Metabolism | The Metabolic Map: Lipids

okay ninja in this part we're going to continue on with the metabolic map and we're going to specifically spoke focus now on triglycerides and fats and how the metabolism of fats is occurring and how it's intertwined with this pathway so you know within our body we store fats in the form of triglycerides so now let's talk about usually don't refer to as fats we refer to them primarily as lipids that's the more common scientific term that we should utilize here is lipids now lipids when we take lipids into the body right and we store them inside of our adipose tissue or maybe in a little bit in the liver tissue you store it in the form of what's called triglycerides now triglyceride let's write this down in triglycerides I'm going to actually abbreviate it and sometimes they also refer to triglycerides as try a seal glycerol so I'm going to write that down but then I'm going to just talk about so the actual name that I'm going to prefer to is try a seal glycerol but I want you to understand that this is the same thing as me talking about tri glycerides it's it's a synonym okay so me saying triglycerol versus triglycerides doesn't matter but I'm going to use this term to make everything more you know small so we can fit everything ta G that's we're going to talk about okay so let's say here in the body I have this thing called a T a G a tri a seal glycerol triglyceride let me draw the structure of this very quickly just you know a very raw diagram let's say here this is the head and then there's another component here so a try a so glycerol is made up of two components but what I'm going to do is let's say that I'm in the fasting state I haven't eaten for a while and I need some energy and my carbohydrate source is already used up a lot of my glycogen I already broke down a lot of my glucose alright so I've already done glycogenolysis I've already done a lot of glycolysis a lot of transition Krebs electron transport chain now I need to set the move on to my second source of energy my lipids what's going to happen okay I'm going to break the triglyceride but I'm going to break it down as to its two constituents so what I'm going to do is I'm going to break this ester bond here between these you see these little like little tails here these little tails are the fatty acid and that head is the glycerol so what I'm going to do is I'm going to break it into its individual components one is I'm going to break it into a component called glycerol to stay consistent we'll show it is like this little head like that alright the other component I'm going to break it into is these fatty acid tails so these fatty acids which would like those little tails alright so we'll have that little thing there just so you know keep it consistent with a diagram now if I'm breaking down a triglyceride or a triacylglycerol into glycerol and fatty acids what is that oh triacylglycerol - a glycerol and fatty acids oh that's lipolysis perfect and amazing so look at this me going this way and me going this way this is lipolysis that simple right breaking the ester bond and breaking these two components now here's the cool thing about this glycerol and fatty acids this pathway of going from tries to glycerol to glycerol and triacylglycerols the fatty acid is reversible so let's say that I'm in what's called the Fed state right so I'm eating you're going to eat you know there's a hormone in your body called insolence being produced and one of the primary metabolic effects of insulin is once you get a lot of glucose into our cell but it can stimulate specific enzymes that are responsible for is called lipogenesis so what it can do is it can take these fatty acids in this glycerol and use them together you know what that's called let's look Oh fatty acids glycerol to try so let's roll that's lipogenesis so the opposite pathway me going in this direction that is actually going to be lipogenesis and me going in this direction this is lipogenesis so it's so beautiful now here's the next thing the glycerol does it just what happens well we have to integrate it into this pathway how do we integrate it okay so what I'm going to do is I'm going to take this glycerol and I'm going to convert it into this market you know glycerol is actually a three carbon structure it's actually a 3-carbon structure where well so we see a 3-carbon structure right here dihydroxyacetone phosphate that's not by chance that I put it there look what happens this guy he gets converted into dihydroxyacetone phosphate when he gets converted into dihydroxyacetone phosphate what can happen okay well two things can happen one I didn't really mention it yet so we're going to focus on going downwards but we can go up I'll mention that in a little bit but you know one thing that can really happen it's really cool glycerol can actually get converted to DHAP and then where can it go let's follow the arrows down it can get converted to glycerol 3-phosphate or over here to go throughout I three phosphate the glycerol 3-phosphate can get converted to pyruvate pyruvate to acetyl co a goes through the krebs cycle goes and makes nadh and fadh2 s and makes ATP oh man it's cool all right that's one thing so this can lead to glycolysis what about fatty acids fatty acids are very long-chain more common in the body they're usually in the form of 16 carbon fatty acid room called Palmateer co-heir palmitoleic acid what can happen is these fatty acids that get broken down into two carbon sequences where do I see two carbons for us he'll go away and look we can break this down by chopping this actual 16 carbon fatty acid into two carbon fragments you know what they call this step here when you're breaking it down you're oxidizing the fatty acid this is called a special step called beta oxidation okay beta oxidation okay that's a beautiful thing there now here's another thing let's say that you're eating too much you know you're cranking down her she's crunches or you know Reese's pcs I like Reese's Pieces are pretty good but anyway you take it in so much glucose a lot of glucose our body can only utilize so much of that glucose to make ATP and after we take in so much glucose our body starts shunting it into making it into fat so this pathway a pathway of glycerol going into DHAP DHAP can actually convert into glycerol and if DHAP is converted to glycerol and glycerol can actually be converted to triglycerides what is that that's lipogenesis so really this structure here right this structure here I should have blue if I'm taking this DHAP if it's going over here and trying to make glycerol this is a prelude to making glycerol and glycerol is the precursor to make triglycerides same thing let's say I take acetylcholine molecules and I go to the fatty acid synthesis process so if I want to be able to synthesize the fatty acids these fatty acids can be utilized right to combine with glycerol and make triglycerides so we really wanted to we could say this is fatty acid synthesis that's what you really could say this is fatty acid synthesis but it's a it's necessary in order for the triglyceride