okay welcome to the seminar is Genesis history we're talking about the geology trend the geology major within the the seminar and my name is Steve Austin I'm a geologist I'm a soft rock geologists or sedimentary geologist I teach it Cedarville University I teach tetralogy the study of rocks and I also teach course called stratigraphy and sedimentology so those are the two courses I teach I also teach online of Liberty a little bit Liberty University and I run a corporation called Austin research consulting which is a for-profit corporation but I work and I'm kind of happy ologist will travel so I submit proposals to be funded over research and then nonprofit gives me a working a salary and that's that's how I do my research so I contract with a non-profit and I currently work with local Research Associates in Santa Ana California and so that's how I am doing currently research on dead sea mud and the mud project a little bit else about me I live in Pittsburgh I have a corporation in California I have a physical office in Washington State and I teach Ohio Cedarville University and in Virginia at Liberty and I work for the God of heaven any questions number two I love rocks and geology and I've lived through the time of the catastrophic plate tectonics revolution and our the plate tectonics revolution so I remember back in the late 1960s hearing professors saying the continents are stationary and the mantle of the earth has the rheological properties of steel forget about thinking about continental drift and that type of thing and then I remembered the same professors telling me that the continents have moved and they changed their mind and then I said what else are you telling me that my hand injury and so I became critical of all of the paradigm systems of geology by seeing these things okay well I pushed the button here and it shouldn't work right yeah there we go okay the idea of the continents splitting apart that's that's what we're talking about and it's called continental drift that's the way most people know that but I'm going to call it continental sprint okay give it a different name and the technical term is what catastrophic plate tectonics or CPT so I want to make it generally intelligible everybody so let's just call it cotton hill sprint and I'm as different from the old theory of continental drift so a global flood model for Earth history now I like talking about rocks and I like giving my explanation I don't like trashing evolution I like thinking like a catastrophist talking about rocks that way and so global flood model for Earth history I think is what we should all be thinking about contributing how was the earth created in it and what is the process of formed it obviously global flood is in the major part of our history six of us here Steve Austin John Baumgardner Russ Humphries Andrew Snelling Larry Bardhaman and Curt wise got together about 25 years ago we started thinking about global flood Mother Earth history and as a result of the association of six of us and we started talking about catastrophic plate tectonics or the idea of Cavell sprint that's when this working group of affiliates started working and we kind of sketched a flood model for Earth history that raised the bar from previous explanations and all the other explanations and there are several other types of tectonic models that creationists have come up with that they're they're held accountable to our bar maybe and not that we can't all do better but and and flood models are controversial among geologists and among creationist and so we need to need to think about these things but here's here's a world we're thinking we're thinking a global flood bottle Perth history okay take a look at the earth I'll talk about two things here the continents and the oceans take a look at the continents the continents are in this polar view seem to be dominant but is what 29% of the Earth's surface area is continent and continental shelves that's shallow rock and it's that area it has an average elevation of about 2,000 feet of see low so continents and continent shelf that 29% of the planet is about 20 our 2008 above sea level the more and then look at the other part of the planet the ocean floor its average depth or elevation is below sea level is about 16,000 feet so the planet has two dominant elevations the 2,000 feet elevation of the continents and the 16,000 feet depth of the abyssal plain of the floor of the major oceans and so that's that's interesting and the other other thing about it is we need models to explain it so here's the overview and this is the outline that were originally sketched in 1994 when we presented catastrophic plate tectonics at the International Conference on creationism Pittsburgh we talked about tectonic models the pre-flood earth what was a physical cause of the global flood computer models for catastrophic plate tectonics sediment transport mechanisms volcanoes and earthquakes termination the flood how the flood ended post flood geologic process and climate post flood climate and then some basic conclusions that was the overview and the part has all just kind of go over that 25 are almost 25 years after we've talked about tectonic models ancient literature is kind of interesting you go to the idea of tectonics in its in ancient literature it's in the statements of Scripture the theory of antonio snyder a german italian who