Metabolism | Amino Acid Metabolism

I'm engineers in this video we're going to talk about amino acid metabolism so specifically when we talk about amino acids we're going to have to look at each you know a couple different amino acids how they're actually being metabolized and utilized for energy okay so we're going to kind of take what's happening here we're going to take some amino acids that are going to be in the muscle we're going to undergo a transamination process and then we're going to see how what's going to happen afterwards and the liver okay so first thing you know there's going to be a lot of different amino acids that can be found within our actual muscle here because you know you need amino acids for protein synthesis right so let's say that I have certain types of amino acids in this area let's say I take for a specific one for example let's say I take alanine so I'm going to draw the basic structure of alanine so you're can remember an amino acid always has what's called it in C C on this end it's going to have a nh3 group with a plus charge and then it's going to have a alpha hydrogen and then for this case for alanine a has a methyl group okay so then it has that methyl group now another thing about the alanine is it has a carboxyl end as a carboxyl end now this is going to be this winter on form of alanine zwitterion meaning it has a plus a negative charge but the overall charge is neutral this right here is going to be alanine you know what I can do with this alanine I can utilize it for energy ones and body I'm going to take this alanine and I'm going to react with another molecule I'm going to react it with a very specific molecule and that molecule is going to be called alpha keto glue to rate so you know how big you to glue to rate it's going to have something like this so you're actually going to fit for example you know it's actually dry from specifically glutamates let's have an NH 3 group here for a second then I have this carbon here with the hydrogen then I have the carboxyl group and then usually the actions coming from glutamate which is ch2 ch2 and then a has a carboxyl group over here okay but instead of having this amine group ooop al-faqih to glitter Aegis has a double bond here so you're going to have a double bond right there and this is going to be specifically our alpha key to glittery this is our alpha cuticle trimmer here so who is this molecule this is specifically alpha keto glue to rate I'm going to just denote a K G alpha keto glue to rate what happens is I'm going to have a specific enzyme and what this enzyme is going to do is it's going to take this alanine and it's going to take these out this alpha keto glitter rate and it's going to react with both of them so let's say that I take for example here I take alanine and I take alpha Q to glittery and what I'm going to do is I'm going to react these puppies in a special enzyme so for example I'm going to take here let's say here is my and done okay on one pocket I'm going to have the alpha key to glittery so for right now I'm just going to show alpha key to glue two right here okay in the other pocket I'm going to have over here alanine you know what I'm gonna have right here in the middle let's fix our alanine there guys that should be al a ni e right then if what I'm going to do is right here in the middle I'm gonna have a special molecule this special molecules going to be called pyridoxal phosphate you know pyridoxal phosphate is actually a derivative from vitamin b6 you know what happens here what's special about this alanine this alanine has a amine group that's what makes him really really special and this alpha Q Tillery has this specialized oxygen what happens is this pyridoxal phosphate is going to act as the transferring structure because you know this pyridoxal phosphate is actually linked with this enzyme through what's called a shift base linkage the shift base linkage now remember it's not what you think it is it's called schiff base okay so this enzyme right here is linked to that pyridoxal phosphate through a shift base linkage you know what that is just by structure you never know what's called an amine this is it from organic chemistry an Emmy and amine is just basically you have a carbon here double bonded to a nitrogen like this who could be bound to maybe later say a methyl for that case and who's going to have some type of general structure like this this is an Emmy that is how this enzyme is linked to the paradox of phosphate through a shift based linkage now what this enzyme does is it takes the amine group from the alanine and gives it to the Paradoxal phosphate then this pyridoxal phosphate takes that amine and gives it to the alpha Q to Buddha rate then another thing that happens this alpha keto gluta rate gives his oxygen onto the pyridoxal phosphate and the pyridoxal phosphate gives this oxygen onto the alanine so in other words these two molecules are just swapping what let me circle what specifically is being swapped this is being swapped and this is being swapped and as a result look what happens as a result of these two molecules reacting here so I'm going to take this guy here and I'm going to take this guy here and you're going to get two new molecules now question is