Metabolism | The Metabolic Map: Carbohydrates

I ninja nerds in this video what we're going to do is we're going to take all of the metabolic pathways that we talked about in green great detail in each individual video and we're going to see how those pathways are interconnected and intertwined and working together that is the main goal of these series of videos gonna be three videos and what we're going to be doing is talking about how all of these individual pathways that we talked about in great detail are all intertwined and utilized and working together we're not going to focus on a lot of things about ATP and NADH is it's just going to be focusing on the substrates of the pathway and how it's all being connected alright let's get started the first thing that we're going to focus on is we're going to talk about carbohydrates that's the first one that we're going to focus on so let's bring carbohydrates right here smack-dab in the middle okay so with carbohydrates carbohydrates the first thing that I want to talk about is how do we store how do we store carbohydrates in the body usually we store carbohydrates in the body prep primarily within our skeletal muscles a little bit in the cardiac muscle and within our liver we store it in the form of a polysaccharide called glycogen ok so inside let's draw it right over here let's say here I have glycogen this is the storage form of glucose but let's say that I want to break that glycogen down into glucose monomers so let's say here I have glucose let's say here I have glucose and I want to break that glycogen down into glucose what is that call guess well we made a nice little thing here for you guys but I really hope you guys you life is going to help you out a lot throughout the process in this video we're going to try to color coordinate everything ok well let's try to find that where we go from glycogen oh here it is glycogen to glucose what is that called glycogenolysis so let's do that with this lime green arrow so we're not going to write down what it is so kazeno will get all jumbled up and stuff and it can get pretty intense right so going from glycogen to is called glycogenolysis this would occur in situations in which are in the fasting state right so in other words you haven't eaten for a while your body's starting to break down glycogen into glucose to utilize it for energy but let's say the opposite let's say that you're in the Fed States are you eating you want to store that glucose in the form of glycogen for later whenever you need to use it so you're eating right now we want to convert glucose into glycogen all right let's go back to the chart and see what that is all right let's see here okay there is glucose to glycogen that's called glyco Genesis let's take the orange arrow and represent that now so here's our orange marker and if we go this way this is called glycogen esses okay so that covers glyco Genesis and glycogenolysis all right cool we'll go with that now let's cover something else let's say that I want to take and oxidize this glucose I want to break this glucose down I'm going to go through a couple parts here now glycolysis we've already talked about in great detail it's about 10 steps right we're not going to go through every single step we're going to talk about a couple important steps along the way one of those let's say that we get to this point of what's called fructose 1 6 Biz phosphate I'm just going to put B P and what happens is fructose 1 6 bisphosphate splits it splits into two special molecules okay and when it splits into these two special molecules one of the molecules is called dye hydroxy acetone phosphate and the other one is called glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate right so again glucose is a six carbon molecule fructose 1 6 phosphate is a six carbon molecule DHAP is a three carbon molecule in GA 3p or glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is a three carbon molecule okay but now what I'm going to do is I'm going to take this glucose I'm going to continue to continue to break it down and I'm going to break it down all the way until I get to this end point here and this end point here is going to be called pyruvate okay pyruvate and then another thing this DHAP he can actually isomerize between this guy so let's say that this guy gets turned into g a 3p eventually he can get converted into what what is that molecule called pyruvate right okay let's draw that right here so we can form from this process the guys are looking at this from this process we're breaking down glucose all the way into two pyruvate molecules okay well let's see glucose into two pyruvates all that's glycolysis so let's go ahead and switch some of these arrows here and make all of these arrows because go Collison is entire pathway all the way down so all the way down here in red is representing our glycolysis okay so going down here is this way the particle I call assists the splitting of these two molecules is a part of glycolysis the conversion of this to GA 3p is part of glycolysis and then GA 3p to pyruvate and GA 3p to pyruvate alright that's pretty cool so that's covering our gut call of this pathway alright so we generated two pyruvates