Lecture 17: Biblical Hebrew Grammar I - Dr. Bill Barrick

bokuto of giving now do I ask after an exam mashallah Kim Laura for most of you okay and that's not a hoorah right whoo-hoo rye and Hebrew means it is evil all right well I'm glad to see that you're still smiling and able to have a little bit of humor after taking the exam like that the first thing I want us to do before we go back to verb conjugations and go over at chapter 13 with you is to go over vocabulary we want to go over vocab you at the end of chapter 12 and vocabulary at the end of chapter 13 remember that we will have a vocabulary quiz on Thursday this time so the next time we meet we're going to have vocab quiz that's question Eric it is chapter 12 and 13 12 and 13 we're going to go over both chapters so I start at chapter 12 page 88 and read through these if you'll repeat the pronunciation after me low means not it's the negative it's a negative that you need to remember is an absolute negative this is the negative used in the Ten Commandments it's the idea in many cases of never it's what we call an objective permanent negative there are several different negatives in Hebrew and this one is a very important one one that you want to remember so keep that in mind it's a very emphatic negative no sometimes translated never saara that is a proper name for Sarah you're safe another proper name Joseph it's ah this is a feminine noun meaning council not CLU and cil a group meeting but cou and SEL meaning that advice that is given counsel Co UN SEL please keep those straight it's very different the two are very different in English even though they sound the same and they're very different in Hebrew meets that I'm right that is the name for Egypt na hush good I heard some gut realization there all right means snake or serpent za keen as a verb this means he was old as a noun it means elder or old man elder or old man next Thursday on Thursday I'm going to teach you a song it's a song of a young Israeli girl who has her marriage being arranged by her family and her song is aa close aachen ah lo zotkin off in this case is an interjection meaning Oh and lo mean SWAT we just had it right here lo means not or no zackin not an old man all right it's a cute song and it has a lot of vocabulary in it that you'll remember as we go along so we'll learn that on Thursday Zach Cain is he was old as a verb and as a noun it means elder or old man guilty means not accept or without as a special negative that's used only in certain situations bolão he mixed or he confused and in the context Bilal is used of confusing languages as in Genesis 10 and 11 at the tower Babel al this is the other major negative in Hebrew this is a temporary subjective negative temporary subjective negative if this is used for example it is used yeah when Joshua writes in Joshua chapter 1 verse 8 do not fear do not be afraid it doesn't mean you are never to be afraid it means that in this situation you are not to be afraid and so the Hebrew makes a clear distinction there so this is the temporary objective negative where low is the permanent objective negative something to remember when you're checking the Hebrew and looking at it because it will help you to better understand the text yeah Cole he was able hi-yah he lived or he was alive Yossef he added or he did again Yared he descended or he went down Baruch Baruch is actually a participle it is sometimes used as an adjective and it means blessed blessed yeah Cole means Jacob Rivka is Rebecca po means here H ER e not HEA our heck NAT in E the Canaanites LaVon is the named Laban not or is the name not notice we have a number of vocabulary that involves proper names that's because you need to know these proper names to do the exercise and so keep these in mind for that then let's turn to chapter 13 vocabulary on page 94 and let's go over this starting at the upper right hand corner he nee he means behold a soul so is hyssop hyssop and it's a plant a desert plant that grows in the cracks and crevices of rocks and was used in purification ceremonies in the Old Testament then we have egg Buddha that is a bundle or a sprinkling bush that's part of that purification ceremony lame or or lame or mean saying but it's also equivalent to a : ok that doesn't mean it means : it's equivalent to a Coulomb if we're writing in English and we said he said we usually use a comma and then have double quotes I am he all right now in place of that comma we might use a colon to indicate what is said in Hebrew you would have he said and then you would have saying and lame or saying would be after you have he said and so he said saying or he spoke saying and that saying then is not going to be translated it's going to be equivalent of a colon it's like the hottie recitative in Greek that merely introduces what is said and is not translated it's like a colon and so lame or is that fashion is actually an infinity form with a la mid preposition but you need to remember this because it occurs so frequently in Scripture it occurs literally thousands of times all right then we go next la maza means why in the world it's not