what is the name of this enzyme that's actually causing this process to occur we're going to abbreviate it called alanine so al amino transfer trans a manie's so alanine amino transaminase so this is a transaminase enzyme so again what is this enzyme here called specifically he's called alanine amino transferase or transaminase and we're going to cystic with trans Andrew nice ok what is this enzyme going to do he's going to take the amine group from the alanine give it to the pyridoxal philosophy who give the 2d alpha Q to glue drape the Alpha q glue treat is going to give the pair of voxel phosphate as oxygen which who's going to give it to the alanine as a result these two guys are going to swap now look what happens to the alanine now this alanine is now going to have a double bond oxygen right there so now you're going to have a carbon double bond oxygen with the methyl group and then what carbon double bond oxygen if you guys know a little bit about your structures here from biochemistry this right here is pi ravit how many carbons is it one two three I know we've showed it showed it simply with just circles but this is specifically pyruvate that is pyruvate now I have this pyruvate here that I under had underwent this process called transamination all this transamination process is is that this alanine is doing what he's giving his amine group to alpha keto butyrate then what this alpha key to glue to rate is doing what he's giving his oxygen to the alanine and this alpha ketoglutarate is becoming a new molecule so now wherever this oxygen is put in a mean group and what are you going to get out of this process so now we're going to get rid of that actual oxygen group and we're just going to replace it with a amine group then we're going to have over here we're going to have the carboxyl end so just the co negative here I'll put the double bond for those of you who want to see it I'll put the double bond oxygen with the O negative charge and then coming down what am I going to have I'm going to specifically have a hydrogen right here and then a ch2 ch2 and then carboxyl group you know what this molecule is called this molecule is called glutamate this molecule is called glutamate okay so what happened with in this process and what does this process here called let's define what this process is called this is called trans amination all transamination is is I am taking the amine group from an amino acid in this case it just so happened to be alanine it could be many many different types of amino acids so I can take this amine group from the alanine and I'm going to transfer it to who to this key tool acid what does this key tool acid called alpha key to glue dry so this is called a keto acid keto acid you might recognize him as a Krebs cycle intermediates so use a krebs cycle intermediate then this alpha keto glue trait is giving his oxygen to the alanine and then this alanine will turn into pyruvate and then when the alpha q2 butyrate gains that amine group he will turn into glutamate now this process is catalyzed by a alanine aminotransferase enzyme which is having a shift based linkage with the paradox will flossing all shift based linkage is is it's just going to be an amine and an amine is just the carbon double bonded to a nitrogen right in this form then this paradox will phosphate is playing a very important role in being able to transfer the amine to one guy and then the accident to the other guy now we what can we do with this pyruvate and what can we do with this glutamate that's the question now in the muscle cell you know what you can do a pyruvate what can I do with the pyruvate in the muscle cell you know I can take this pyruvate and I could do two things with them one thing is I can convert him into lactic acid okay and then the other component is I can take and convert him into acetyl co a we're kin acetyl co a go it can go into thee you already know this guy's the Krebs cycle and then from the Krebs cycle in go to the electron transport chain and then the electron transport chain will allow for the production of ATP so look what I just did there with this whole transamination process I need to I to two things one is I turned alanine to pyruvate that pyruvate can then do what they can get convert into lactic acid or it can get converted to acetyl co a the acetyl co a pathway will ultimately lead to the reduction of ATP energy production what will happen with this lactic acid watch this you guys remember this this is called the quarry cycle what happens with lactic acid you know the lactic acid is going to do what it's going to come into the blood we're going to we're going to zip through this guy so what happens with Blackduck acid the lactic acid is going to be what it's going to be converted into pyruvate in the liver you know by specifically by the lactate dehydrogenase enzyme it's stimulating this step and it's taking na dhih what NAD+ and converting it into nad h then we're taking that pyruvate and we're doing what we're converting it eventually into glucose 6-phosphate and then only in the liver do they have that specialized enzyme let's put that enzyme here in red this enzyme is called glucose-6-phosphatase and this enzyme is stimulating this step and then what are you going