- It's really important that
you learn about virtualization. Doesn't matter if you wanna
become an ethical hacker, you wanna become a developer, you wanna be a network engineer, or you just wanna learn
about computers in general, you really need to learn
about virtualization. Just like learning Linux or learning a programming
language, such as Python. It's a fundamental skill that you need to get
in today's job market. (upbeat music) I wanna thank Linode for
sponsoring this video. Have a look at the timestamps if you want to jump to a
specific part of this video. I'm covering things such
as Type 1 Hypervisors, Type 2 Hypervisors. I'm showing you how to
run networking devices on your computer. Now let's compare what it used to be like versus what it's like today before virtualization was developed. In this example, I've got a Linux laptop running Ubuntu installed
directly on the hardware In other words, it's a
bare metal installation. Here I've got a Windows 11 laptop, and over here I've got
a Windows 98 laptop. In the old days, I'd have
to buy a laptop like this and install the operating
system on the bare metal. Same is true with networking
equipment, such as this router. This is a Cisco router. We are running Cisco
IOS directly on hardware Here I've got a Mac running
directly on hardware. There are lots of
problems with this setup. Number one, notice how
many keyboards I've got. I've got for instance, four laptops here, I need four keyboards. I've got four CPUs. I've got four sets of RAM, four hard drives. Now think about the RAM
or memory in this laptop. If I'm working on the Windows computer the memory in this laptop is
idle, it's not being used. The same with the CPU. If I'm doing some
processor intensive tasks on the Windows computer, the CPU on this laptop is idle. It's a big waste of resources, and that's one of the big reasons that virtualization was developed. Rather than having four
sets of CPUs in this example we are going to pull
that or put that together into a single device. Same with the RAM, same
with the disk space. And then we're going to share
that between the devices. Now, the software that does
this is called the hypervisor. You get two types of hypervisors. Let's start with a Type 2 Hypervisor. Type 2 Hypervisors are installed on another operating system. In this example, I've
got Ubuntu, Windows 11, Windows 98, Mac. Let's take that and put
it onto a single computer. I've got a Windows 98 for virtual machine. What you'll notice there is I can restore a virtual
machine from a saved state very, very quickly. Lots of advantages to
using virtual machines. I could double click on network
neighborhood as an example, and I can see that I've
got a Windows 98 computer running on a Mac. The host operating system is macOS. If I look at my Mac, you
can see I'm running macOS. This is a MacBook Pro. It's got this processor Intel Core i9 32 gig of RAM. What's happening is the
host operating system, in this case, macOS, is sharing resources with the Windows 98 computer. Now Windows 98 doesn't realize that it's
running within a virtual machine. It thinks it's running
directly on bare metal or directly on hardware. - [Guest] I'm in a virtual machine? - [Instructor] (indistinct) on a Mac. - The Mac is giving resources
to the Windows 98 computer. Under processes and memory, you can see 256 meg, not gig, meg of RAM was allocated to this Windows 98 computer and one processor was allocated. One of the great things
about virtualization is if I wanna spin up
another virtual machine, rather than buying a PC and waiting for that
PC to be shipped to me, I can simply boot up a new
instance of that virtual machine. I've got two Windows 98 computers running directly on my Mac. But as they say, there's more. Here, I've got Windows 11. One of the things you
can do in virtualization is you can save the RAM to the hard drive of your
host operating system. In other words, my Mac simply
has this device's state stored on the hard drive,
and I can simply resume that. You could, as an example,
shut down the virtual machine. You could restart but suspending just
basically saves the state to the hard drive and
allows me very very quickly to bring the virtual machine back again. As an example, I could start Brave here and I could go to a website. Now, this virtual
machine is using more RAM and more CPU than the
Windows 98 computers. Over 8 gig of RAM is being
used on this virtual machine. Four processor cores are being used, versus the small amount used
by the Windows 98 computer. My Mac is also using memory
and CPU to run itself. Basically we are sharing resources between all of these devices. These virtual machines are
isolated from each other. We can connect them to each other, by for instance sharing them with my Mac. On Windows you'll see this as NAT, Network Address Translation. I could connect it directly
to, say my local area network. In this case, I've turned off my WiFi. My WiFi is not connected, I'm connecting directly to
ethernet adapter on this device. It's got an IP address, 192.168.1.71 If I open up a command prompt on Workstation Player or on VirtualBox, and we'll talk about the
different hypervisors in a moment. You'll often see that
called bridged interfaces. Notice in this case, IP address allocated to