from the glucose awesome alright what is another thing that we could talk about we didn't show all of the pathways up there because some of them aren't as significant but we're going to talk briefly about this next thing these two pyruvates can then get further converted they get further converted into other molecules which is called acetyl co a okay a seat okole an acetyl co a so pyruvate is the 3 carbon this pyruvate is a 3 carbon and again we'll make another acetyl co a these acetyl co a czar 2 carbon structures and again this is a 2 carbon structure so in during this process you lose what's called CO 2 we're not going to pay much attention to that right now this step right here if we were to actually define this stage this stage here is actually referred to as the trans is transition or preparatory stage okay then you know what happens to these acetyl COAS they go through the Krebs cycle and when they go through the Krebs cycle they generate a lot of different types of intermediates and these intermediates as it's going through this process is really important because they help to generate nadh is and fadh2 and all that kind of stuff right we're not going to talk about the amount that you're generating but I do want you guys to remember something now what's happening in this process you do generate what's called NADH is you do generate what's called fadh2s from these Krebs cycle processes okay we're not going to talk about how many because we've already done that in individual videos but what happens these NADH is in these fadh2s go where they go to the electron transport chain and when they go to the electron transport chain what's the whole purpose there at the electron transport chain at the electron transport chain they're going to be utilized to produce what primary molecule the primary molecule that you're trying to generate during this process is going to be that of a T P okay so you're trying to generate ATP an ATP is important because ATP is actually the energy form for the cell and it's required for many different types of cellular processes it's required for the certain types of pumps is required for muscle contraction a lot of different things so it's important to be able to produce this ATP so what have we gone over thus far throughout this process we've gone over following our way down glucose throughout this entire glycolysis pathway to make pyruvate two of them then pyruvate got converted into acetyl co a through the transition stage then a CoA went through this process what is this process here called this process here is referred to as the Krebs cycle and then from the Krebs cycle what do you generate NADH is fadh2s generaiiy PS but they take it to the electron transport chain where you generate ATP okay now there's another thing when we actually have this happening this next pathway it doesn't occur you know most people don't really talk about this pathway that often but it is an important pathway nonetheless some of this actual glucose can get converted into another molecule which is used to make nucleotides and neurotransmitters and other different types of things and it makes this molecule which we talked about here briefly which is called ribose 5-phosphate and again this is an important molecule for nucleotides and neurotransmitters and different types of molecules and what we want to do is we want to take this glucose and we want to make ribose 5-phosphate okay well let's see where that one is oh it's right there pentose phosphate pathway okay and that's in my room so if I want to go from glucose to this ribose 5-phosphate that is the pentose phosphate pathway and one of the cool things about the pentose phosphate pathway and i'm not going to spend a lot of time is that you generate these things called NADPH that's one of the special things that comes from this pentose phosphate pathway are the hexose monophosphate sharpton okay so what do we cover so far with carbohydrates we talked about let's say glucose to glycogen is glyco Genesis glycogen to glucose as glycogen alysus glucose to ribose 5-phosphate is the pentose phosphate pathway primarily the oxidative water part glucose all the way to two pyruvates is what this is glycolysis and then pyruvate to acetyl is the transition stage acetyl co a going through this whole cyclic activity of keto ass intermediates is the Krebs cycle from the Krebs cycle you generate nadh and fadh2 and you do generate some ATP and then these nadh and fadh2 is take those hydride ions to the electron transport chain or to produce significantly large amounts of ATP it's pretty significantly large amounts of ATP through this process called oxidative phosphorylation okay now that is pretty much going to cover most of the activity that is occurring here for the car will hydrates now what we're going to do guys we're going to stop here we're going to go into another video and we're going to specifically talk about how fats are integrated into this pathway all right engine Aries I'll see you in a little

Channel: Ninja Nerd

Views: 291,719

Rating: 4.9521179 out of 5

Keywords: metabolism, the metabolic map, carbohydrate metabolism

Id: DQ-tUjfFet4

Length: 11min 9sec (669 seconds)

Published: Wed Jun 14 2017