Translator: Paola Benedetti
Reviewer: Denise RQ How does your brain fall in love? Is it something magical
that happens to your brain, or is there something biological
that happens to your brain that causes us to fall in love? That was my question. This is what we know about love: we know some neurotransmitters
increase and some drop. Your cortisol level, the stress hormone,
increases causing you to feel nervous, while your oxytocin level increases
causing you to feel amorous. A woman's testosterone goes up
causing her to be more aggressive, while a man's drops
causing him to be more passive. And in both, their serotonin level drops
causing them to be a little more obsessed. And, although we know what happens,
we don't know how you get there. There are certain chemical
processes tjat happen, including the tipping point,
where you have an increase; and also an enzymatic reaction,
where you have a subsequent decrease. Either of these would fit nicely
into that missing section. So I was pondering this,
and I just happened to be on vacation. I was visiting my family, and I have a cousin
who is a PhD in biochemistry, so I decided to use
the opportunity to pick his brain. I told him what I knew about love. I said, "Certain neurotransmitters go up,
certain ones go down. I think it may be biochemical." I looked at him, and he gave
this expression of, "Plausible." I said, "Some may have
a tipping point reaction." He said, "Plausible," or looked plausible. And then, I said, "Others may be
enzymatic with a subsequent decrease." Again, he gave me
the facial expression of plausible. He's not a big talker, so I thought
this was going really well. (Laughter) But before I could formulate
my next question, my then 95-year-old grandmother
spoke up, and she said, "You, youngsters, don't know
anything about love." I was shocked, and I said, "Yeah, I know.
That's why we're talking about this." She said, "Your problem is you,
young girls, jump into bed too quick. (Laughter) You fall in love, but a boy
doesn't fall in love that way." And I kind of looked at her, and I said, "OK, let's talk a little bit more.
How does a boy fall in love?" And she said, "Back in my day, a girl knew if she wanted a boy
to fall in love with her, she couldn't sleep with him right away." Now, I had heard that stuff before:
there was things like the three-date rule, there's the 90-day rule
from Steve Harvey's book, "Act like a lady, think like a man," but I always thought those were anecdotal. I didn't think there was
any science behind it, so I looked over at my cousin. His face no longer said plausible. I decided to continue with my grandmother because of the date;
the question was the date. I said, "How long do you need
to wait before you have sex?" She says, "Ah, you wait
to have sex until he falls in love." "OK. Well, Granny, how
do I know when he falls in love?" She says, "Oh, that's easy, you know
he's in love when he commits." I looked over at my cousin,
and I was like, "What do you think?" and he hung his head,
and he just shook it. (Laughter) He said, "OK, Granny,
it's time to go home." I realized he was not buying any of this, and my research had to
continue on another day. I returned home,
and I hit the research library. The problem is there's not a lot of research out
on how humans fall in love, primarily, because of the way
we do research. Imagine a guy saying, "Oh, I love you." He falls in love, and a researcher
walks up saying, "Congratulations! Can I inject this into
your brain to see if it has an effect?" You're not going to get many volunteers. So we had to rely on
the next best thing: animal studies. But what animals fall in love? Well, we know when humans fall in love,
they show exclusiveness to one person, so they started looking at
other creatures that mated exclusively. And they ended up settling on these guys:
the monogamous prairie vole. When a prairie vole finds a mate
that they're interested in, they will, basically, mate for life. So they started looking at
the neurotransmitters to see what was going on, and what they discovered was one of the first things
that increases is dopamine. And if they block the dopamine,
they would lose the loving feeling. So they thought, "Oh, dopamine,"
but they knew there was a problem. Dopamine couldn't be it
with human romantic love because dopamine goes up
with a lot of things. It goes up with gambling,
chocolate, playing Candy Crush (Laughter) so it couldn't possibly be dopamine. So they said, "Well, we know
there's another one that's involved in bonding;
it's called oxytocin." And oxytocin goes up with mothers
and children, that causes them to bond. So they said, "Let's take a look at that,"
so they looked at that. They found that when a female
finds a man she's interested in, her oxytocin goes up by 51%, and then if they block it,
she loses that loving feeling. So they said, "Ah, it must be
dopamine and oxytocin," but there was a problem. It can't be oxytocin for a man,
because of testosterone. Testosterone blocks
the effects of oxytocin. So they said, "It's got to be
something different." They looked at another one
that had a similar formula to oxytocin, and that is vasopressin. So they did the study again. The voles would meet.
They'd have the vasopressin. They'd inject an antagonist,
a chemical block to the vasopressin; he would lose that loving feeling. So they said, "Oh, then it's got to be
dopamine and vasopressin for males, and possibly some testosterone
because we know that it goes up." So they said, "Ah, perfect." What does that mean for us?