was an immigrant to united states who lived in Ohio sounds like somebody like me anyway Antonio Snyder's theory the modern theories of coddled drift and plate tectonics okay in the ancient texts and scripts Babylonian Egyptian there's ancient literature describing the formation of the earth tectonic models what the scriptures say about the formation of continents and ocean bases that's interesting Genesis not 1:9 and God said let the waters below the heavens be gathered together in one place and let the dry land appear and it was so now think about the text and context there this is the first process-oriented passage let the waters below the heavens be gathered together in one place and so it implies a super ocean and let the dry land appear maybe it's a super continent yes okay so the super and super ocean the idea and anyway that idea impacted speculation about the origin of continents and ocean bases God said let the waters be gathered together in one place let the light dry land and the gathering together he called them seas and the the mikveh out of the oceans he called those seas the gathering places and so that's Hebrew terminology and any angel witnessing creation is going to see what 340 million cubic miles of water on the present earth move into ocean basins or that would be a powerful event and of course second Peter chapter 3 the earth was formed out of water and in the water whereby the world that then was which value food water perished so looks like an important tectonic hydraulic event in the history of the earth did a seafloor people cause Noah's Flood there's a good question Genesis 7:11 you know in the 600 year of Noah's life the second month the seventeenth day of the month the same day were all the Fountains of the great deep broken up and the windows of heaven were opened and all the high hills under the whole heaven recover just 719 so all the fun's a great deep were broken up in one day then the flood goes from the ocean floor onto the The Fountains of the great deep think Hebrew scholars recognize the great deepest to home raba it's a stereotype compound down in Hebrew so therefore it's something that the Hebrews had ah and respect for and it it's obviously ocean ocean floor whatever's down there and that's why they understood something about the ocean the tow home are the depths so The Fountains a great deep were broken up and the word broken up is the Hebrew word bake up bacon and it means to split or to cleave it's like an egg cracking though something like that and or a wineskin bursting that same Hebrew verb is used to describe the cleaving of the Mount of Olives when Messiah comes back as I grab chapter 14 so a word broken up is a very good at planetory word Halle founds the great deep were broken up or broken open or burst open or cleaved apart and a derivative of that word is used to for a type of mountain bacon and valley and obtain all the high hills aren't the whole outdoor cover he boosts superlative there antonio snyder in his book creation a space mysteries de ville yay the creationist mysteries revealed published in France the pre-flood supercontinent core gap antonio snyder he proposed that the calmness were joined together like we see in this drawing from his book and then they split apart 1859 he published the theory of catastrophic plate tectonics he thought that the conda's split a part of during the flood created a widespread flood this splitting apart occurred and he wrote a book on it was a bad year to publish the theory of catastrophic plate tectonics what happened in 1859 okay so the world was not lit looking for another apologetic for creation in the flood they were looking for something else and so the popularity of Darwin and evolution that was thought significant and so Antonio Snyder's idea of continental sprints that's that's the father of our theory phantom sprint goes back to Antonia Snyder 1859 clearly that's and for earlier biblical thinking about this model so it went on the Shelf to gather dust for 50 years and then Alfred Wegener slowed it down he said not continental sprint but continental drift and so that that explanation about 1910 so 50 years later it was slowed down now we don't know whether magner read Antonio Snyder but I think it's obvious that they he knew of the okay take a look at the ocean bases what happened to the floor of the pre-flood earth look at look at this view of the planet you see the abyssal plain and dotted with oceanic Islands and mark the margin with this great tectonic belt all around it with the andesite volcanoes and that that is leads to the question what happened the floor the pre-flood ocean when I took marine geology in the in 1970 but they were counting ten thousand sea floor volcanoes on the floor of the Pacific Ocean and much more since then so it's a it's a volcanic view of the planet Earth when you look at it from that perspective upheaval what splitting open the Fountains of the great deep whatever you want to say what happened the floor of the pre-flood ocean okay and that should be a good question to ask in the internal structure of the earth okay the granite continental lithosphere the basaltic oceanic lithosphere that's what one talk about the crust of the earth the continental crust is very thin less than a hundred kilometers thick okay generally in that earth in the mantle of the earth is the main volume of the earth and it's