just why la ma is why la maza is why in the world it's an emphatic it's an emphatic way of saying something so don't take world literally here as referring to the earth and all it contains it's used idiomatically in english we say why in the world would you do that okay in the world has absolutely no meaning it's emphatic its emphatic you need in the world yes and you need to put it in parentheses or italics to indicate it Eric question no okay and then Tov Val he dipped half hippie that's the Hittites ha amore the Amorite Safa means bowl ha he thee the Hittites happy Ria's II the parasites again you need to know these proper nouns for your translation and the exercises what do you note about these words like half hit T ha amore half Chile and happy Rosie and earlier we had hack cat and the what he note about him they all end in a here Akio they all end in a here Akio that is the ethnic ending like the i'ts ok if you are in every you are a hebrew the e ending tells you that all right it's also used for the language you're learning every actually in the language x agreed excuse me ever eat with a towel on the end but if we is the people the hebrews and then you noted someone already mentioned the definite article on these the Hittites the parasites the Canaanites the amorite s' etc so watch for those you'll see them as you're doing the exercises all right before we go to the exercise to give you some clues on it so that you're prepared to do it it's not due until Tuesday a week from today but in case you want to get started on it early I want to be certainly covered so let's go back for we were and talk about the verb conjugations and this is on chapter 13 and if you want anything open I would say you want page 90 or page 92 open so that you can see some of the things we're talking about we talk about the verb conjugations we went over this briefly last week but it was a definitely a preview and we're going to go over this today and we're going to go over again on Thursday this is a very significant part of your Hebrew learning you have simple conjugations or stems as they're sometimes called the first one is called cow the second one is knee fowl then we have causative conjugations called hip feel and haw foul and then we have intensive and I put it in quotes because every Hebrew student is taught that these are intensive but in reality they're very seldom intensives they're very seldom intensive for the peel and the pulao they are more likely to be fact atif now faculty is a kind of causative causative is he made him do that that's causative causative is direct causation causing someone to do something or he caused the chair to fall over alright so you have a direct causation you have an action resulting and that causation is exerted upon and person or individual to produce the subsequent act all right it's causing an act but the fact atif means to cause the occurrence of a state in other words for example he sanctified him that is literally he made him to enter the state of sanctification in other words he brought him to the state of sanctification he he brought him into the state of being holy so a fact achieve results in a condition the Faculty of results in a condition a state of being such as holiness all right whereas the causative results in an act that is done those the distinctions between causative and faculties causative causes an act to occur causes someone to do something causes something to do something fact achieve brings something or someone into a state of being all right that's the distinction and the PL and pou l are really primarily fat two T's they're rarely intensive so don't get in the habit of using some intensive adverb to translate the pl we'll talk about that more when we get to the PL the reason I'm starting now is to make certain that you get this from the very start and have a corrective because one of my pet peeves is having students just automatically translate the PL on pou l with an intensive meaning and part of that is because the way they're taught if you're taught that of course you're going to do it so I'm trying to avoid that at the same time let you know that in most grammars they just go ahead and still refer to it as intensive even though later on they try to disabuse you of that knowledge but you've already had it ingrained in you from the start so I'm trying to not ingrain that at the start the hit PL is also sometimes classified as the intensive it's more of a reflexive we'll talk about those two minute simple is like the verbs that we've been memorizing he wrote for example caught thou he heard shaman he saw raw he did a saw these are all Cal's that you've been learning for vocabulary the only different one you've learned is de bear for he spoke is a PL but it always has this ah ah or in some cases where you have a weak letter at the end of the word like in a saw remember that is a weak it is a weak letter in that it is a guttural and a comment a is just like a vowel and we transliterate this this way we don't even put an H on it because the hay is silent and so in that situation the path AK that is normally in that