Lecture 14: Biblical Hebrew Grammar I - Dr. Bill Barrick

twelve giving camera oh it's getting better and better and better pretty soon you'll have to say Tove met old everyone toh met Oh again oh oh that means very good alright yes Kyle just toe toe search for okay as well as there is another way to say it and that is the real it literally to say not bad not bad as a way to say I'm not good but I'm not bad either so it's in between us kind of okay it's this way so that's say Laura no raw okay so now I'll I'll probably get two or three different answers the same time now that all of you know enough Hebrew to be honest all right some of you can say rah something you can say tolls some you can say low rah I don't know if there's anyone will say it should be someone say Tove my ode I don't know if there anyone's a rom an old very bad hope that doesn't happen okay the first thing we want to do today is look at the vocabulary for next Tuesday let's turn to chapters 10 and 11 in the textbook and go over the vocabulary and we'll start at the upper right hand corner this is page 75 I believe the new your textbook there I have a little bit different edition here but I think that's still same page start the upper right hand corner who that in this place is is the word that the demonstrative pronoun who is also he all right it's got two different translations it's the same word and so it depends on context but in this particular lesson in chapter 10 you're learning about demonstrative pronouns so the third masculine singular dumansky pronoun that as in that man is who and if you say that woman it's the next word he okay everyone say he all right and if you're going to talk about those the plural plural men those men its Haim or Hema yeah all right this is Z that's this masculine singer the feminine is Zoet so and we've already had those and do you still have a led there in the vocabulary or was it removed its removed because it was used before and we left it out of there we might be putting that back in however because it fits here overall all right those feminine those women is Haines and haina male-male means he was full or he filled wrath means bad or evil when we talked about rah earlier that's because we're speaking modern Hebrew when I greet you both cared ov and I say Boker Tov giving that is modern Hebrew give rain would not be used in Biblical Hebrew instead that would it would be usually word is shame or it could be another word being used for that all right the next word on the fourth line down is toll ad don't it means descendants in the sense of a line of descendants it can mean generation and it can also be taken as a history history Saddiq means innocent just right or righteous a da means assembly congregation or gathering all right any questions on the vocabulary there at the end of chapter 10 okay and I don't have those down here so which ones do you have I have I can pull them up on the screen there on the computer okay good let's go over those thank you this is what I get for having an older copy I didn't go over the book Shack and buy a new one all right in place where we used to have a lab we've we substitute now there as sure notice the doggish machine it's doubled so it's ash sure all right everyone as sure and then the last line is El Shaddai that is El Shaddai as you've learned it it also means God Almighty God Almighty Shaam means there remember shame meant what named Seamus name's Shaun is there at paw at paw means now please get in the habit of never using the English word now to translate anything in Hebrew except for at paw okay because in English we tend to use now in a logical sense as well as a temporal sense now in the temple means right now this minute presently all right and that's what at Tommen's now when you say now I would like to say something to you you don't know except by context whether I mean that presently or whether I'm using that in the logical sense reaching a conclusion so therefore now don't ever use now in the logical sense and translating the Hebrew okay just to keep it clear and part of that is to train you in how to do translation that is less ambiguous than normal translations so reserve the word now for apt ah and it will serve you very well in the coming semesters of Hebrew Jeff yes the parentheses don't have line liens if you put line there yes for generations right and you couldn't you you could also just put descendants yes okay let's turn to the end of chapter 11 and take a look at the vocabulary there page 83 start the upper right na'vi na'vi means profit you should be familiar by now that the hebrew bible is often called the Tanakh and you'll see this written in various ways you'll see it written this way you'll see it written this way you'll see it sometimes with an H on the end of it and that stands for words that begin with the towel a noon and a cuff all right the word that begins the towel is Torah all right what does it mean law and this stands for near the should-should nivi shouldn't spell that correctly here nivi m which is the word for prophets and then this is standing for the tip Duveen which literally means those things which were written the writings so when you talk about the Hebrew Bible as the Tanakh which the Jewish people love to use you'll see the Jewish publication society Bible translation is called the Tanakh and so it's the Torah the Nevi'im and the Kip Duveen the law the prophets and the writings the three major divisions of the Hebrew Bible so not V is the singular of nivi M all right Navi prophet the second word is olam alam can mean eternity but it can also just mean a long time it doesn't have to mean forever it doesn't have to be an eternity la add or excuse me that's good to the pronunciation correct on its la add la add means forever now olam can mean forever la add can mean forever Kazak he was strong did you get the guttural in there I didn't hear enough there didn't see enough spit fly Zach he was strong Milkha ma I heard the guttural that time battle or ward almost sounds like it doesn't and then 8/8 is tree or would normally the singular means tree and the plural a team means wood or pieces of wood all right the third line year excuse me yeah ah year are means fear cat taught sin or sin offering Macomb means place it's from the root kun what does Combe mean to stand so if you have a place where someone stands that is the place where someone stands is the place so Macomb is built on stand alright my column just has a prefix a maim and a comets prefix and added to the route kun Macomb means place Zac air means he remembered Tahoe means clean pure or genuine chav he surrounded what's the word related to that that we've already had saw vivre saw vivre means what surrounding around okay Sava vis the verb saw Eve is the preposition zavok he sacrificed zavok that's the noun sacrifice and here's the nut another noun built on that the place where you sacrifice is MIT's Bay