hundreds or thousands of kilometers deep and then the core of the earth volume wise a partial fraction of the earth the mantle is the main part of the earth the mantle is rigid material it behaves in a non liquid what it's not plastic it transmits shear waves so it has to have shear strength it's not watery kind of fluid material the outer core though doesn't transmit the earthquake s wave and so we think the inner core is solid but the outer core may be liquid and that's the mantle the earth has to be real logically stiff material and then the continents are definitely rich continental crust is like you see in the bottom of Grand Canyon that's typical continental crust underneath there's granite material and here's the granite in Grand Canyon you see so aster granite Vishnu shifts Micah's quartz that type of things lots of fell spark under Area C so asked for granite in Grand Canyon you see this type of met nygma tight structure lots of feldspar quartz in between feldspar and biotite mica and that type of thing that's the composition of the crust of the earth the average density of that material is something like about 2.7 grams per cubic centimeter 2.7 times the density of water that's what continental crust looks like typically granted in the microscope you can see they fell sparse you can see hordes you can see the mic is and that's the typical continental crust it's granted composition but sometime the microscope is different it has a large a lot of crystals or phenocrysts of olivine in a finer texture usually a mobile or kerosene with a little bit of feldspar hardly any quartz and so that makes the typical basalt and the average basalt might be an over 3 grand for cubic centimeter it's density so its density is greater by a small fraction ten percent or something like that then granted why are there oceans the continental crust is lower density density of the crust is less than the density of the ocean floor in the ocean across the ocean crust is what assault and the Commonwealth crust is granted so the ocean floor has the greater density and so it's like balsa wood floating next to oak okay balsa wood is going to float higher and that that's the principle of I sausages the day before the flood we think the earth was our working group of six we think that the continental crust was like we see today grand ending in composition the ocean floor was about the same composition as we see today but it was cooler then and so that continental that the ocean floor was greater density than the continents and the mantle of the earth okay if the density of the mantle of the earth and the earth had to at the same composition the crust and the mantle the oceanic crust and the mantle if they had the same composition and the ocean crust was cooler then the cooler material would have higher density than the mantle underneath it and so we think the general composition of the mantle of the earth is basaltic but the ocean floor above it was higher density than it okay so the ocean floor the pre-flood earth and maybe the even of the present earth because it's lower temperature has higher density than underneath and so the ocean crust has the tendons to sink think of the ocean trust is an aircraft carrier floating there okay if you could get it in the right configuration or orientation you could sink and so that's the the scenario that that we've thought what was the physical cause of noah's flood how about an external internal or supernatural cause what do you what do you think about that Genesis 7:11 suggests it's on the ocean floor all the Fountains of the great deep were broken up okay and it it doesn't talk about an extraterrestrial object it talks about rain from heaven yes but it mentions The Fountains of the great deep first all the Fountains of great deep broken a typical of Hebrew text to give you primary cause first way so Genesis 7:11 indicates to me an internal cause for the flood God pushing a button and then the process going affects new hot ocean floor the new hot ocean floor if you create a new ocean floor it would cause what the ocean basin suraíhs the present ocean based in 16,000 feet on below sea level on the average if you replace that with new hot ocean floor that would raise the ocean floor relative to the continents and you could flood the continents easily by that mechanism just cause the the general sea floor of people and create new ocean floor what does that do that creates a new a new volume on the earth and so there's enough ocean to cover the whole planet the present topography 340 million cubic miles of water raised the ocean basins just hundreds of feet just hundreds of feet and what would happen you could flood virtually all of the there'd be a few mountains sticking up but but so we have plenty of water for essentially a global flood okay in the process of tectonics plate tectonics is spreading subduction and mantle wide flow I'll review that and talk about that I guess in the physical cause the initiation of the flood hand of God the slamming of the door of the Ark something like that or some astronomical cause like a comet a meteorite asteroid or planet coming by those are external cause I like to rescue on our working group like the idea of terrestrial cause radioactivity heat buildup all kinds of things to talk about and thinking about causes the initiation of the flood the same day where all the Fountains