this device is 192.168.1.60 From my Mac, As an example I could open up a terminal and I should be able to
ping you that IP address assuming that the firewall is turned off. I'll go into control panel,
network and internet, network and sharing center and I'll turn off the firewall. Turn this off, not recommended, but I just wanna show you that by doing that I can now
ping the Windows computer from my Mac. I've basically bridged
the Windows computer onto the network. That device looks like a physical device connected to the network but it's actually a virtual
machine running on my Mac. What I'll do is I'll just
stop this Windows 98 computer. What I've got running at the moment is a Windows 11 computer and a Windows 98 computer. Those two are my guest operating systems and then I've got my Mac as
my host operating system. What I can do as well is start Ubuntu. Here I've got an Ubuntu
22.04 LTS virtual machine. In the same way, I could
start another Ubuntu. Here I've got Ubuntu 20.04 I am running a whole
bunch of virtual machines or guest operating systems, on a host operating system. Here's one Ubuntu, here's another Ubuntu and here I've got a Windows 11 computer. I could also start up
another Windows 11 computer. I don't know if you can hear that but my fan is starting
to make a lot of noise. (fan whirling) because I'm running two
Windows 11 computers, I've got a Windows 98 and two
Ubuntus on the same computer. Okay, so this is a Type 2 Hypervisor. In this example, I'm using
what's called VMware Fusion. There are different types of hypervisors. Before I talk about a Type 1 Hypervisor, which is what you would run
on a device such as this. This is an HP MicroServer. I wanna show you that you can virtualize other
types of devices as well. As an example, a router. More and more these days, network infrastructure
is being virtualized. We're not just virtualizing PCs. We're also virtualizing
other types of devices, firewalls, load balances,
routers, and so forth. In this example, I've
got a Cisco CSR router. It's running Cisco IOS XE, just another operating system. That's actually what
runs on this router here, the physical router. What I can do here, and I won't bore you too
much showing you Cisco stuff, is I can see that an IP
address was allocated through DHEP. Show IP interface brief, and this one shows me that an
IP address was allocated here, 192.168.1.7 I can ping from the one
router to the other. In this example, it's not working because originally I had this
bridge to the WiFi network and I shut the WiFi network down. What I'll need to do on
both of these devices is set them to use the
physical ethernet network 'cause I've disabled WiFi. Hopefully if all goes right I'll be able to ping from
one device to the other. Let's try that again. Those exclamation marks that you see there on the Cisco device, indicate that pings were successful. If I wanted to practice networking, I would in the old days have
to buy a physical router or buy a firewall to practice. Now we can simply virtualize
it on a hypervisor. Now there's a long list of advantages to using virtual machines. Here's another one. On a virtual machine such
as this Windows 11 computer, I can create and restore
what are called snapshots. They're basically a snapshot in time of the state of a virtual machine. I can restore snapshots very, very easily. If I installed some
software on this laptop and then wanted to remove it, it's a bit of hassle to go
and remove that software. And then perhaps later on I
wanna bring it back again, then I have to reinstall it. But on a virtual machine
like this, I don't have to. At the moment, we're in this state on this current virtual machine. This is a basic install
with the Brave browser. If I have a look at my virtual machine you can see that Brave is installed. But I created a snapshot
where I installed a hypervisor on Windows 11 and then installed Ubuntu. So I can restore that snapshot. I won't save the current state. What you'll notice is suddenly
the virtual machine changes. I'm restoring that virtual machine. What I've done here is
I've actually installed VMware Workstation Player
within that virtual machine which is running within the VMware Fusion running on my Mac. This is a bit like the movie Inception. - Dream within a dream, huh? - I'm impressed. - In this case, I've got Ubuntu installed
within a hypervisor. This is the software that allows us to manage virtual machines. In this case, it's
VMware Workstation Player which is free hypervisor
software from VMware that runs on Windows as an example. You can see here, I have multiple virtual
machine options available. Windows 11 is running within VMware Fusion which is then running on macOS, which is installed on hardware. You probably don't want to do it this way. You have to be really careful when you nest operating systems
within operating systems. What I can do once again, is say, okay, let's go
back to our snapshots and just go back to a
basic install with Brave. I actually created snapshots
for previous videos where I had Minecraft running
on a Windows 11 computer. You can see there the
Minecraft server was installed. But in this case I'll simply restore the