ACK notice the Pathak furtive they're pronounced before the Haythe let's say that one again meets bei f Ahmet truth Hamed he stood now note that Kuhn was to stand on mad he stood these two verbs can have the same identical meaning depending on being used in certain context so they they can be synonyms they can be synonyms the difference is that Ahmad is the idea of someone standing who's already standing up whom is someone who stands up because he was not previously standing kesef means silver what was the word for gold AHA so gold is the haave silver is kesav kesav can also be used for money because silver pieces were used for exchange mishpat means judgment or justice yak owl means together can also mean equally or altogether or entirely this is determined totally by context saw DAC he was right or he was in the right or he was just or he was righteous this is the verb for the adjective what was the adjective we had Saddiq we had that in the vocabulary for our chapter Tim all right any questions on the vocabulary here oh there's more again six more all right this is the first time my textbook has not had all the vocabulary so I've got to get used to that probably ought to get it replaced here all right we have dog it's not a canine all right this is a fish fish dog is fish so who is he he is she me as who and dog is fish and no there is no Hebrew word fish that could mean dog because the word dog is killeth all right dog is fish therefore is alkane that home that Hall means deep it's a reference to the primeval ocean Genesis chapter 1 verse 2 and darkness where horshack was upon the surface Alpana of the deep that home to home all right and by the way on the undock the mat if it's a massive and vicious dog if Femina fishes Dada that's the reason you have a second form there Gabor Gabor means a hero a mighty man a warrior it's related to the word I use to greet you this morning when I say Boker Tov giving give rein is the Aramaic plural form of get there and get there in Gabor are from exactly the same route Gewehr which means to be mighty to be strong to prevail to be victorious ok give or cat cookie car key car is the idea of environs a circuit when you refer to the in the Hebrew to the Jordan Valley often time just not referred to as the valley it's referred to as the Jordan region and key car is what is used for that the broad southern portion of the Jordan Valley is specifically referred to as the key car hackie car what is also known as the gor region nothing to do with Al Gore and please make a correction there the typo that should be the v jordan valley not he jordan valley may I in May iein is a combination of men from and a lien which you've learned in the construct form a meaning there is not but it also is a synonym actually hominem a homonym for a word that has exactly the same pronunciation I in which means where and so this means from where when you put it together any questions on the vocabulary yes men of valor is actually another word and let me write that up here on the board for you men of valor is usually and shey and what have we learned about the Serra yo tending no someone else that back here David hazard its construct it's the masculine plural construct keep that in mind because when you have the Serra yo'd 96% of the time or more that is the symbol that you have a masculine plural construct remember what we mean by construct what's the construct indicate genitive of so this is from actually the word and no Sh and it's also considered the plural form the proper plural form for each man or men and so n and che means the men of alright so the men of valor is normally the word here I yield and che file and chi yeul is the word this use for valor they're issues for that which has has success that wishes power that which has influence is a word that is used of wealth it's a word that is also used of virtue the virtuous woman in proverbs chapter 30 they're at the inner 31 at the end the last 22 verses hi EAL is the word that is used to describe the virtuous woman as well so as many different meanings but that would be men of valor rather than Gabor but having said that when you have an Sheikh i'il if you were given to give a synonym or a Hebrew equivalent Gabor would be very close okay it's just the Gabor isn't used in that phrase in the Old Testament all right any other questions yes Scott Toledo is used for all of the above there is no other form and if you'll notice there there is a asterisk and a footnote there to tell you that that exact form told a dolt does not occur in the Old Testament and it's it occurs eleven times in the book of Genesis divides up the book of Genesis into its parts it's a major term for the structure of the book of Genesis but we don't have the absolute form of it is never used in the Old Testament and no singular form is ever used in fact as far as we know it's one of those words that is irregular and that is the only form that was ever used whether you're talking about singular or plural okay and normally when you're going to talk about an individual being a descendant you would use 0th seed for that told dogs never used for a singular descendant it's usually a line of descendants or descendants as a line generation or a history okay any other questions okay one other thing to take care of the other day when we were talking about the word camp hakam for wisdom and we're talking about inflecting this word to go to a form that would be the feminine singular adjective I had told you at the time that it could take this form so I thought that I would go and locate the exact reference and the Hebrew Bible where that form is found because I was certain I could find it quite readily and easily I thought it occurred twice out of the 138 occurrences after looking at all 138 occurrences I did not find it which has really got me stymied so I picked up one of the reference grammars and looked at their description and discussion and they mentioned the fact that sometimes the hot tape disappears under the faith and that it occurs instead of having the hot day the Pathak that occurs is a simple schwa but they too did not give any particular reference in fact all the examples they gave were verb forms none of them were nouns or adjectives and so then I went to my concordance just to look through the concordance that all the words beginning with faith that are nouns because I was just positive and I'm in one of these days I may even find where it is I remember it and it may not be calm at all but I could not find it so I stand corrected there is no alternate form the feminine form in fact all the infected forms of hakam all hundred and thirty-eight occurrences hakam of which i think about probably 80 some are inflected have various endings feminine singular feminine plural masculine plural etc I could not find a single case where a simple schwa occurred so I wanted to correct that in your thinking at this point and just