to get as a result here you can get free glucose and that can get taken back into the muscle right through the Cori cycle what is the whole purpose I helped with this process of gluconeogenesis so what are the two fates then so far of this actual transamination process one is I can lead to the formation of pyruvate and that pyruvate can either go and make ATP energy formation the second thing is I can make lactic acid and that lactic acid can do what it can get taken up by the liver and get converted into glucose with this glucose-6-phosphatase enzyme being present and this is called gluconeogenesis okay what about this glutamine what's the special item what can happen with this glutamate let's come over here and let's bring this glutamate over to the liver because that's what he's going to do he's going to come from the muscles or even other different tissue cells and come to the liver okay so now we're going to have this glutamate that we brought over from the muscle so this glutamate it has that amine group right there right that amine group is going to be very very special because we're going to want to get rid of it okay so now how does this happen okay there's a special special pathway or we have to be very very particular about this pathway let's make this a blue line here okay what happens here is there's going to be a special enzyme involved in this pathway and what's going to happen here is I'm going to take nad p+ okay you guys are probably not seeing this one yet this is a very very whenever it forms this next molecule because what'll happen is they'll come into this reaction and generate in a d th this molecule NADPH is a very strong reducing agent we use this in a lot of fatty acid synthesis pathways and for free radical reactions that we'll talk about okay what I'm going to do is I'm going to take this molecule here who is this molecule again this is our glutamate which is coming from the muscles and it can be coming from other tissues I just picked the muscles as a specific example but many many many tissues do this transamination process that we talked about but now glutamate which is coming from the mouth it's going to get acted on by a specific enzyme in this area that's going to have nadp+ get converted into NADPH which is a reducing agent for fatty acid synthesis and specific free radical reactions the enzyme catalyzing this pathway is called glutamate dehydrogenase this enzyme is super important so because glutamate dehydrogenase is going to do two things one it's going to get rid of this amine group so you see this amine group right here we're going to chop that sucker off and we're going to release that amine group off of this so you know what else we're going to lose as a result of this let's bring this arrow up a little bit more and look what's going to happen as a result two things are going to happen okay I'm going to release out of this this what ammonia molecule oh man ammonia is extremely extremely toxic extremely talking we'll talk about why but then what happens is this glutamate dehydrogenase enzyme is going to help to bring nadp+ to nadph and then convert this I go through another mechanism it actually goes through another mechanism but we're going to go straight to because it actually it has to get hydrated for a second step this is a two-step mechanism but we're just going to go straight to the end step where we remove the amine group off and we add water so we're going to add water into this reaction when we add water into this reaction you're going to get a special molecule look what you're going to get you guys are going to love this look you get your carbon double bond oxygen ch2 ch2 and then the carboxyl group right there then I'm going to get another carboxyl group right over here this molecule is called you already know what this one is that's alpha key to glittery so this molecule we're here specifically called alpha keto glittery okay now we will talk about this ammonia in another individual video because what's going to happen is this ammonia is extremely extremely extremely toxic so this ammonia he's actually going to react with a proton and when he reacts with the proton he forms ammonium and then ammonium is actually going to go into our mitochondria we undergo the urea cycle and we'll talk about at an individual video but we can do something else you see this alpha key to glue the rate that we actually made from this converting glutamate into alpha ketoglutarate with the presence of glutamate dehydrogenase and NAD+ to NADH this reaction here this whole process that we just discussed this whole process is called oxidative deamination okay this is called oxidative deamination oxidative deamination is where you're taking glutamate and specifically this is occurring mainly in the liver and the reason why is because it's generating ammonia you want ammonia to be taken into specifically into the mitochondria but this can oxidative deamination can occur in other tissues like the muscles it's not as significantly but oxidative deamination is where you take in glutamate removing the amine group and releasing it out as ammonia and ammonia is extremely toxic it will combine with this is ammonia and which is extremely toxic it will combine with the proton to make