last syllable in cow verbs is instead change to a comments because it's an open accented syllable it doesn't conclude in a consonant so it's open accented that Pathak has to be heightened and but these are all kal verbs and notice those a class vowels being used there now that's not the only pattern of vowels it'll be found for cow but this will take care of over 80% of all the verbs you find in the Hebrew Bible that occur in cow are occurring with this pattern of comet's comets if you have a weak letter or a comet's Pathak if they're both strong like here we have pot al he made he did which is a synonym of a saw sha mare he kept or he guarded Pok had he visited or he judged the NIF al is the passive of the simple so NIF al means it was done it was done or he was made nish mare yet was kept or he was kept he was guarded NIF CAD he was visited all right passive NIF al is passive notice the forms if you know the name you've got the game all right learn the seven names if you learn the seven names you'll have no problem the only one that doesn't fit its name is the cow and why in the world they named it cal instead of pal I'll never think I don't know but the cow is the lightest form it is the one without in fixes without prefixes and therefore they called it Cal because Cal means light Li gh T light in weight it means that which is fast and quick and so that's why it's name but notice if you know the name NIF al just listen to the pronunciation NIF al nish mare NIF cad they all follow the same pattern they all have an N AI prefix nee and they all have an e at the end NIF al nish mare NIF cad if you know the name you can recognize the form you don't need to memorize all those paradigms in the back of your textbook in order to learn these just learn the names which is easier to memorize all those paradigms in the back page after page after page or just to learn the names the seven names I guarantee it's easier to learn the seven names yes sir yes unless you have something else going on like a guttural that might change things there are some rare exceptions but that's the primary thing yes that's you're going to look for all right yes sir did you say why probably the translation that is just a mere means of trying to get you to understand the verb and to also make a distinction later when we get into another form of the verb but keep in mind that time is determined by context and context along all right all right they hit feel is the causative and notice how it's spelled there it has a hey with a hearing that's the heat part and it says feel and notice it has a hear Akio din fix between the 2nd and 3rd letters of the root the root is PHA al the hip feel is hip feel just sounds exactly the same hip feel he feel his schmear his schmear and his key they're all the same if you know the name he feel you can recognize these forms they stand out they jump off the page at you all right haw foul ha foul is a comet sawtooth fits in a closed unaccented syllable haw foul that's why spelled with an H oh ha foul hush mare Hoff had take any three letters of any verb that you have and you can form this very easily and you can recognize it ok it follows the same pattern and then the pl notice how it changed here it's the very name pal becomes PA L notice the e a e a the difference is when you have a radical that does not refuse doubling like that ayan refused then you have a doubling doggish placed in it so it's she mayor she mayor so it has these characteristics that you have a doubling doggish in the second root letter if at all possible peak aid peak aid and then we have puh ow and the same thing occurs a doubled middle letter of the root but notice the name is puh ow you have puh ow Schumer Pook ad notice it has the same exact pattern if you have difficulty with these it may be because you have difficulty still recognizing the vowels and the letters if you have difficulty recognizing vowels and letters you need to spend some extra time pronouncing words learning correct pronunciation because correct pronunciation is everything correct pronunciation can help you resolve difficulties and what you see in the text so quickly rather than having to try to memorize page after page after page of paradigms just correct simple pronunciation and correct memorization of these names the hit pat l notice it looks just like it sounds hip pate it has a hip pre prefix and it has the a tail and notice it's an it's one of these that are intensely for fact that even so the second root letter has a dog ish in it now some of you are saying but wait a minute the example you have here on hist a mayor doesn't have if it has HISHE but this is for shaman shaman and what's happened here is in the Hebrew they do not like having a towel before a sheen to them that does not sound right so they reverse the two letters and so it becomes hitched a mare and they'll do that with anything that is a sibilant a sibling is an S sound okay it's includes Z it includes Sade seen Sheen Samak and Zion all of those are siblings they have that sound sibilant when someone says the civil n't serpent spoke to the woman that is an