life-saving vinyl suits   the suit is basically 99 plastic material the  visor is basically convertible window material   which you'll find in convertible cars everything  else is a special alloy of plastic films that's   been specially developed for the chemical agent  protection it's made to slow down the permeation   of that agent through the material to provide the  worker with as long a working time as possible there are no sewn parts for stitching on the suits instead all the seams are welded using ultra high  radio frequencies to fuse the materials together if you take a look you'll see some of  the intricate welds that they go around   the perimeter of the visor welding the vinyl  to the alloy which is the white material all   the seams are extremely clean and the seams are  on the outside and provide the maximum comfort   for the wearer the suits aren't completed until  they meet the workers who wear them when the   workers are preparing for an entry they will  don the suit and then they will physically get   heat sealed into the suit using a similar type of  machine that we've used to manufacture the shoes so once they're in they're in for good they do  their work and they physically get cut out of the   suit and the suit is disposed of at that point so  oil is effective at keeping deadly chemicals out   but what happens if you swallow it  by mistake odds are you already have when it comes to big there isn't much  that's larger than the crawler transporter   the vehicle that moves the space  shuttle from point a to point b so it's hard to imagine that this six million  pound behemoth has much in common with an ordinary   watch despite their size difference beneath their  exteriors both mechanisms have lots of moving   parts and whether they weigh a few tons or a few  microns moving parts almost always need oil-based   lubricants a lubricant is designed to really  do two different things one is to prevent wear   and the other is whenever you have moving parts  there's heat generated so it really lubricates   by taking the heat away that's formed and  also to keep the surfaces rubbing together   lubricants are made from base oils fractioned from  the heavier elements off the distillation tower they're considered among  the most valuable fractions   even as they represent less than  eight percent of a barrel's output that's because they do so many things from  helping to move the shuttle to steering a missile to ensuring the chain on the chainsaw saws manufacturer lubricating specialties receives  base oils from refineries all over the country   and blends them into more than a  thousand different lubes every month of course we make motor oils that's our  probably our number one product that we make   we do specialty things with fire resistant  hydraulic fluids which are very important in   boundaries so if you get a leak it doesn't  catch fire we also manufacture uh navy oils   that are used in the hydraulics on ships to  move the rudders missile batteries or guns   and also the catapult oil to  you know launch the airplanes any lubricant's job is to form a  thin film between two moving parts   it must be thick enough to withstand  the friction generated as the parts work   yet not so thick is to inhibit  or degrade the parts performance viscosity is the term used  to describe that thickness   and it's determined by the blend of base oils from  the refinery with additional chemical additives   this is what we call the blending  area or fondly known as the snake pit   this is where we take and blend all the raw  materials some are easy one or two ingredients   some are complicated and have up to 20 ingredients  some are liquid some are solids so this is where   you make your money or you lose your money  because if it goes wrong here it's expensive   one of those additives is itself made from  oil and it puts the w or winter into 5w30 it's called the viscosity index improver and  comes in 50 pound blocks but check this out   it's not a solid at all it's something that's cold  flowed so as we sit here we opened the side here   if we came back tomorrow morning it would all be  on the ground even though it appears as a solid   it's really still a liquid a very viscous thick  liquid the improver is chopped heated and then   blended into the motor oil to ensure that the  oil itself continues to flow in all seasons because this is the substance that allows us to  use the same motor oil in the winter as the summer   this expands very very rapidly in the cold state  it's more like a watch spring very tightly wound   together but when it gets hot at 200 degrees it  really expands almost like a corkscrew it gets   very very long and acts like a bunch of fibers  to keep the thin motor oil from flowing very   quickly and makes it seem thicker so we can get a  good cold temperature and a good high temperature   today few processes are as automated  as food production and packaging   and here too the machines need a specialized lube  called food grade oil it's even okay to swallow   these are required by the fda to be used so  that if accidentally the oil would get into   some of the foods it's no harm to you this  is hydrocarbon that's been extra processed   eggs are clean it's handled food grade all the way  special packaging special drums so it never comes   in contact with any metal but if the prospect  that you might be eating oil surprises you   don't forget you're also rubbing it all  over the baby oil that you buy is 100 this   with a little fragrance suntan lotion is probably  80 this with a little bit of emulsifier lipstick   is about 70 percent this with a lot of dyes and  also some wax products to give it some consistency   it's used in just about everything  that we put on ourselves   for most lubricants it's one and done use it  replace it and move on but with oil prices   on the rise the world's most common  lube motor oil can have a second life   there's 1.4 billion gallons of used oil generated  in the united states every year here at evergreen   oil we take that used oil and we re-refine  it meaning we take the used oil and take it   back to a near virgin state we calculate  we can use that same gallon over 20 times   re-refining is different from reconditioned  motor oil which is