ammonium and then ammonium can actually be taken into the mitochondria and eventually convert into urea this glutamate dehydrogenase in this nadp+ to nadph which is a reducing agent whenever it's ripping that amine groove off it's regenerating alpha-keto glittery now you know there's other different types of amino acids that can undergo this transamination process so now you know what I'm going to do with this alpha keto glue the rate I'm going to react them with a special amino acid so if they are taken I draw aspartate so you know it's part eight is going to have very similar to glutamate you have the amine group here again and then remember carboxyl group but then it's just instead of 2 CH 2 s that go straight ch2 to carboxyl end this right here is a sparked eight all right or aspartic acid right but in this case since these in the base form this is aspartate if you had two hydrogen there he beat aspartic acid but specifically we're going to call this aspartate or sometimes they call it adding you know if I'm pronouncing around a pickle aspartate but now what I'm going to do is I'm gonna take the aspartate I'm going to react it with the alpha Q glued right so now let me draw this alpha Q to glue the rate from this reaction that we generated up here so now I'm going to have this carbon double bond oxygen specifically with a carboxyl group then I'm going to have CH two CH 2 and another carboxyl group and this molecule was specifically called alpha keto glue thérèse now what I'm going to do is I'm going to do the same reaction that you guys saw before so what I'm going to do is is I'm going to take these two guys aspartate and alpha keto glue to rate and I'm going to react them with each other and if you guys remember there's an enzyme that's catalyzing this process we're not going to go back into the mechanism because you guys should already know it but this enzyme is actually going to be specifically dealing with a spark eight and it's specifically transferring the amine group from the aspartate to the applicative glory and transferring the oxygen from alpha hey delude rate on to aspartate so this enzyme is called aspartate amino transferase AST again what is the name of this enzyme called it's called aspartate amino and then specifically you can call it transaminase but I believe it is interchangeable with transferase because what it's doing is it's doing what what's in here in the center which connected through that shift based linkage the pyridoxal phosphate and then what we have over here you could have a spark and put a SP and then over here I can have alpha keto glue to rate I'm going to put a kg and if I have this alpha ketoglutarate over here what's special about the aspartate the aspartate if you guys remember has the amine group coming off of it so it has this amine group and then this alpha cuticle rate has that oxygen what happens they're swapping so there's transaminase enzyme is taking the amine group from the aspartate giving it to paradoxical flosser who gives it to alpha ketoglutarate then the avocado guter is giving oxygen to pyridoxal phosphate who's giving it to aspartate aspartate will gain the oxygen and look what happens as a result so get rid of this amine group in that hydrogen and then look what happens double bond oxygen carboxyl group ch2 co o negative and then look what I get out of this I put in a mean group there you guys already know this molecule look at this guy I put a NH 3 positive group a hydrogen my carboxyl group CH 2 CH 2 carboxyl group what is this molecule that I formed here this molecule is called glutamate we already talked about him this is glutamate what is this one called this one is called oxaloacetate okay where can oxaloacetate go and do you guys remember let me move this mitochondria out of the way so that we can look at this because you guys will know we'll talk about your recycle specifically afterwards if you guys remember really really quickly you have a seat 'el co a then you have oxaloacetate which combines with acetyl co egg to make citrate citrate gets converted into isocitrate isocitrate gets converted into alpha ketoglutarate then into socks and Alcoa then into succinate then into fumarate and then a to malate and then into oxaloacetate if you guys remember we took what we took the pyruvate right we have pyruvate coming into this guy who funneled into pyruvate who do we actually undergo this transamination process to make pyruvate we had alanine ala mean he can get converted to pyruvate through this transamination process then o aspartate I could take a sparked eight and I can undergo transamination process to make him Oh what about glutamate you know glutamate can do the same process also what can glutamate form if you undergoes transamination processes because you know this reaction here where you take glutamate and oxaloacetate being formed from aspartate not acute of literary really this is reversible and the same way this is reversible what do you think over here is going to be over here is also reversible so not only can I take alanine and alpha ketoglutarate to make pyruvate and glutamate but I can take glutamate and pyruvate to make alanine and alpha ketoglutarate that is so beautiful that this enzyme is reversible and it can allow