intentional use of sibilant sounds to convey that and it's really saying he hissed he hissed sibilant is the hissing sound alright so that is hissed Amer hip pack aide hip pack aide hip Pat L hitched a mare hip pack aid even with HISHE tam mayor you still have the combination of sounds it will help you to know that it's a hip a tail even though there's been a very slight change there you know that the H I on the end or on the beginning excuse me here does not hit feel because you don't have the e on the inside here feel is not there okay and that's the only other one that has the he at the beginning the hip all right so if you learn these things if you know the names you've got them that's pronounce these names together cow NIF ow hip feel haughwout pl yeah puh al who hit payal now that's pronounced the word starting up the upper right paw cab Hamer pow what's the name of the conjugation NIF CAD nish mare NIF al what's the name of the conjugation he keyed his schmear if eel you what's the name of the conjugation HOF CAD posh mer ha FAL what's the name of the conjugation P Cade Chimere PL yeah what's the name of the conjugation yeah puh CAD schumer pulau what's the name of the conjugation heeft a Cade hitched a mare histah al what's the name of the conjugation alright see it all fits it all matches together yes sir jump the the bell markings is here the same pattern with each of those words we'll add any word and that in that area have those same vowel markings okay good question if we add any suffixes to this to make the different persons some of the vowels change but not enough to change the pattern completely the pattern will always be recognizable the pattern will always be recognizable if you for example do something in one of these like then let's take for example the who how can I in the pl if we add an O ending and we end up with something like shim maru notice it still has the the it'll still have the details it'll still have a doubled middle letter and it'll still have the VAT one of the VAT one of the two vowel sounds it will not change those will not change all of them okay so there's a number of things here as we go through and inflect these you'll still see that there's enough pattern left that there's no mistaking what they are okay all right now let's summarize these verb conjugations again for you when we talk about the base pattern it's the cow is the base pattern the NIF owl is a passive of the cow the hip feel is a causative the hoff owl is a causative the PL is the quote/unquote intensive slash fact Atif the pool is the quote/unquote intensive slash fact achieve and the HISP a tail is this quote/unquote intensive slash fact achieve and the NIF al is passive the cal is active the hip feel is active the hatha is passive the PL is active the poo al is passive and the hip PL is reflexive reflexive passive is something is done to you reflexive is you do it to yourself alright that's the difference reflexive you do it too off I hit myself is not a passive that's reflexive passive is I was hit all right active is I hit him all right so there's a difference there active passive and reflexive and you'll have to keep those voices in mind so as we look at these the simples are Cal and NIF al the causative czar you feel Inhofe al the intensive actives are the plpl and HIPAA al so they're all grouped together in this fashion all right now let's talk about how to inflect just the Cal and we call this the Cal perfect or cocktail Cal is nothing more than another way of giving the name of the perfect and when you have the perfect like if you have the verb caught fav he wrote or you have the verb caught towel he tilled and it's always been in the older grammars we've always used cacao as the primary verb for the paradigms and that's why we talk about things being caught al and yiq tol and everything else is that's the form that has been used the primary paradigm because pot al that was used by the Arab grammarians that put together the original grammars pas al has this week radical in the middle it has the iana guttural that affects things on the forms of the words because it rejects doubling so the plpl and hip il it changes the form because it rejects the doubling and so you have all these problems created by having a guttural so they said let's get rid of a guttural that's get what we call a strong form of the verb weak verbs are verbs that have gutturals in them strong verbs are those that do not have gutturals now there are a couple of exceptions we'll talk about those later on other weak verbs that look like they might be strong but basically that's the the basic distinction all right so they chose a strong verb the strongest verb that the verb that occurs most often as far as having all seven different conjugations involved is cut out so they chose it so this is called the perfect this is a this is a cow perfect third masculine singular this is a cow perfect third masculine singular so they chose this and said okay let's call this cacao and cacao is saying the same thing as perfect now when we call the verb in Hebrew a perfect we're not talking about a perfect