reminds you that yes somewhere there are faiths that have a schwa instead of a hot day Pathak but not on this word okay alright so I want to always clarify those and sometimes my memory doesn't serve me exactly as I wish it would and sometimes I can't find something at the time I go to look for them and I use the computer and I use the hard concordance and I use the lexicon I used the grammars and could not come up with it I was certain there was one there so if in the future I happen to run across it I'll come back in and recorrect myself again but for the time being if I do this much research on it and can't find it it's probably not going to be found it's probably some other word that I was thinking about and we'll find that eventually any other questions on that before we go back to our review of the construct and then go to today's lesson on personal pronouns okay let's go back and review the construct state again then and the construct is chapter 11 and I might have you take a look there at chapter 11 if you would please at the first page we have not gone over the exegetical insights on previous chapters I've left that for your personal reading because I want to emphasize more are getting into the grammar adequately but we've got enough base behind us now on these matters and you also have enough knowledge of the Hebrew and we have a small enough bytes of information to handle from now on that I intend for us to look at an exegetical insight every class time so this one is Psalm 19 10 and as you look at that notice you have year at you're at is the feminine construct of the vocabulary word we just read at the end of chapter 11 year ah you're arming sphere so you're at means fear of right after that we have the proper name of God Yahweh Yahweh so as we look at that you have year at Yahweh is the fear of Yahweh now we translate at the fear for what reason any one Yahweh is a proper name therefore definite in the construct relationship between nouns if the last noun is definite then all the nouns connected to it by the construct also are definite so it's the fear of Yahweh it's not a fear of Yahweh okay the fear of Yahweh Tahara we just had that we had tahor tahor means pure or clean Tahara is the feminine singular of that adjective okay so what do we have in the context that this feminine adjective can modify we've had three words is Yahweh feminine know that babies only have one of the word what is it fear year ah is feminine that's why it has a feminine singular construct ending your act so as we're looking at that and understand that then it's the fear of the Lord is clean because remember predicate adjectives do not take the article now you can point out that your ass doesn't have the article but it does have the article according to the grammar because it is in construct with a definite noun so it's the fear of Yahweh if it was to say the clean fear of Yahweh then it'd have to be year at Yahweh hat Tet hoorah it have to be an article honest if there's an attributive adjective the clean fear of Yahweh because it has to agree with a noun it modifies in definiteness as well as gender and number and year act is definite because it's in construct with a definite now okay does everyone understand that it's a very important point to remember it affects your translation it affects your understanding of what's being said here it affects how you understand tahor ah-chan I think it Adsense appeared before the no they normally appeared before normally is the operative word alright when they don't appear first it's because there's emphasis on what does appear first okay and in this case the emphasis then is on the fear of Yahweh yes attributive adjectives never appear before a noun they always follow the noun they modify okay John it may not change how you translate it could in some cases but it does affect your understanding and interpretation of the passage okay alright and the reason you're at Yahweh is emphasized here is in this context we're talking about various terms describing the Word of God and the Word of God is the focus not the characteristics of the Word of God and so that's why the characteristic follows here that's predicated of the fear of Yahweh and the fear of Yahweh is another title here of the Word of God by context okay then we have all mid-depth omed death we have not have not reached the point we're talking about participles but this is actually a part of simple and as fiha and it's from amad we just had on there's no cavity word he stood oh man death is standing lot ad we have vocabulary word what did it mean we just went over it la add parallel to ol um eternal forever forever so the fear of Yahweh is clean standing forever standing forever mishpat a Yahweh what do we know about miss patty it's in construct notice that sorry yo ending alright so it's a masculine plural construct mishpat means judgment so this is judge of Yahweh the judgments of Yahweh because remember Yahweh is a definite noun therefore the noun joint wit and construct becomes definite because the article can never be written on that first noun the Hebrew does not allow they written article on the first noun the noun that is in construct okay so you have to supply it from the words that follow and so Yahweh is definite therefore mishpat a is definitely judgments of Yahweh and then Ament is the adjective true in this case instead of just truth the noun so M it means true it does not have the article therefore it is a predicate adjective just like tilde so the judgments of Yahweh are true Saad kun santoku is a verb so we haven't gotten to that yet it means Saad AK means he was righteous so here it's they were righteous they refers to the judgments they are righteous yak Dow yak now means all together or any number of other different meanings equally etc and we're not going to discuss all those meanings and what this particular verse means today because we'll talk about it in detail in your third semester of Hebrew when we go through the entirety of Psalm 19 and you translate Psalm 19 so you've got a head start on the third semester of Hebrew translation alright you have 14 verses to translate there and here's verse number 10 has already done for you a year in advance alright so the fear of Yahweh is clean standing forever the judgments of Yahweh are true they are righteous all together and we'll talk about what that actually means in the third semester do you understand here what's happened and as we got as we've gone through and you see how the construct state works and why we've used it and as you look at this text and you study it out in the Hebrew it becomes very very significant important this is a verse that talks about sanctification in the Old Testament and I'll just give you a preview of what you learn in the third semester that this word sod qu has the idea of it makes righteous completely the Word of God makes completely righteous and this rounds out the