for this process as well as this enzyme so that means what that means that glutamate can react with Oxana acetate to make ass part eight and alpha here to glittery so that means glutamate can feed into this one here what this is showing you is something very very interesting that I can take a spark eight and convert into Oh AAA I can take alanine converted to pyruvate I can take glutamate and comer and alpha ketoglutarate you know there's many many many amino acid that you can use in different steps so many different amino acids but you know these aren't the only amino acids that can be involved in this process there's so many other amino acids we're not going to go over every single one of them but to give you an example you know whew Mary I can actually utilize a specific amino acid called tyrosine and I could take tyrosine I convert convert him--it is married through different types of mechanisms I could make sucks in Ocoee I could do this through CIPA cific types of mechanism utilizing valine I could take valine and convert that into succinylcholine and I could even have certain amino acids made into acetyl co let you know specifically maybe I could take for example even leucine you know so maybe Lucy and I could Turkey and turn into acetyl co and there's many many amino acids that can be converted to many points within this actual either this transition step or Krebs cycle why is that significant because two things can result under this what are the two significant things that can result if it goes and gets utilized in the Krebs cycle can't that make ATP yes I can that's one significant component what's the other significant opponent remember how from gluconeogenesis some of these actual molecules can get converted into Oh a and then what can happen to the Oh a a you guys remember that the Oh a a gets converted into malate and then what happens to that malli it gets pumped out through the malate aspartate shuttle right that malate then gets converted back into oxaloacetate and oxaloacetate if it's acted on by Pepsi Kay what can happen it can get converted into phosphoenolpyruvate because this step is irreversible this step right here but this step is reversible and I can take tap up eventually to glucose so Pepsi k is stimulating this step so in other words what is the significance of this amino acid metabolism I can use amino acids to make ATP or I can use amino acids to make glucose what is that call whenever you make glucose from non carbohydrate sources like amino acids they call it gluco neo Genesis wow that's beautiful okay and then again what is significant about these transamination processes that if you have the transamination process and you form a lots of glutamate because that's usually some of the base the main products of transamination if you noticed what do we get from this transamination reaction glutamate what do we get from this transamination reaction glutamate you're going to get a lot of glutamate produced in these processes and then what can happen is that glutamate can actually be acted on by glutamate dehydrogenase that glutamate dehydrogenase will then be taking in and dv+ to make NADPH which is a reducing agent for fatty acid synthesis and free radical reactions and it's going to add water in the second step to make alpha cute obliterate but it's going to remove out of it ammonia and then what can happen to the mone he can go into the mitochondria will go through the urea cycle to convert the ammonia into a less toxic form called urea which we'll talk about in another video last thing guys since you can find these enzymes in many different tissues you can find this specifically the aspartate aminotransferase and you can find this amino alanine aminotransferase you can find this in the heart you can find this within the skeletal muscles you can find it within the liver why is that important because you know what let's say for example this liver is damaged tissues are damaged you know what it can release that into the blood if it's actually damaged it can release out this AST enzyme you know if this actual muscle skeletal muscle our cardiac muscle is damaged you know it can really sound to the blood alt enzymes why is that significant because let's say that you run a blood test you think that maybe there's some type of suspected of maybe a myocardial infarction or liver damage you find out that their blood test comes back and they have elevated ast enzymes and elevated ALT enzymes this is indicative of someone having possible liver damage or maybe even primarily cardiac tissue heart damage okay so if you find elevated ast alt and maybe even some elevated creatine kinase levels in troponin you might even assume oh man this person might have had a heart attack or if they have elevated ast enzyme levels they might have possibly some type of liver damage all right guys I have all this made sense I really hope you guys enjoyed it if you guys did hit that like button comment down the comments section and please subscribe in the next video guys we're going to hit the urea cycle until next time

Channel: Ninja Nerd

Views: 479,385

Rating: 4.9725018 out of 5

Keywords: amino acid metabolism, metabolism

Id: 0M-B2dOfcUo

Length: 27min 28sec (1648 seconds)

Published: Mon May 29 2017