as in Greek a perfect and Greek means an action that was completed in the past but has continuing results that is not how the word perfect is being used here and because of that confusion then many are saying let's forget calling it a perfect let's call it the cartel in other words just take a form of it like we created the seven conjugation names NIF al is from myth ow alright so kata means perfect it's that form the verb called perfect another way of referring to this is it is the suffix conjugation because the perfect when it is inflected by person and number only changes the ending of the word and so it's called a suffix conjugation the second major verb in Hebrew is a prefix congi conjugation because for person and gender a number it adds a prefix as well as a suffix so this is sometimes called suffix conjugation third masculine singular we take the root MAME Sheen and llama D and it becomes Michelle or picaud and that is he ruled or he visited ma hsiao he ruled Pok had he visited that's Cal perfect third masculine singular as we're looking at these one of the things you have to remember is the order for parsing pars means to assign the parts to identify the parts so as you look at a verb we look at a verb like PUC ad and we say okay what is the parsing for part PUC ad it is a cow you give the name of the conjugation or stem first you give whether it is a perfect next a cow perfect you give the person you give the gender you give the number so that is always the order that you use that's always the order of parsing so this is a cow perfect third masculine singular or if you're taking it from someone else so say it's a cow Cottle third masculine singular or someone else say it's a cow suffix conjugation third masculine singular okay everyone clear on that you have any questions on that yes Kelly yes use perfect because it is the one that's most universally utilized stub one most most universally utilized okay you'll have me over and over again using cattle to indicate it because of a you know a desire to make certain you don't get locked in to the perfect and the concept that you have it in Greek or in English okay all right let's go to the third feminine singular third feminine singular take the same route letters and it becomes mush law now the reason for the X's on the screen there those represent the form of the personal pronoun third mask and singer personal pronoun is who it doesn't affect the verb form at all the verb form has no suffix he third feminine singular Hebrew doesn't affect the feminine at all the feminine here takes the same thing we see as a suffix on a feminine noun a comet's hey so that's why the X is there notice that becomes mosh law ok mashallah mashallah and pock tada pakka da is she ruled she visited notice that the Pathak is reduced to a schwa when you add that notice that if you're going to maintain the one key vowel the comments it's got to have an accent by it so you have a method there beside that comets in order to keep that syllable open so it can keep the long characteristic vowel of the cow so this goes back to John's question when we start adding suffixes are there changes yes but notice the change here maintained that long comments under the first letter alright and we know it's not knit foul because doesn't have nee on it we know it's not Heathfield because doesn't have a he on it we know it's not ha foul because doesn't have a ha on it we know it's not PL because it doesn't sound like PL alright mashallah does not sound like PL and there's no doubling doggish in that second root letter puh al doesn't sound like that either if PI L we know it's not his pile that doesn't have a hit on the front of it all right it's kind of like the what anybody call that lisping snake if all right you notice it has nothing on it therefore it is the cow see how simple it is it's cow it doesn't fit any other name that you've learned for the 7 conjugations you don't have to learn all the forms those conjugations you just have to learn this form because all of them take exactly the same suffixes all of them take the same suffixes john oh yes now you know it's a feminine before the ending correct how do we know what your product you know what's a perfect because it has only suffixes okay it's what I call a suffix conjugation all right second masculine singular you go now to the personal pronouns which will apply you learned at ha acta so it becomes Michelle tah Michelle tah and pocket ah you ruled you visited notice the ending the suffix that suffix is not found on any other verb except a perfect ok second feminine singular we take at so it becomes mush out and it becomes Paquette you feminine singular ruled you visited first common singular Annie I take the here akio doff the end it becomes Michelle Michelle - Michelle tea park add tea the accents missing there for some reason it should be there I ruled I visited third common plural does not fit the third person where it doesn't fit the pronouns the third person where it doesn't fit the pronouns and here it's the Sharik ending the Sharik ending Mosholu pakka do is they ruled they visited the