of the great deep broken up and the windows of heaven were opened there's the initiation of flood began one day so I think the major energy input to the ocean floor starting early in the flood year created the major part of the flood the flood lasted for what five months the waters prevailed and then the waters receded over seven months Noah was in the ark for over a year the situation before the flood we had the cold dense ocean floor crust and we had the mantle underneath it and we replaced it with hot ocean floor which would what propel the emotions over the continents you understand the idea of the thermal state of the earth created during the flood and we like that remember thinking that way spreading subduction and mantle wide flow spreading works okay mantle wide subduction works around the edges countenance and that mantle wide flow so that's what needs to be modeled the resistance to plate tectonics was thinking in the range of here mantle wide flow and so now we're thinking that way subduction happens around the margins of of ocean floor continent boundaries ample wide flow inside the mantle there's the rifting spreading so that's one think about okay so we have this continental sprint a global flood model for Earth history let's talk about some of the computer modeling that's been going on not on our working group John Baumgardner did his PhD dissertation and subsequent studies on what's called the Terra computational mesh the Terra computational mesh is basically a computer code built to model deformation in three dimension three dimensional space and so when you have a sphere you and your modeling you have to have some spherical geometry and so we we're modeling here in in the Terra computational mesh the mantle of the earth and we break up the mantle of the earth into rectangular triangular and Casa he drew shapes okay and so that's the the geometry and then we give each one of those little nodes and in this particular model there's one hundred seventy four thousand one hundred and fourteen little bricks that form the mantle of the earth and network we can model the definition of duty here you see a printout of the that at depth depth of 200 kilometers the temperature structure of the earth as the modeling begins and you can see the the initial configuration you got a supercontinent here called Pangaea with Taffy's this broad ocean here and you have the unzipping or braking of the supercontinent along the familiar boundaries okay you've got you begin with Africa kind of geometry South America geometry and you you let those rigid plates move relative to one another as you do subduction and spreading and that this is what happens you can do it do it in cross-section three dimension there's plates being summers or subducted into the mantle of the earth this is showing colder material falling into the mantle in two different locations here spreading occurring as hot materials rising okay here is 20 days into the simulation as we let the ocean floor be detached or unzipped from the boundary it won it it is higher density than the mantle underneath because it's created in a cold condition from creation week say it wants to fall and it falls underneath the margin of the supercontinent and then what happens spreading occurs because the earth has to stay the same volume the mantle of the earth has to stay the same volume so as materials received into the mantle spreading has to occur so there's the spherical geometry of the split up of Pangaea and so this is twenty days into it and you can see that see what happened it you got cold material being subducted around the margin of the of the continent and then you hot material rising it's also showing you topographic display here that this ocean of the war the rifting occurs it rises and where the subduction occurs it's depressed and you can see the the cold material going down into the mantle the the depth in the mantle and the warm material coming up okay here's sixty forty days into the simulation the the mantle of the earth is able to deform in in plate subduction in a rapid way and so what happens is the acceleration occurs to essentially a fast walking pace millimeters are meters per second that kind of thing that type of velocity here it is at sixty days into the deformation experiment you can see the large part of the Atlantic Ocean formed there's the lana koushin here's the indian ocean forming here's the closing of these with the formation of Mediterranean the splitter part of Greenland from Europe and North America and here's the mid-ocean ridge system developing long familiar just begin with that familiar boundaries and it it the calculation makes it happen that's kind of a interesting display now we put vectors on it and you can see velocity vectors maximum velocity of about a meter per second maximum velocity meter per second so the continents are deforming significantly and a meter per second is a fast walking pace and so that's why I call its continental sprint do you like that now where would be the only place that you could survive on planet Earth during such an event imagine continents moving a meter per second relative to one another how about an arc well provisioned with food okay imagine the seafloor upheaval that would be going on not magnitude 8 earthquake Sencha Li in one place but magnitude 9 or 10 earthquakes super earthquakes along a belt around a