description of the Word of God in verses 7 through 10 in the Hebrew text about the Word of God and yet is the word which saves and sanctifies is the message in Psalm 19 fascinating book fascinating chapter okay alright let's now go to the construct state and review here remember when you have two or more words the words are going to be nouns there's possibility the reason I have words up here is to be overly cautious now I state it why because it's not just nouns that this can occur with it can occur with participles behaving like nouns it can occur with adjectives behaving like nouns okay so always be behaving as nouns two or more words whether nouns participle ORS or adjectives that are behaving as nouns connected in a genitive relationship they form one compound idea one compound idea and that it is such a united concept an idea that in the Hebrew language they are pronounced as one word they are pronounced as one word now number one the first noun is we had there in year at Yahweh the fear of Yahweh is called the construct your ass is the construct why because it undergoes construction it is inflected it's changed year ah is the absolute form fear ye wrath is the constructed form changed in the commets hey at the end to a path how so that it says fear of mich bot team is the absolute form of judgments masculine plural mishpat a you dropped the meme so feet you change the here Akio to its airy ode it is constructed so that you have then the genitive so that's why the first noun is called the construct noun alright the entire chain of relationship between the two is called the construct relationship but the noun that has changed is the construct and the second noun is called the genitive the genitive it's the one that's of something and it is in the absolute form it is not constructed it's in the absolute form so if you had the fear of judgments it'd be your ass mishpokhe team you see it be the unconstructed wouldn't go to Misha pate it's not your ass Misha pate because that would be fear of judgments of this is something else you have another after that so the first word is the pre genitive the second one is the genitive or the first words of the construct the second word is the genitive or I look at the first as the construct in the second as the absolute and that does not exhaust all the terms that are used in the Hebrew grammars there are at least six or seven different sets of terms that are used to describe this relationship and the two nouns that are involved in it modern Hebrew itself uses two different sets of Hebrew words to describe the relationship and the nouns involved and in English we use a quite a number our selves and I've just given you two sets here construct and genitive pre genitive an absolute or pre genitive genitive construct and absolute actually if you count all the different ways that can be done it's more than two alright let's go further the example we looked at devrait ha notice that devrait is constructed you have that Cerio that's your clue that Sarah Yoda is there now notice that there's an accent there notice the accent is angled to the left it's angled to the left starting from the top going down that little line next to the Sarah that is a construct that is a conjunctive accent a conjunctive accent if you have the same accent and it's turned back the other way this way that is a disjunctive accent so when we turn it this way it is conjunctive and the noun in construct always has a conjunctive accent with it if an accent is on it it never takes a disjunctive accent it's always conjunctive in other words it is the way the masteries are saying this word must be joined with the following word and they're telling you that in that then you have the potential of a construct state that's done in order to you to take care of words where you do not have an inflection that is peculiarly the construct like you have that Sarah Yoda is very obviously construct the ass is very obviously construct but in the masculine singular you don't have an obvious form and the feminine plural you don't have an obvious form and so you just go by context and you go by whether or not there's a conjunctive accent on the first word so div ray is words and ha ha is of the people the construct plus the absolute the pre genitive devrait and the genitive of the people ha ok the words of the people construct and genitive this is from exes 19-8 the words of the people ok then next we take a look at de verre notice the conjunctive accent again notice the mock F used please do not interpret the make--the as a sign of the genitive or a sign of the construct many beginning Hebrew students in fact unfortunately some Hebrew professors teach that the mock F is the sign of the construct it is not because the mock F can be used between two verbs the mock F can be used between any words the mock F can be used between an adverb like the negative low not and an imperative or it be actually an imperfect form of the verb following it the mock F is nothing more than a signal that the words it connects are to be pronounced as one word that is the only thing it serves for now it just happens to be that in the construct state the words are also pronounced as one word so therefore we would fully expect that from time to time at least we might have the mock cave show up since it serves the same function about pronunciation but it's only about pronunciation if you start interpreting the mock F as a sign of the construct relationship then you'll be interpreting construct relationships where they do not exist at all all right so just remember the mock cave only indicates when words that it connects are to be pronounced as one word Jeff yes well it can be between any two words that aren't in construct it's used in many many situations it's not even you can't even statistically say a majority of the time it occurs between construct nouns it's not even that close okay so devar Yahweh means the word of Yahweh the word of Yahweh the word of the Lord Genesis 15 1 any questions on that is that clear what we're doing here and here we have the masculine plural devrait and the masculine singular Devere notice that devar is changed it's pointing and wide it is a change is pointing not just because it's construct because it's pronounced together with the following word notice whether or not it has the MA cave because construct is ours pronounced together with Fon word as one word that extends that word syllables and so like on Tom you have two syllables already and if you have the third syllable back and you add it on it has to be changed in some way now we have it changed here in d'Avray because Ray has changed but even back further you have to shorten it to and then we look at devar on Yahweh you have two syllables Yahweh remember we don't take the silks lappa fication here of the schwa of the comments that is for adenine just as clued to pronounce it as adenine but Yahweh is two syllables