Is this applicable? To find that out, I wrote to one of the Head of Studies
at Florida State University, and I asked, "Is the vole study applicable to humans?" His response is a little embarrassing;
he wrote back, "Of course, Dawn!" The exclamation point is his. I didn't want to write back
for further clarification. That was a little embarrassing,
so I didn't have to. Fortunately for me, Tiffany Love,
from the the University of Michigan, came out publicly,
and she said that she believed that the vole studies
and human romantic love were similar. So, great. Now what does that mean? Well, if we look back at the mechanism,
we can see that for females that would mean dopamine increases
and oxytocin increases. Dopamine increases when we're dating,
when we're going to win; we are excited: we're going to win
the grand prize of love. As long as you're dating and you're happy,
your dopamine is going up. Oxytocin goes up; it's called
the cuddle hormone, or the trust hormone, so when you're kissing, cuddling,
having a good time, oxytocin increases. And as you're dating a man
and you're learning to trust him, your oxytocin increases. But there's a catch. Oxytocin slowly builds up that way,
but it skyrockets at orgasm. In other words, my grandmother
might have been on to something. Remember what she said? "You girls, jump into bed
too quick; you fall in love." It was starting to look like the science was panning out
from what my grandmother said. So I looked at the other part:
how does a man fall in love? If we look at it, dopamine... If he is having a good time,
his dopamine is going up, but how does his vasopressin go up? Vasopressin goes up
when a man is sexually stimulated. So if he's dating a woman
he's sexually interested in, the vasopressin increases. But here's the catch: unlike oxytocin, vasopressin
drops when he has sex. So how important is that? Well, I looked into it further;
Florida State University ran a study, and they said it's not just
the neurotransmitters that are important. You have to have the receptors.
And how do you get the receptors? You get the receptors with the presence
of the neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters tell your body
to build the receptors, so you have to have
the neurotransmitters high enough to build the receptors
to, then, get them filled. So that means it takes some time. But there was one other thing
my grandmother said, you remember? "You know a man's in love with you
when he commits." Could commitment
have anything to do with this? To find that out, I found a study
from the United States Air Force. The Air Force followed over
2,000 servicemen for more than a decade taking various tests. One of test that they took
was for testosterone. What they found is, when a guy
comes in, and he is single, his testosterone is relatively high,
but as soon as he gets married, it drops. Remember what I told you
about testosterone? It blocks the effects of oxytocin. Oxytocin is a bonding hormone, so it was kind of looking like
it could have something to do with it, but it needed further clarification. Was it marriage? Was it
actually commitment? They did a study at Harvard University. They took married men, single men,
and men in committed relationships. They tested their testosterone. This is what they discovered: like the Air Force study, the single men had high testosterone, where the men that were married
had lower testosterone. And here's the catch:
in the men that were married, and in the men that were
in committed relationships, the testosterone level did not differ. That means that the testosterone
didn't drop when he got married, it dropped prior, when he committed. So that means my grandmother
looks like she was right. Women take a bigger risk
and tend to fall in love when she has sex, and men tend to fall in love
when he has commitment. So that confirmed something for me
that I'd always suspected, not just that women
tend to fall in love with sex and men with commitment, something even more important, and that is: my grandmother is brilliant. (Laughter) (Applause)
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I agree with granny. I'm a little more circumspect about the neurobiology model though. Science knows more about the universe and astrophysics than it does the human brain, plus the majority of studies on brain chemicals are monetized pursuits by drug companies to find drugs that can be shown (in not very clean trials) to do "something/anything" to neurotransmitters (not necessarily anything good) while also causing euphoria so the drug can be sold under a new patent as a "mood stabilizer," antipsychotic or "antidepressant."
But of the more than 100 known neurotransmitters, neuroscience knows very litttle about what they do, how they interact, etc. Any claim otherwise is a pretense or founded on the house of cards of existing-- and suspiciously monetized and agenda'ed-- drug company and commercial genetics industry studies.
Take for example the existing research on serotonin. It all comes to nothing more than a sales pitch for SSRI (serotonergic) antidepressants: https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.0020392
As for the mood changing effects of certain drugs that are found to do something/anything to particlar neurotransmitters, research claims get very sketchy (read Grace Jackson's Drug-Induced Dementia for more information). For example, you know what feels better than depression and anxiety? Euphoria. You know what can cause euphoria? Mass brain cell death. In skewed drug company studies of atypical antipsychotics (that happen to randomly "do something" to dopamine), corrupt drug company researchers quite trickily mislabeled clinical evidence of mass cell death as "neurogenesis" or the supposedly positive creation/generation of new neurons when, in fact, what they were documenting was how the drug caused a type of pathological cell proliferation that occurs right before apoptosis-- when the cells die en masse. This would explain how the drugs initially cause euphoria (the same as in sniffing glue) that, with continued use, turns to emotional numbing and eventually movement disorders that represent larval dementia.
Then studies of vasopressin-- aka the antidiuretic hormone (among other things, it stops you from peeing yourself while you sleep)-- has been identified by drug companies and commercial geneticists as a potential target for new drug development when it was discovered that its expression was impaired in autism and dementia. Because of changes in ADH expression seen in studies of affection, someone decided that maybe, you know, vasopressin/ADH might relate to low empathy in autism/alzheimers and orher neurological conditions. This triggered wild speculations that genes regulating ADH expression could be used to identify "born psychopaths." Then the whole thing took a freaky turn into racist eugenics and "Minority Report" style pseudoscience. That's another digression but here are three articles showing the slipslide into racist agenda of vasopressin and related genetic research:
The "ruthlessness gene": https://www.nature.com/news/2008/080404/full/news.2008.738.html)
And how aggression in Afrikaners may trace back to "racial mixing" with slaves (shriek): https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282122766_Allele_frequencies_of_AVPR1A_and_MAOA_in_the_Afrikaner_population
And about those "warrior gene" claims: https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/cross-check/code-rage-the-warrior-gene-makes-me-mad-whether-i-have-it-or-not/
Racist eugenics by any other name...
In short, I think we should be hesitant to put too much stock in neurobiological explanations for human behavior (because of the "house of cards" issue with existing claims about neurotransmitters and the suspicious agendas of commercial science research) and more stock in what granny says. IMHO.
Cliffs?
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