continent that's that's that's splitting apart as plates are converging that type of deformation would be significant here you see the polar view you can see the formation of the Atlanta of the Arctic Ocean the Arctic Ocean forms from pull apart and there's Greenland there's North America there's Asia and so the the Arctic Ocean forms this way and then the other here's the proto Pacific ocean floor being thrust underneath Asia and their North America there is a mid-ocean ridge starting in mid Pacific here's the south polar view you see Antarctica it it starts attached to Australia and and then it splits apart okay there here's South America there's Africa and that whole thing happens place I know best is Alaska and I love going to Alaska and studying the mountains of southern Alaska and it looks like accreted terrain there's ocean floor that's been docked or shoved up against southern Alaska so I like thinking that way about the modern ocean trench the Aleutian trench but was I think about the Aleutian trench and look at the active faulting in southern Alaska I think how tepid compared to the ancient super faults that must have been there and the the the the big collision that occurred in the past like the Wrangell mountains and there's Copper River there's Chetna there's Rangel st. elias and that whole mountain belt there head-on collision and so a head-on collision is a big thing okay down in California and in Washington Oregon we had an oblique collision so the ocean floor is doing some interesting things here's some more southern Alaska love thinking and looking at those mountains as basically sea floor that was compressed up against continent it makes you believer in subduction catastrophic subduction not present subduction okay modern subduction may be occurring in Alaska but how weak and bland it is compared to the ancient subduction that they created the whole mountain range in southern Alaska okay sediment transport mechanisms and like to think about this ocean floor is basically the conveyor belt that's bringing ocean crust up against continent and bringing in ocean sediment scraping it off and since the the margin of the continent is depressed the and the big earthquake activities right here you're creating tsunamis they're able to generate waves onto the continent so here is the here's a dynamic model for the beginning of the flood think of western North America sea floors being shoved underneath Western North America and what the scrapings are put over the continent and that indeed the ocean was over the continent take a look at Grand Canyon we have the great unconformity right here there's a - peat sandstone and the bottom of the - peat sandstone is composed of boulders this Boulder is shinumo quartzite it's over 20 feet in diameter must weigh many thousands of tons okay and it's in a slurry of boulders sitting there at the great unconformity imagine the tectonic upheaval that was involved with breaking quartzite boulders and strewing them around on the ocean floor and then bringing in the sand that makes the bottom of what's called the sock sequence and that great unconformity and sock sequence goes across the North American continent Wow okay there's evidence of this out in the Mojave Desert and I've had students working on that terrain moving on that terrain and here's um here's a a piece of ocean floor we we mapped we think it's over a kilometer thick it slid and rotated as a giant slide and that's associated with seaward of the of the great unconformity so gravity collapse of ocean floor look at water current structures like the Navajo Sandstone or the Coconino sandstone you see the amazing structure this is evidence of fast-moving water not wind you want to get to know that controversy if you if you do it's it's it's apparent it's fast moving water but the nature of the cross-bedding of the sandstone the the bounding surfaces many of these features are our water features not wind features and so geologists need to think in terms of water deposition of large masses of sandstone like Navajo Sandstone Coconino sandstone if it's water borne it's very fast-moving water that's the problem it's an ocean moving at meters per second something like that and that's that's a fast-moving ocean and so that's why geologists have been reluctant to think that way when they're thinking in terms of slow and gradual continental sprint makes big sand stone lithos ohm's rock bodies okay in the Grand Canyon we have the two peach sandstone out in Mojave Desert we have the Wood Wood Canyon okay we we have all of the sand stones associated with the Cordilleran fold belt going up into in into Arctic and through the center and eastern central area of United States it's here in Tennessee but it we down quite deep be down maybe two miles down you're gonna mile down okay to find the sandstone body but it it'll be up at the surface in extreme eastern Tennessee and then in Pittsburgh it's 17,000 feet below my house is the great unconformity in that sand bed sitting there so this great sandstone with awesome surrounds the Canadian Shield and demands a catastrophic explanation and I love thinking in terms of ocean flood over the continent of course we have ocean fossils associated with this a big body so the ocean was over the continent early early flood other interesting fossil deposits such as painted well the petrified forests in Holbrook Arizona