often labeled second use   and is simply filtered with  sometimes inconsistent results   evergreen oil estimates that full-scale  re-refining could save upwards of 90 000   barrels of oil a day so here's a used oil we  just collected and brought here to evergreen oil   it's full of contaminants such as heavy metals  sulfur might have some concentrations of halogens   it's dirty we're going to take that put it  through our re-refinery and process it into   a reusable base lube re-refining works nearly  backwards from the original refining process   first the used oil is hydro-treated to remove  not just the pollutants but the additives as well   remember that viscosity index improver  well in re-refining it's got to go   what's left is then redistilled  creating a near pure fraction this is our re-refined base lube  into the process all of the metals   all of the contaminants the added package has  been removed all the water all the light ends   and we've taken it to a near virgin state  and this is uh good as gold right here   today evergreen re-refines more than 14 million  gallons of used motor oil a year the energy   required to re-refine motor oil is close to 50  percent less than it takes to refine fresh crude no doubt that's not just good business  but good for the environment as well   but motor oil is not the only  recycled product when the time   comes for the rubber to meet the  road and this one really rocks scorching sun raging storms vicious winds no matter the conditions we depend on our  homes to withstand mother nature's fury   and nowhere does that protection matter  more than on the roof enter oil today 4   out of 5 u.s homes are topped with asphalt  shingles the most common roofing material in   the country the asphalt industry manufactures  12.5 billion square feet of roofing shingle   product on an annual basis that's enough  material to cover 5 million homes per year natural deposits of asphalt have  existed for millions of years and the ancients relied upon its  sticky properties to build cities   waterproof boats and even embalm mummies today nearly all asphalt is  derived from oil refining   and makes up three percent of each barrel of crude it's the dense dark liquid that remains after  the other lighter hydrocarbons are removed   here at the owens corning asphalt shingle  manufacturing center in compton california   they convert more than 110 tons  of liquid asphalt every day   this is where the asphalt comes into our facility  it arrives in trucks and then is transferred into   the converter which is the tower  that's standing directly behind me   this is where we actually convert the asphalt into  a roofing grade material hot air is blown into the   asphalt to make it both soft and durable asphalt  shingles are made from three primary elements   a synthetic mat made from paper or fiberglass  mineral granules and finally the newly blown   asphalt behind me is the asphalt coater this  is where the asphalt and the fiberglass mat   come together and the asphalt is then coated both  on the top and the bottom of the fiberglass mat   you can see that there's excess asphalt that does  not fully coat the fiberglass mat this material is   then recycled and re-blended back in so there's  absolutely no waste in this part of the process   through significant advances in technology  of the fiberglass mat we've also been able to   reduce the amount of asphalt required while still  ensuring a high-performing shingle on your roof   on the top of the shingle are coarse  and coated with different colors this offers buyers aesthetic choices but also has   the practical impact of deflecting  the sun's uv rays reducing heat once the materials are fused  the shingles are cooled then cut and finished in many  ways to meet different markets   so here we are at the end of the line  this is the finished shingle product   you can see that now we have the asphalt the mat  inside the granules impregnated all come together   in the finished product on the flip side you can  see the back dusting material the adhesive where   it's going to seal one shingle to the other on  the rooftop and a strip of material so that they   don't stick together when they're in the package  in the bundle before you get them on the roof   today roofing accounts for less than 15  percent of all asphalt that leaves the refinery   a still smaller amount goes into building  water-resistant structures like sea walls   piers and dikes and where does the rest go  look no further than the road beneath your feet   there are 4 million miles of roads in the  united states 94 of which are covered in asphalt   vulcan asphalt produces upwards of  500 tons of paving asphalt an hour   and none of it would hold together without oil  we have to have that all it uses a binder which   binds it and holds it together that gives us our  compaction and helps make everything solid that we   could drive on so it's a very very important  ingredient paving asphalt is made from sand   and various sized crushed rock known as  aggregate which are mixed together into a blend as you can see i have various different sizes  some three quarters some half inch 3 8 sand   these are the various sizes that we use in the  mixture in order to make a good blend you want   to fill up every void you don't want any cracks  so what you do is you start out with your top size   and you put in smaller sizes so  that it all compacts in together   otherwise the road will tear apart on you the oil  fills in any cracks and it also binds it together different surface types require different  mixtures once the right formula is set the   aggregate blend is conveyed into a dryer where  it's heated to nearly 1600 degrees fahrenheit   we want it completely dry before we mix the  oil in with it because oil and water do not mix inside the dryer vulcan also introduces recycled  asphalt into the blend saving on both rock and oil   this is a recycled asphalt this is one of the most  recycled products by wade in the united states   we use quite a bit of it here very important part  of our asphalt mixture it includes the liquid oil   that was previously used only now is the aggregate  showered with fresh liquid asphalt from a refinery after a brief but intensive  mix the process