and then you have Devere third syllable back you had devar originally and let's put that up here on the board so I can walk you through it and help you visualize it because some of you are visual learners and that's the way I am - I'm a visual learner so we have let's put it just the way it would possibly look here and let's put Yahweh here and I'm gonna leave the vowels off because remember the vowels that are printed in the biblical text have nothing to do with the name Yahweh it has everything to do with the word that is pronounced in place of Yahweh at the night so let's take a look at here and now see how we work this so if we have Yahweh that's two different words are two different syllables excuse me and I'll put the pronunciation here this way so we can see at the proper pronunciation Yahweh so we have a syllable we have syllable number one we have syllable number two and now this is syllable number three back from it so if we're going to put these in construct with each other construct relationship pronounce them is one word we cannot retain the pronunciation devar Yahweh first of all it's devar because you have an accent on devar it is a word that has its accent on the last syllable which is the normal syllable for accents but is no longer going to be treated as a separate word it is part of the following forming one where together so the accent is on the a Yahweh so this has to this accent here has to disappear so it's no longer devar Yahweh it's going to be devar Yahweh and to do that then the Hebrew shortens this and changes it to a Pathak it shortens it and it shortens it only to a Pathak instead of going all the way to a SWA because you still have another syllable out here it has to be changed and it is going to go to a schwa the shortest possible way of shortening it and you cannot have to choise together at the beginning of a word and so this will remain the Pathak then which is the lowest possible form because it can't go all the way back to a schwa because you can't have to choise the beginning of the word you see why couldn't they do it the other way around and put the Pathak here and put the schwa here because that reverses that the nature of the word with its normal accent it's normally accented on the last syllable therefore the last syllable is the most important syllable the most important syllable is the one will be given preference for having a full vowel rather than the half vowel and so the path act remains here and this one which is not accented at all even a normal pronunciation loses the sound altogether yes David three times this one say a fourth time and it's not the last time I'll say it today or in the coming weeks all right and the reason is because too many students don't catch that point ma cave only and always serves only to indicate the two words it connects are to be pronounced together as one word it is never the symbol or sign of anything else syllables and regardless within the concert you will see these about wings changing yes right if it's in construct you're going to see the vowels changing because it's constructed if it's not in constructs you're not going to see it change unless you have a ma cave saying it's to be pronounced as one word then they can change but the MA Kaif is not a symbol a genitive or the constructs Tait yes Scott absolutely not you've got the vowel pointings to tip you off you know the vocabulary word is da VAR it has two comets lists and to see it here with the schwa and a Pathak tells you right away it's been constructed not always be there it's not always there it's a good question let me see if I can answer that in a clearer fashion when the mock F is used to indicate two words to be pronounced together when those two words are nouns and you have the first noun has changeable vowels they don't all have changeable vowels in those cases it will normally indicate a construct but it's not the mock case indicating it alright because you can have this exact same phrase that you have devar Yahweh within my case you can have it like this without the McKeith it does not have to have them on Cave you'll know anyway any time you have a nouns vowels change it is going to be construct okay all right yes the concert would always have the accident will it always have a conjunctive accent no when it has an accent it will be a conjunctive accent okay good question John all right yes Roger in this case it just merely confirms it wasn't necessary but they use it anyway sometimes there's what we would term a superfluous use as in this case if you have a mock a few really don't need it but they but used it anyway okay Thank You Roger all right let's go on to the next we've had the masculine let's take a look at the next one remember when we looked at this one it helped you to realize that you can have a series of constructs we call this a construct chain the normal construction is just two nouns but you can have a construct name this is the longest construct chain I believe in the Old Testament and here you have 1 2 3 4 5 construct nouns attached to one absolute now so it's and the remainder of the number of the boban actually the bow of the mighty men that's Gabor the mighty men of the sons of Kedar and since kadar is a proper noun it is definite therefore all the nouns in construct relationship in the chain are considered definite so it's the remainder of the number of the bows of the men of the sons of Kedar all right and notice as you look at this you have sha r if you knew that the actual form of the lexical entry for this the lexicons entry you know that this is constructed it's changed its vowels so you know that it is in construct plus you have a conjunctive accent next to it that tells you that it's in construct miss pair has been changed because it's normally miss par plus that's joined by the mock f2 Keshet Keshet never change it since vowels never changes its vowels Sega late nouns do not change their vowels in the singular masculine singular so there's no indication here except for a conjunctive accent next to the first Segel there at the bottom of the cove but the context also tells you give or a that Sara Yoda is all you really need because you know that's a constructed and you have a conjunctive accent with it Bonet that Sara yo tells you that but here you have something different you don't have a conjunctive accent you have the mething the secondary accent and then you have a mock F and then Kedar and those that kadar has the disjunctive accent on it tells you you've reached the end finally okay you finally reach the end of it the whole chain everyone clear on this and there's all kinds of things that go on there notice that construct nouns aren't always constructed there are some like Keshet that refuse reconstruction or deconstruction and stand the same form but all the others changed are changed miss pair changed give or EEMA changed and bent by name changed the Keshet did not any