you have Schenley formation with thousands of petrified logs is it a forest no it's a petrified log mat National Park that's maybe that would be the new name for it and you can see logs that are imbedded in volcanic ash that have been very beautifully agatized they're sitting there and they're have a dominant orientation they just like the the logs at the edge of Spirit Lake at Mount st. Helens and coal beds have evidence of floating mat origin I've been working on origin coal from floating log Maps associated the the shale layers and sandstone and limestone layers would call very thin but very extremely widespread and then Dinosaur National Monument think about that on the one wall at Dinosaur National Monument visitor center we have the quarry sandstone there are a thousand five hundred bones individual bones of dinos many of them are articulated or partially articulated like this type of thing then you see what it's it's a bone bed and that there killed animals largely dismembered carcasses and and debris around there around them are the most abundant animal on the the quarry face is what clams okay you know clam okay which is kind of interesting clams and dinosaurs mixed together okay and that's the and and and it's obviously a catastrophic slurry hyper concentrated slurry that's the way I understand that here's another debris flow or slurry flow here's a layer in Glen Rose Texas limestone layer and you see what three feet thick you see what appears to be round rocks take a look at it and inside there our whole clams closed clamps a debris flow of closed clams in a layer what does that indicate the clams were articulated the mussels closed the clams when clams wash up on the beach they fall apart because the hinging ligament in the shell pops the shell open so these clams died by being buried alive okay and when you start thinking that way yep mud flow and slurry flow is is obviously one of the major ways that sediment moves okay termination of the flood let's talk about the statements of Scripture and then let's talk about how the accommodation space was made for the present oceans to get the oceans back in the basins and the beveled surfaces we see on the continents and that scripture Genesis 8 the waters retreated from the earth going and retreating and the waters were going and falling until the tenth month and so the waters are coming and going Holika Holika vashu bin Hebrew the waters were coming and going in other words some kind of oscillatory flow and that could cause beveling of surfaces and the waters were going and falling until a tenth month so from the fifth month to the tenth month right in there five months certainly of oscillatory flow something like that and then the ocean and then now they're in the ark still for another three months that whole thing is happening until they they depart from the Ark so the waters work we're going and falling the same verb structure is used to describe the the Dove going out and coming and going and trying to find a place to rest so the water retreat is very interesting and so look at the flat plateau of the surface of the Grand Canyon and that plateau is extremely widespread called the Colorado Plateau surface and it goes into the Great Basin where and and it's in the Great Plains and so that that that's the bevel surface and then out in the in the East here we have the conglomerates Ogallala conglomerate that that covers the the prairies in the plain and makes this groundwater conduit but it's at the surface and so much of the interior of North America is like this an elevated plain sloping away down here toward the Gulf of Mexico and then of course we have the erosion of Grand Canyon what's the most amazing part of the Grand Canyon probably from the erosion point of view it's the plane above not the the canyon below pre-flood geologic process post flood geologic process the tectonics of the post flood that's might want to think about that want to think about what happened with volcano sedimentation erosion and then global cooling and leading to climate okay what is the post flood world like the post flood world is exponential decline geologic activity and intensity decreases with time from the end of the flood to the present average temperature the earth declines with time okay temperature extremes decline precipitation now all that volcanism declines with time tectonics declines with time that's the that's the post flood story so you can imagine vertical tectonics taking over as horizontal tectonics is shutting down largely shutting down now the the present continents may be moving at the rate at which your fingernail grows but did the the collision of India with southern Asia Tibet create the Himalaya Mountains you know what the momentum involved in such a collision would produce okay so imagine think think about rapid horizontal tectonics and then the relaxation and the finishing of that tectonics and then the vertical tectonics taking over I think the the power source of global tectonics was the relative density of the pre-flood ocean floor relative to the top and bottom of the mantle of the earth in other words the ocean floor the energy for the flood is essentially the ocean floor and the ocean floor higher density was able to be subducted it was replaced with new ocean floor hot ocean floor which couldn't be subducted and so the flood stopped and as it stopped what