second masculine plural at tim is the pronoun so we're going to have Michelle Tim you masculine plural ruled pocket Tim you masculine plural visited second feminine pearl you learned at 10 at 10 Michelle in you feminine purl ruled POC add 10 you feminine plural visited and the first common plural you learned knack new or enak new notice the new ending so becomes mosh al new pocket new is we ruled we visited question John the machine and the second ask you a photo of second petticoat institution wha does it just do that sometimes I will have to check that out and find out why we have the two different ones I'll come back to you with that I think the paradigm I have up here is wrong and the reason is it should follow the rule of third syllable back should be shortened as short as possible so I have to double check that I don't know why that's this way on the chart okay I'll come back to you with that I think my I keep with the book for now instead of this up here because that's I think that's just a mistake in showing the transition of forms that didn't take the transition far enough thank you alright so this would be miss shall tim and miss shall ten and just those two it's because those are strong suffixes strong suffixes the only thing I can think of is if those are in pause or something to change but I'll have to check that and see okay I'm going to take it that this is an error here on the screen okay good question good observation I love it when students are paying attention to the details that tells me you're learning tells me John that's got the concept any of making the comparison alright any other questions that you have see clearly the suffixes are coordinated with the pronouns the personal pronouns except the third person notice also we have masculine and feminine in the third and second in the singular we have common for first and then in the plural we have masculine feminine only for the second person the third person and the first person are both common now remember common does not mean neuter common means it can be either feminine or masculine can be used for both notice the plural ending on the third person third plural ends in shriek and you can remember that you can mark it down whenever you see anything ending in a short 60 plus percent of the time it's going to be a plural ending on a verb the other 40 and a little bit under percent of the time it's going to be a third masculine singular Pro nominal suffix or if you're looking at the noon here the last one Park Avenue it's a first common plural but notice it's plural the Sharik is a good indicator of plural just keep that in mind okay any other questions on these you have to memorize this paradigm the Cal paradigm is the only one doctor business and I asked the students to memorize because if you memorize it and you memorize the names of the seven conjugations you can do any of the paradigms from that information you don't need to memorize all the rest when I was in seminary we were had we had to memorize all those paradigms in the back page after page after page after page we come in we'd have a quiz write doubt the PL for a certain verb write out the poo al for a certain verb we'd have to memorize we were never taught that there were clues to understanding how these were formed and that all we really need to know was the Cal paradigm and so this is one of the reasons why we asked you to memorize the Cal paradigm it's very important if you memorize the Cal paradigm you know the names of the seven conjugations you have all of the perfect verbs in your back pocket you will identify all of them no matter where you see them all you have to do is pronounce them and you've got them but you have to memorize this one paradigm the cow there for fair warning there may be a pop quiz sometime next week that will require you to memorize or require you to give the forms of the Cal perfect all of them to write them out from scratch okay and I will pick any of the following verbs and then we our time is up but I'm going to give you these verbs it'll be any of them and they all they all will be pointed the same they all will everything will be the same there'll be no distinction I may use cough Ave he wrote I may use Cottle he killed I may use Shum air he kept or I may use Malak he rained okay now if you remember on Malak is when the cough is not final it's not a final form that's all it is is still the calf as the cough is still there right here all right those are the four so practice doing these four memorize it and and practice writing them out write out all there's one two three four five six seven eight nine forms use your book page 91 the charts to be your pattern copy it and you will have it you

Channel: The Master's Seminary

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Keywords: Dr. Bill Barrick, The Master’s Seminary, Learn Biblical Hebrew, Biblical Hebrew Grammar, Hebrew, Old Testament Language, Bible Languages, Hebrew Language (Human Language), Biblical Hebrew (Human Language)

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Length: 55min 57sec (3357 seconds)

Published: Fri Mar 16 2012