other question there understand what's happening there and the reason the translation is Boldman is literally Keshet Gabor team bow of the men of the Warriors which would turn out to be bows collective bows of the men's so if their bows of the men these are men with bows their bowmen okay all right as we go across these and review them the masculine feminine var means what word matter affair or thing porta means what law or instruction de verre is word of taurah is law of notice how the Komets hey on the end of feminine nouns changes to a Pathak towel in the construct and then Davari the plural masculine plural changes when we get the construct here toro that is the feminine plural in the construct you div or a instead of d VAR e m-- and you have tall wrote which is identical to the feminine so you have two forms that don't change that is some of the masculine singular do not change like Keshet like melech those with c goals in it and then the feminine plural does not change the feminine pearls just refuse change when you because there you have a dominant vowel form on the ending of the feminine plural feminine singular changes from ought to act masculine plural changes from M to a the masculine singular if it can changes internally changes the vowels internally devar becomes de verre questions there unclear alright let's go to the next slide then look at Melek notice what happens here Melek does not change in this construct singular because the Sehgal late now those strong signals like Keshet for bow Mill Hakeem is Kings mal K is kings of no steam changes to a the eeeem changes to a a siya woman a woman of a very big change here but notice the towel still shows up the Tao still shows up nassim women remember it's an irregular noun it's a feminine noun but it takes a masculine plural ending therefore in the construct it will take the masculine plural construct ending mâche notice that Sarah Yoda it's one of those things that when we open up the scriptures in fact maybe at the last part of class today we'll just pull up a passage of scripture just out of nowhere just at random and have you look at the page you can find these so easily the masculine plural construct stand right out they just leap off the page at you it's one of those elements that you should always be able to recognize because that sorry yodh at the end of a word okay now before we get to the personal pronouns I need to clarify a few things on the assignments the worksheets I just returned to you this morning graded there are two items that need discussion the first item has to do with the very first part of that worksheet where a number of you not all of you but I would say at least half of you lost some points because you did not remove the doggish from the begad Kafei fletchers at the beginning now I believe that the only place you have the rule stated about begad katha following the schwa are clear back in the earlier chapters when we're talking about begad cough at letters and when they take the doggish and when they don't take the doggish and that takes you way back into chapter 2 is it chapter three way back in Chapter three on page 31 where you have the begad cough aft letters and where you have the description given of when they have the hardening dot and when they don't and it is neither clear there nor is it clear at the beginning of the chapter with the prepositions and conjunction that when you have a begad calf ass letter and you begin with a vocal schwa at the beginning of it the begad calf Athleta loses the doggish because the doggish stays only if it is the beginning or start of a syllable all right begad calf a fletchers retain the doggish only if they are at the beginning of a syllable if you have a vocal schwa in front of it it is not the beginning of the syllable the syllable begins with the constant that has the vocal schwa under it so that's why the doggish disappears all right so it goes back to the former discussions we had about the vocal schwa and the discussions we had about begad calf letters and syllabification that goes on that but unfortunately and I looked at this are examples we didn't give a single example in the chapter on either conjunction or on the preposition that showed you a big fat letter following us so you could see that but the doggish needs to disappear okay the doggish has to disappear because again this rule is the doggish laney occurs in begad calf aft letters only when the begad calf at letter begins a syllable or follows a closed syllable all right so that's what you have to go back to to find that out the other thing has to do with the translation that you were to do at the end of the exercise where you were asked to say according to the master and when you do that according to the master many of you in fact I would say 90% of you used Adonai Adonai is a word that's reserved for the Lord himself with a capital L Adonai is not used of human beings for a human master it's ad dome this word so it should have been kha ad dome and the individual was doing the grading had marked it wrong and I wrote an okay wrote an explanation and did not count it wrong because we have not talked about this in class so according to the master with a lowercase M not a capital M or according to the Lord lowercase L not a capital L is at dawn at dawn if you want to say according to the Lord meaning God Himself its Advil 9 okay now there are a few cases in scripture where ad dawn is used of God it's a minority of situations they're rare but they do occur and there again context has to tell you that one all right any questions beyond those want to make certain those two were clear so we looked at them alright let's talk about personal pronouns personal pronouns gets us into chapter twelve personal pronouns are very very important for you to understand and to memorize if you know personal pronouns you will know the verb forms why because the verb forms are inflected by using the personal pronouns as part of that inflection they take a part of that pronoun and apply it to the verb so if you know the pronouns you know the verbs you can identify them it's one of these areas in Hebrew where you've got to learn it it is absolutely necessary if you don't learn personal pronouns you will not learn the verb if you don't learn the personal pronouns you will have great difficulty understanding the verb you must know personal pronouns so as we begin these when we look at them we have person number and gender to deal with first person is as I or we second person is you and then third person is he/she it and they so the first person singular I is and get these all down here we have given as common gender for the first person there is no masculine or feminine used in first person there all common and the form of the personal pronoun in first common singular is an e which is the most often occurring it's a short form or on no key okay those are both personal pronouns there are