happened vertical tectonics took over so imagine imagine that the the the the subduction essentially stops detached subducted slabs under plating of continents then of course underplaying would create rise uplift unloading all kinds of things to think about there but change in the rate of plate motion the slowing of a plate motion creating the present margins of continents and imagine the tectonics associated with for example the Topete sandstone being flexed into vertical position that's associated with the the retreat of the floodwaters in Grand Canyon the the Great East kaibab monocline in Grand Canyon volcanoes and earthquakes they decline with time there's there's the present ocean floor or Pacific ocean floor and see the Ring of Fire all around it's not a ring of fire it's really a basin of fire and the earthquakes on the ocean floor and volcanoes on the ocean floor here's some volcano terminology USGS we have baffle lists and stocks and plutons giving rise to dikes which are magma intruded into vertically into cracks sills horizontally into cracks conduits coming up to composite cone volcanoes there's large flood bustle so lava plateaus around enormous calderas that are out there for study and explosion crypto explosion structures Mar that kind of thing volcanic ash rings cones that that's the typical structure of volcanic landforms at the surface and at depth edge of the continent okay we see where here's South America and here's the Andes Mountains and so the the the the granite baffle lists are intruded and the late stages of the flood it takes time for the magma to get to the surface and so late in the flood is when a lot of these big plutons are breaking loose and when they when they reach the surface they formed big volcanic provinces the we think of volcanoes as being what event structures from pipes okay nozzle eruptions we know a little bit about what we think about caldera eruption you know calderas a large circular feature that the earth unzips and turns into a itself and creates elliptical ring elliptical ring fissure eruptions we haven't really experienced those in human history but we know they're there how about a linear fissure array eruption geologists are thinking about super volcanoes of the past plates moving fast create large dikes and that that erupt magma and imagine like in Mexico the Sierra Madre Occidental Mountains is basically a giant volcanic pile but looking into the volcanic pile you can't find nozzle eruption volcanoes like composite cone type of things or like Mount st. Helens con style you you don't even see elliptical ring fissures like at Yellowstone you see this unusual dike eruptions from from linear fissure and that's the that's the style and that's the kind of volcano you would expect when catastrophic plate tectonics or continental sprint is happening and some of that is seen in these these bells California for example here's a volcanic ash in Oregon and then you see above it the Columbia River basalts a giant lake of lava hundreds of cubic miles thousand cubic miles of magma was erupted at the Earth's surface forming lava lakes and lava flows of wide extent super volcanoes or volcanoes in the past they're bought bigger than today for example here I've sketched Mount st. Helens there's Mount st. Helens in Washington State and it erupted a night May of 1980 and it created about 1/4 cubic mile of ash in 1980 from the eruption of Mount Saint Helens and it's microscopic in scale down there I can't even show it to you yeah in resolution but it's a it's a quarter cubic mile and then you see ancient volcanoes for example Yellowstone volcano here's Long Valley caldera and then in back of this is the volcano that made the brushy Basin member of the Morrison Formation that's the that contains the dinosaurs there at Dinosaur National Monument there's 4,000 cubic miles of ash in the middle part of the Morrison Formation evidently erupted from fissures linear fissures in Southern California so that is erupting from the Sierra Nevada batholith our Sierra Nevada plutons going down into southern peninsula range and the men down into Baja California and so we see this being the source of that at red area and so linear Fisher raised in the past four thousand cubic miles so volcanoes scaled down after the flood and I'm showing T an historic order that's that's the the jurassic here's the the place are the Pliocene there's the Pleistocene and there's the present so volcanoes scaled down so there's no such thing as the present is key to the past when you're looking at volcano the present volcanoes are a keyhole to the past so volcano scaled down big deltas are built in the post-flood period here's a Nile River Delta it's a huge Delta and if post-flood built rapidly following the flood here is geophysical cross section made to way travel time showing the depth of the deltas being down two or three miles deep off shore Louisiana now there we're finding the Wilcox formation which is in southern Texas down it's been drilled six miles below sea level six mile through sediment off or on the southern southern Louisiana it's huge there's a huge Delta sitting there thousands gimmick miles of sediment and that's the that's the runoff from the beveling of the continents I believe largely in the late flood and of course in the post flood period we live in high erosion here's a Palouse River in southern Washington State