installation with Brave, and I won't save the current installation. What you'll notice now is that will change back to a
basic Windows 11 installation running Brave. Snapshots are really, really powerful because I, for instance,
could create a snapshot, install some software, and let's say, I make a mistake and break my computer. I can then simply go back to
the snapshot and restore that and I'm back to a new machine. I can create different snapshot paths having different functionality. You can see here the brand
new Windows installation. Some cases I had Python installed, I had Minecraft installed, and I had Packet Tracer installed. These are different pods that I've taken to install
various types of software and I could jump from one to the other. Snapshots are really, really powerful. A disadvantage of Type 2 Hypervisors is you've got hardware, let's say a laptop like this, and then you are installing
an operating system which could be Mac, could
be Linux, could be Windows. And then you're installing
a Hypervisor on top of that that then allows you to install
multiple virtual machines on the single device. There's an overhead
running an operating system such as Windows. Windows comes with a whole
bunch of extra services that you might not need in a hypervisor. You may prefer to use a
lightweight hypervisor, and that's typically what
enterprises or big companies do. They may decide to use a server. This is just a micro HPE server. You could obviously get much
bigger servers than this, but this is fine for a
little demonstration. On a device like this, a
little server like this, you would install a Type
1 Hypervisor such as ESXi, very popular Hypervisor. There are a whole range
of Type 1 Hypervisors and Type 2 Hypervisors. Type 1 Hypervisors that are
installed in servers like this are not installed on
another operating system. They're installed directly on bare metal. You install the hypervisor
directly on the hardware. You don't install the hypervisor on an operating system
like Windows or macOS, in this example, and then have the
operating system installed on the hardware. Lots of efficiencies
and lots of scalability is achieved using a Type 1 Hypervisor. But if you've got a laptop Type 2 is probably easiest way to go and the easiest way to get started. Or what you could do is
host it in the cloud. This is taking virtual
machines to the next level because you might not have a Type 1 Hypervisor server
lying around such as this, or your laptop may not
have enough RAM and memory to run all the virtual machines. You cannot allocate more memory than your device has in it or more CPU than it has in it. This laptop has a lot of RAM so that allows me to run a
whole bunch of virtual machines at the same time. But if your laptop has
only got, for instance, two gig of RAM or four gig of RAM, you're not gonna be able to
run a lot of virtual machines. I, as an example, could
run Kali Linux here and then I could run other
virtual machines on this laptop because I have enough CPU and memory. But your laptop may not have that. One of the options is to
run stuff in the cloud. Linode, who I wanna thank
for sponsoring this video once again, are a great cloud provider. I really like what they do because it's very very easy
to spin up a Linode server or virtual machine. You can use the link below
to get $100 60-day credit if you wanna set up your own
virtual machine in the cloud. To set this up is extremely easy. I click create Lanode I specify which operating
system I want to use. Let's go for Ubuntu 20.04 LTS. I have shown you in previous
videos, which I link below, how to set up Kali Linux in the cloud. Which region do I want to set it up in? I could run a virtual
machine in the States or I could run it in Germany. In my example, I'll just run it in London. Typically you wanna run
it close to where you are. You can go for a dedicated
CPU or shared CPU. Remember on my Mac, I'm sharing the CPU with a
bunch of other virtual machines. This tends to be the
cheapest way to do it. That's what I'm gonna do
here for this demonstration. I can give these server
names such as Ubuntu1, I can give it a password. I can specify other options such as VLANs, other information, but
I'm not gonna do that. I'm simply gonna click create. That's all you have to do
to set up a virtual machine. I'm given an IP address
of the virtual machine and I can copy that. It's currently provisioning. As soon as that goes red I'll be able to access my virtual machine. The world has moved from
physical hardware devices to virtual machines, running on PCs, virtual machines running
on dedicated hardware like this, to virtual machines running in the cloud that you can just spin
up and have access to. I'll copy this command to
SSH directly to the server, and then I'll paste that in. As soon as that's provisioned I'll be able to access the server. I need to accept the public key, put my password in, and there you go, I'm able to log in to
this virtual machine. You can see that I'm using
Ubuntu, Linux, in the cloud. Under my Linodes, I can see various servers that I've got, I can see whether they're running or not, and I can simply power off that server when I'm finished using it. Just note that if you're using Linode, you'll be charged for the virtual machines