two different forms of the same word and they have the same meaning both of these mean I a capital I okay when we go to the plural first person common plural we it also has two forms an AK nu which is the long form is the most popular and nak nu which is the shorter form and least and less popular and then second masculine singular you with reference to an individual man at PHA fully spelled with a common say is the most popular I put the most popular on the right hand side here always and at tah without a Hey on the end is an alternate spelling pronounced the same the feminine singular you when you're talking to a woman and speaking tours individually as you that's at act alright let's pronounce these from top to bottom from right to left okay Annie Anokhi an ex-new next new again Annie on okey that's new new now you'll notice there that when you're pronouncing at tah had a vocabulary word today that had the exact same sound it is a homonym it is spelled differently and has a different meaning altogether this at tah is the word now pronounce the same no distinction but it is spelled differently it has an onion not in all of it has an I in not an olive what is the first letter of six out of seven of these personal pronouns olive that ought to help all right it ought to help in maintaining the distinction you should never confuse at pas with anion with that tah with an olive because personal pronouns primarily here begin with the olive that's pronounced them one more time Annie on okey an act new Nath new at ha ha at okay what's the meaning of Annie and on okey I okay what's the meaning of an act new and Nath new what's the meaning of at tah and at pas you masculine singer and at you found sing guys go through that again what's the meaning of Annie on okey what's the meaning of an afternoon afternoon what's the meaning of that ha ha and at you feminine singular okay please remember these please memorize them make them such a part of your being that they become very natural to you okay so let's move now to the second masculine plurals and the third singulars the second masculine plural is apt Tim everyone the second feminine plural is at Tina or at 10 the third masculine singular is who and the third feminine singular is he remember who is he he is she and me is who all right Chad plural the alternate form of the book is actually spelled you have they both occur they both occur let us say it can have a sigil or can Abbot sorry and then depends on the writer depends on what they've chosen right and so I've used both of them here I think and I'm trying to think which book it is I think it's in the Book of Ruth when they don't use the aim not ending it becomes at tain sorry and in the other books it's normally the Segel but there's a there's a difference there's a variety of spellings okay but did that second form that alternate form is very rare you're rarely going to see it yes John the master eats of the guys that was valid because you have books written in different periods of history of the language and they reflect the current dialect of the time and the pronunciation of time also in some books you have to look at them and say okay is that the book is the narrative form the narrator or is it in conversation because the conversations also show something when Ruth speaks she's speaking Hebrew is a second language she's speaking as a Moabite us she's from Moab you have the native speakers or Boaz and Naomi and their language differs and so the reason you have differences is first of all because of regional dialects and second of all you have also gender distinctions gender differences between who's speaking and age differences between who's speaking class differences between who's speaking whether they're poor people or kings and then you have historical periods that have various pronunciations they're used like in English some of you say my aunt Barbara the rest of us say my aunt Barbara we're saying the same word why the distinction it's a regional distinction mostly but in some cases it's not regional it's societal it's a class distinction there are certain people that regardless the reason they they live in insist on saying aunt because that is considered to be the higher more proper sophisticated way of saying the word we have the same problem in Hebrew variety of pronunciations due to those situations and the Book of Ruth you have a certain period of time reflected and if it's in conversation you have different types of conversations going on all right yes Scott as far as our amortization work do ii plurals all the personal pronouns must be memorized both the first slide on the second slide I just can't get them all on one slide without making them too small but all of these are required I think they're going to be a total of three slides so all of these okay all right let's pronounce these again at Tim at Tina at ten who he okay at Tim means wat u masculine plural at Tina you feminine plural at ten you feminine plural at teen you feminine plural so whether it's at Cana at 10 or obtain now note very clearly the masculine has the name on the end the feminine has the noon on the end all right masculine M we had what masculine plural ends and what of the nouns M right cherubim Seraphim devouring all right masculine plural so in the net in the pronoun we have the same phenomenon you have at Tim the meme the noon is more feminine and so you have attained na and you have at 10 or at team okay who means what and he means no she all right who is he he is she what is who me right okay who's on first all right now it's got a third plural this slide is equally required for Scott's benefit all right third masculine plural they hey MA hame noticed a maim on the end for the masculine the feminine hey na hain okay and one of the students point out oh that seems to remember him a hen is a female chicken so hey na hain alright but notice again the distinction name for the masculine noon for the feminine name for the masculine noon for the feminine just as a memory device I don't know about you but I can use all the memory devices I can possibly garner together to help me and the older I get the more memory devices I have to employ alright pretty soon I'll be walking to class with things tied all over my fingers and things written on the back of my hands to help me remember things and about that's about the time better quit teaching alright Hema means what they masculine they hane masculine vay hey not Hema they feminine hain they feminine alright questions questions if it's a mixed group you always use masculine and that has to do with second person has to do a third person has to do with verbs has to do with a lot of things correct alright anyone else so if you walk into a room and it's half women and a half men or you have maybe two of your wives or visiting class and I walk in I may not say give Reena thean because give reen means gentleman but I'll still say ma Kim