you see what there's there's a railing with people there's a foreign two foot deep canyon in solid Columbia River basalt he wrote it geologists had said that that took long period to be eroded imagine the present River eroding this Canyon once and grain at a time of immense periods of time you might imagine it's been generally acknowledged by geologists now Palouse River was gorge was gouged out by the Spokane flood about 500 cubic miles of water in a lake in Montana breached through an ice dam and over Eastern southeastern Washington State cut these canyons and catastrophic erosion of those canyons and as a result of that you might think of catastrophic erosion of Grand Canyon from breaching of lakes here is the Kaibab up warp in northern Arizona there's an evidence of a lake on the east side of the up warp in Hopi land off in Holbrook down up to cap IRA it's Plateau in the North that 500 cubic miles of water there another thousand cubic miles of water beyond the papyrus uplift in southern Utah and maybe four or five other lakes up there this this it looks like a breach Dam and many of us have have talked that way geologists are jetting the idea of millions of years to form Grand Canyon there was a meeting of geologists on the South Rim of Grand Canyon all about 15 years ago and the headline of the geologists meeting was on the newspaper was geologist believe that Grand Canyon formed in a fraction of a million years the the general consensus among the geologists there was not tens of millions of years of erosion that formed Grand Canyon and as you look at Grand Canyon what it's a canyon that's quit forming if you look at it the Grand can is being plugged by landslides from the sides the rapids are stable the rapids have been there for over 150 years now that we've taken photographs of the the rapids in Grand Canyon's new rapids are forming the the channel down the gravel on the bank of the river is is stable so the modern process is not deepening or widening the grand Carribean the Grand Canyon so the Colorado River is trapped in the Grand Canyon the Grand Canyon is what a relic feature formed by something else in the past not the Colorado River president Colorado River what would it take to make the Grand Canyon erode deeper it would take a flood somewhere around at least half a million cubic feet per second down the channel the river 10,000 cubic feet per second is a moderate flow today something like what over fifty to a hundred times the present flow just to flush out the material that's blocking the river essentially and blocking the erosion ok well let's let's talk about some idea of about breach dam over the Kaibab up warp that's the idea of a catastrophic breaching that's that's the overtopping explanation of the Grand Canyon the idea that the the terrain was overtopped that is very obvious to geologists and Gela just can't forget about that and so that's the that's the takeaway it looks like Grand Canyon was over topped by something say gravity or a catastrophic drainage of Lakes post flood features a evidence of exponential cooling of the oceans increased rain eNOS onset of glaciation increasing aridity many centuries after the flood let's talk about some of that a core of the Arctic Ocean the oxygen isotope concentration in the core indicates that the Arctic Ocean at one time was 30 degrees centigrade can you believe that here's a model climatic model beginning with hot arctic ocean and with hot oceans generally and as the earth cooled as the oceans cooled because of the tectonics and the heat from the global tectonics and created rain rain eNOS and of course in the rain eNOS in the northern areas leads to what the build-up of ice and glaciers so you can imagine what it was like in the post-flood period with the hot arctic ocean and the hot oceans generally and the earth is cooling off and what leads the glaciers and then the glaciers leave these valleys there's Yosemite Valley there's the blast zone of Mount st. Helens but I want to indicate to you that elk are taking advantage of the blast zone of Mount st. Helens they love it and animals are specially adapted to taking advantage of new habitats and things and we we think how fragile ecosystems are but at Mount st. Helens we learned in in amazing ways that the recovery of ecosystems and of course this is just two years after Mount Saint Helens erupted and now this is covered with conifer forests and growing conifer forests and the the elk are finding all kinds of grass in there and they love it so animals spread after the flood you kind of can imagine that and of course the drying of deserts okay and we have major deserts today formed by what the increasing aridity of the earth essentially what global warming okay the earth after we went through the Ice Age it had to get warm and so in and the evidence of of the drying terrain of the earth okay well I'm basically done I've tried to explain using tectonics and plate tectonics the the model that the six of us have worked worked out whoops here you see the that familiar chart member Curt brought this chart out and then look at the all the things that that that plate tectonics explains especially the things with catastrophic plate tectonics explains and these things in red are things that that are better explained by catastrophic plate tectonics and and in general so that's the it's a theory with great explanatory power