synthesis to occur and this one is actually glycerol synthesis if you really want to say that right and again glycerol synthesis is a precursor in order for the making the triglycerides okay so if we really wanted to be specific we could say this is fatty acid synthesis and this is a glycerol synthesis but it is necessary for making triglycerides so technically this whole way is lipogenesis and this whole way is lipogenesis okay that covers that but you know what's really crazy and individuals who are like uncontrolled diabetics or they've been starving themselves or they're like on the Atkins diet they're not taking in enough carbohydrates what happens is their body starts actually running out of carbohydrates to utilize for energy that they start breaking down excessive amounts of fat and whenever these peoples go up blood glucose levels go down really really low there's a special precursor in the Krebs cycle we're not going to spend a lot of time I'm just going to mention his name his name is called whoa hey hey the same thing he would be right here Oh a a in situations in which we have a low blood glucose levels Oh a a is not involved in the Krebs cycle and it goes to make glucose it actually goes to another pathway we'll talk about so it goes to make glucose eventually well if a isn't there the acetyl co a can't go through the Krebs cycle and so a lot of this acetyl a starts building up when it starts building up really really really high it gets shunted into another pathway look at this this is beautiful our body is amazing okay our brain primarily runs on glucose so they don't really like to break down fatty acids but our brain can use another molecule which is really special look at this let's say I think that's acetyl co a and I fused them together through special steps and I make another molecule which is called ketone bodies in the other ketone bodies we talked about in great detail there's what's called acetyl acetate and then there's another one which is called beta hydroxy butyrate what happens I can take this nacido coil molecules and convert them into ketone bodies what is that called okay let's see if we comply to here acetyl co a the ketone body is called ketogenesis man so it's awesome right so then if I'm going this way look sorry about that and I'm going from acetyl co a and I'm making these key to embodies what it is call it ethical ketogenesis now we can form these ketone bodies why are we making these ketone bodies because they're good for the brain so when they go up to the brain or in the muscle tissue so in our skeletal tissue skeletal muscle tissue or a brain or a cardiac muscle tissue it can utilize these ketone bodies during the starvation State or diabetes mellitus or just whenever our body needs it it doesn't prefer to use it but it can well then these ketone bodies we have to utilize them for energy well how do we do that we break them right back down to acetyl co a hey and when we break them right back down into a CoA that can go through the Krebs cycle and generate energy in the brain and in a skeletal and on the cardiac muscle so if I want to go from the ketone bodies to the esthetical a then what do I need to do okay if I want to go from the ketone bodies to acetylcholine that's called keto lysis I'm just breaking the ketone bodies back into acetyl co a fragment so again this process here of me going back up this way is called keto lysis alright you know it says Rios is really cool with these a CO CO and molecules they're really amazing I really do think these are so cool there's one more thing that can happen University look away is a precursor for being able to make cholesterol oh so I can even make cholesterol Wow I can make cholesterol well why would I want to make cholesterol because cholesterol is extremely important you know cholesterol is important for being able to make what's called bile salts which is important for the emulsification process that we're trying to be able to help and assist in the digestion of fat so bile salts are really important you know cholesterol there's a lot of hormones their precursors to the hormones so testosterone estrogen progesterone so they're precursors to steroid hormones also they're really even it's not just that but they're also important with inside the actual cell membrane structure so they contribute to the cell membrane so a lot of different things we can convert acetyl co to cholesterol which is a very important pathway okay so what is that call when I go from acetyl co to cholesterol okay if I go from acetyl co to cholesterol that's called cholesterol synthesis nice so I'm just going to go this way that's it okay and again what is this process a good four acetyl co a going to cholesterol is important for the cell membrane structure it's important for steroid hormones it's important for bile salts and again this process is called cholesterol synthesis okay so what have we gone over within this part of the video we covered how we can break down a triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids which is called lipolysis we talked about how glycerol can be utilized within this process or to be getting rid into DHAP right and how that DHAP can go through the glycolytic pathway we also talked about how these fatty acids undergo this beta oxidative PAP process to get converted into acetyl co a go through the Krebs cycle and generate large amounts of energy we also talked about what happens whenever too much acetyl co a builds up right and we because we ask the Oh a egg is converted to glucose our body needs glucose to brain primarily runs on glucose but whenever our skeletal muscles on our cardiac muscles need to contract we can convert the acetic way into ketone bodies like a co acetate beta hydroxy butyrate that's called ketogenesis but then when we get them into the brain and we get them into the skeletal cardiac muscles we want to break them down into a that is called keto lysis and our body also has the ability to make cholesterol from acetic away which is called cholesterol synthesis and again that's important for making bile salts steroid hormones and even a put component the cell membrane and the last thing is is whenever we're taking in too much glucose too much of that glucose we can shunt some of the acetic away to making fatty acids and we can shunt some of the DHAP to make glycerol if we do this it's called fatty acid synthesis if we go from DHAP to glycerol it's glycerol synthesis but again it's all beginning into this whole process where glycerol and fatty acid will fuse and form triglycerides which is called lipogenesis iron adjourns in this video we talked about how fats are lipids specifically are integrated into this whole metabolic mat pathway in the next video we're going to talk specifically about how proteins or amino acids are involved in this pathway and then we'll finish up with gluconeogenesis alright I'll see you in a little

Channel: Ninja Nerd

Views: 138,345

Rating: 4.9733052 out of 5

Keywords: the metabolic map, metabolism, lipid metabolism

Id: Wm7UR0zCQzM

Length: 14min 13sec (853 seconds)

Published: Wed Jun 14 2017