is complete okay this is our final product being shipped out  to the job site as you can see by the size of the   aggregate in it it's a three-quarter inch mix it  will be put down in pavement we'll probably drive   over it this afternoon sometime an asphalt  road another oil product we take for granted   but there's a question to be answered  what happens when all the oil is gone so what happens when it all runs out   no one knows the time or date but there  is an emerging consensus as demand grows   supply will dwindle until one day crude oil  will disappear as a primary natural resource   and we'd better start to prepare if you look this  objectively you realize that this is a tremendous   resource that perhaps have not been utilized  properly we depended on it assuming that it will   last forever and these are finite resources they  never last forever we're developing alternatives   for almost every one of oil's fractions and  renewable energy supplies are on the move wind power for example now supplies  one percent of america's energy needs   echoing oil's own early history and  it doesn't stop there this driveway is   paved not with traditional asphalt but  a bio asphalt garnered from sugar cane and while most synthetic motor  oil still contains petroleum   the cost of fully synthesizing  lubricants continues to drop virgin atlantic airlines recently  flew the first jetliner powered   in part by a jet fuel created from algae photovoltaic solar cells like  those atop this fedex hub   not only offer power today but  may well fuel the cars of tomorrow   and plastics that were once made from crude  are now predominantly made from oil-based   yet cleaner burning natural gas plastics  can also be made from corn and other crops but new supplies of energy and feedstocks  aren't the only area of research and invention   now can this alternative energy sources  make up for you know the declining use   of oil and gas or coal that's a question that  depends on how much technology we can develop   on the side of demand on the other hand  you can make things a lot more efficient   so that you can decrease the demand and  that's where recycling becomes an issue   attacking demand by recycling what already exists  is a familiar strategy in thousands of communities   across the country look no further than plastic  bottles which regenerate into more than 20 million   pounds of plastic every year the challenge  however is not in simple plastics like bottles   but more complicated products like tvs or  computers which contain many different kinds   of plastics all fused together until  recently the only answer was landfill enter the new science of recovery a huge  market is developing around recovering and   there are lots of folks out there  hungry for plastics that can be   recycled but we've got to get them out of  our trash that's what we have to figure out   ways to do not just because we're more  environmentally conscious but because   the plastic itself has gone up in value  literally two or three or four times in 1994   tripp allen founded mba polymers to recover the  plastics bonded together in high-tech equipment you take advantage of the properties that the  plastics have for example density plastics have   a variety of density polyethylene coming  from like a detergent bottle or a milk jug   is lighter than water polyester p-e-t which is  used in your soda bottle is heavier than water   so you take those two grind them up shake them up  so you have just in a simple water solution you   see the separation the polyethylene floats and  the polyester or pet sinks now it's not always   that simple and so you have other operations that  you can use that that will give you finer cuts   today computers contain 12 different types of  plastic all of which are recoverable but what   about a product that has 39 different  plastics you guessed it the family car this is what's left of the family car when it  gets shredded they pull out the steel and a lot   of the non-ferrous metals and they leave behind  a material that's called fluff automotive fluff   this has got everything from tail light housings  to rocks to carpeting it's a real mix of materials   these leftovers are soon sent to landfills  it doesn't stink as much as regular garbage   so they use it to cover regular garbage  and that would seem to be the end of that but like a prospector of old allen sees  gold in those garbage hills this truck   uses a number of different technologies that are  synthesized mostly from old mining industry ideas california was founded around the gold rush and  what is gold mining other than sorting one type of   shiny yellow rock from a lot  of other dingy brown ones   the process begins with the automotive fluff  passing through a series of magnets to remove any   small metal bits the fluff then enters a series  of water cyclones swirling tornadoes of h2o that   intensify the sinking or floating of the different  plastics and other elements within the fluff by sorting everything by how rapidly it sinks or  how rapidly it floats we can create a number of   different products using just water there's a lot  of steel and non-ferrous metals but there's also   several different varieties of plastics in here  and those can go right back into consumer goods   still only a prototype the potential of  this mobile water cyclone system is clear   and its insights may well be applied to still  larger challenges like the landfills themselves but for now it's a reminder that in a  world wrestling with the impact of oil   innovation and invention are also secrets that should  not be easily forgotten you

Channel: HISTORY

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Keywords: history, history channel, h2, h2 channel, history channel shows, h2 shows, modern marvels, modern marvels full episodes, modern marvels clips, watch modern marvels, history channel modern marvels, full episodes, Modern Marvels season 15, Modern Marvels season 15 Episode 25, Modern Marvels s15 e25, modern Marvel 15X25, Modern Marvels se15 e25, history channel full episodes, Season 15, Episode 25, history channel documentary, We Use Oil Everyday, oil, Rubber, Plastic, Nylon

Id: oQnw2opVWVk

Length: 43min 14sec (2594 seconds)

Published: Thu Feb 18 2021