that you have created so shutting them down
won't save you money. You need to delete the virtual machine if you're no longer using it. You can see the power of this. Physical machines to virtual machines, on hardware that we own, to virtual machines in the cloud. Let's take it a bit further, specifically looking
at networking equipment where you're not just virtualizing PCs but you're virtualizing
entire infrastructures. Cisco have created a product called CML. There are others out
there like GNS3 or EVE-NG. They allow you to build
topologies on your computer and they also allow you to run software from
different architectures. Not all software can run on all devices, but QEMU, which is another type
of virtualization platform, will allow you, for example, to run Cisco IOS devices
on an Intel computer or run Intel images on an M1 or M2 CPU. A lot of hypervisors will
not allow you to do that. You would have to run an
arm image, as an example, on an M1. You can't run Windows Intel architectures on an Apple M1. But with QEMU you could do
interesting things like that. In this example, I'll click
add to create a new topology. What I can do here is take
various types of devices. There's a CSR, which is the
one that I showed you earlier, but what I'll do here
is drag an IOSv router into the topology, and I'll drag a server into the topology. What you can do with
these kind of technologies is connect devices to
each other virtually. Rather than creating a
physical infrastructure or lab you can build a whole virtual
topology on your computer and you can build really
complicated topologies with software such as this. As an example, I can open
up a console on my server and I can log in with my
username and password. If I typed uname-a, you can see that this is
running Tiny Core Linux. I can build entire
architectures on my laptop. What this is doing, is taking software that runs
on different architectures, like a Cisco router, and virtualizing it on an Intel processor. In this example, it's running CentOS. I could run a Aruba. I could run Juniper. I could run Arista. I can run a whole bunch
of networking devices. Okay, so now let's talk about which hypervisors I
recommend that you use. If you're on Windows, two good options are
VirtualBox, which is free. That's probably the one
I'd recommend that you get if you're just starting out. Very useful, support snapshots, supports a whole bunch of options. You can copy from your virtual machine to your physical device and so forth. One of the things you're gonna want do is copy text from one
operating system to another. Let's say text on Mac, and I'll make that a bit bigger. I can copy that. And then here I'll start Notepad and I can paste that in. Or I can take text on Windows, copy that, and then go onto my Mac and paste it on. VirtualBox supports all that
type of functionality for free on a Windows computer. If you're starting out,
I would get VirtualBox. You can find it by going to virtualbox.org and then you can download it. I'll link a video that I
created previously below where I'll show you how to set this up, and I'll also create updated videos, showing some of the functionality
available with VirtualBox. Another option is to use
VMware Workstation Player which is free, but VMware have kind of crippled it, it doesn't have as much functionality. But if you can pay for it,
VMware Workstation Pro is better. I find that VMware works better when you're doing what's
called nested virtualization, where you are putting operating systems within operating systems and you need those operating systems to have access to the CPU. If you're running CML or GNS3 or you doing stuff where you're
running operating systems like Cisco or Aruba within QEMU, which is running within a hypervisor then I found that generally
Workstation Player or Pro from VMware's better. But if you just wanna start out and you're learning
about virtual machines, then get VirtualBox. On a Mac it gets a bit more complicated. You can run VirtualBox, but I've found that people have optimization
issues with that. I've generally had better
results with VMware Fusion. VMware Fusion is also free on a Mac. If you've got a Mac, and this is where the line's blur now, if you've got a Mac that's
Intel, VMware Fusion is fine but if you've got a Mac M1 or M2 you probably want to get Parallels. The problem with Parallels
is it's paid for software, but it's the best at the moment. If you want free software,
you can look at UTM. A lot of people have
found that UTM works okay. It's not as good as Parallels. VMware have released their
VMware Fusion 22H2 Tech Preview. You can download this for free but it's preview software. It may not be perfect. If you're really into virtualization you may prefer to get a server like this or much bigger server and then run ESXi. What are your thoughts? What do you think? Have I missed anything in this discussion about virtualization? I in the past have always preferred VMware but I found that VMware are
not always the best these days. So VirtualBox may be a better option especially if you're starting out. What do you think? Let me know in the comments. I'm David Bombal and I wanna wish you all the very best. (upbeat music) (mouse clicking)