how are you because even the women are present you always use the masculine for mixed group or if there are 90% women and a few men you'll still use the masculine unless you want to pointedly eliminate the men and refer only to the women then you will use the feminine the interesting thing is you can insult men in the Hebrew language you cannot insult women in the Hebrew language all right unless they're really super sensitive feminist activists and then they'd be there a day object to the fact that Elohim is a masculine pearl all right for the name for God so that you know but as far as the Hebrew is concerned in the Hebrew culture that's they expect the masculine the used of a group that's mixed unless someone is intentionally wanting to not mention them in or intentionally referring in that way and if you wanted to intensely refer to the men and not the women present you'd have to do more than just use a masculine form of pronoun you'd have to use some other terms in which you are limiting it exactly way like using give reen if there are three or four women or even 90 women in here and I walk in say Boclair 12 give green it's obvious I'm not talking to them I'm talking to only the men because I said give reen okay other questions yes Scott don't get too caught up in comments Hayes always referring to feminine all right yes jean-denis when can nouns be used as pronouns pronouns can be used at any time as a subject yes anytime correct they can still be used in addition to that correct okay all right that's beyond where these guys are all right you're in 603 talking third semester these fellows are only first semester Hebrew so we don't want to confuse them with that all right any questions on these personal pronouns Oh than the fact remember you have to memorize these John John or not John Eric excuse me when you deal with them later they are also used for demonstrative pronouns okay remember that the third-person pronouns personal pronouns are the same forms used for the demonstrative pronouns they remote your monsta's that and those but don't confuse them when I asked for personal pronouns don't give me that and those when I asked for demonstrable you can give me that and those okay but yes they're the exact same forms all right anyone else okay let's go over this one more time on the pronunciations of all of these and again I can't say this strongly enough if you do not learn the personal pronouns you will sink beneath the water when it comes to the verbs you must understand the personal pronouns there are certain things in Hebrew that if you understand it opens the door to understanding a host of other issues and things later and this is one of them it is very important it is possible to put everything you need to know about Biblical Hebrew to read the Hebrew Bible on the front and back of an eight-and-a-half by 11 sheet of paper it's possible to teach it to a seven-year-old in one 24-hour period none of you are seven year olds so it's gonna take a lot longer alright but this is one of those things that has to go on that sheet of paper you could take the entire textbook and summarize it down into front and back of an eight-and-a-half by eleven sheet of paper and what you need to know this is one of those things you must know how many times have said enough I'll say it more okay I will refuse to give up on it because it's very important some memorize it go home and memorize it all right Annie I know key an afternoon nap new at Tom at Tom act at Tim at Tina at 10:00 whoo-hee hey MA hey hey hey hey Dena hey hey hey all right we've got you've got all right let's go to the exercises for today all right exercise ten you translate the following fruit Hebrew phrases and sentences into smooth English we went over that briefly before so let's start number one with sous-sous Kenny and a horse like the horse and a horse like the horse or and a horse is like the horse both are acceptable you must have the the horse notice the path ACK under the cough and the doggish in the Sonic you can switch it but tried not to do too much switching when you're doing these translations because you can end up messing up the meaning okay I'll accept it this time alright number two cassis Bamidbar Kyle like the horse in the wilderness correct like the horse Pathak doggish masonic in the Pathak under the bathe doggish in the MAME in the wilderness like the horse in the wilderness as the horse in the wilderness number three hot air had give de la campus not the good city that be ha ear hat Tova Scott Jackson the great city the great city number four where hackle hain had got dole Scott basil--oh and the great priest did anyone say and the high priest if you did that's correct the word high priest in the Hebrew is uses God dole it's the great priest is what the high priest is called so both of those are acceptable l edits Toba dennis toward a good land unto a good land to a good land all right to a good earth i will accept you can use earth to good land yes I'll accept it it's not too smooth English but I'll accept it okay number six me gooood ol David who's a great nation who is a great nation who is a great nation is a supplied because you have a question with me who's great nation No because be whose great nation you'd have to have another relationship there it can't be what because me is the personal property of whoo yes whoo that's the basically same question Jeff is asking I'm saying the whose is not necessarily correct here I will allow it this time because I think in ArchiCAD where we gave you who's whom and who but normally whose will be in a little bit different situation than this okay we'll allow it okay number seven God dole Yahweh James Lee Yahweh is great no Scott dole has no article and precedes its predicate adjective hi-yah Yahweh is definite number eight ha Amer tove had the bar Kelly good very good the people said the word is good Jeff if you use the Lord that's fine you can use Yahweh or can use yhw H you can use anyone just as long as correctly spelled not lowercase Ord okay alright number nine very quickly and then we'll go to Chapel Tober ah all round the pole all right Roger good or bad that's good Oh boys or good with bad and/or bad with good or good by bad or bad by good or good in bad or bad in good Kyle yes there should be I think see here you have circled all attributive adjectives no actually because these are all being used as subsidies they're not attributed to anything you don't have anything stated there all right so to be no circles you

Channel: The Master's Seminary

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Keywords: Dr. Bill Barrick, The Master’s Seminary, Learn Biblical Hebrew, Biblical Hebrew Grammar, Hebrew, Old Testament Language, Bible Languages, Hebrew Language (Human Language), Biblical Hebrew (Human Language)

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Length: 81min 56sec (4916 seconds)

Published: Fri Mar 16 2012