Hey, everyone. I'm Alex. Thanks for clicking, and welcome to
this lesson on cause and effect verbs. So, this is an academic
writing lesson. In this lesson, you will learn some advanced
vocabulary, specifically verbs, that you can use in your high school or university essays;
or if you are an English student who is taking the IELTS or the TOEFL, you can use these
verbs to really level up your writing in your writing tasks on those tests. Okay? Now, if you are a writer of another sort;
if you are an essayist, a fiction writer, a non-fiction writer, or you want to be a
writer in the future - it never hurts to have more vocabulary, to have more
power verbs in your arsenal. So, what we're going to do today is improve
your vocabulary for your writing and really make your writing
that much stronger. So, I'm going to put this down, and
let's start looking at some verbs. Specifically, we are going to
look at some effect verbs first. So, when you think of "effect", you
think of the result of something. So, we have the verbs: "cause", "produce";
and we have verb phrases, like: "lead to", "result in"; and we have: "create", "bring about",
"give rise to", and "be responsible for". So, these are all formal verbs, and these will
definitely formalize your writing; specifically your essays. So, for example:
"cause" - very direct. Right? So: "The 2008 financial crisis caused
several problems for multinational banks." So, this crisis caused
these things to happen. All right? Let's continue with: "produce".
Okay? So, to produce, create, cause. "The medication did not
produce the desired effect." So, the medication was supposed to
numb the pain, but it didn't do this. It didn't produce
the desired effect. So, again, "to produce", think of it in the
same family of words as: "cause", "produce", and "create", which we'll
see a little bit later on. Next we have: "lead to". So, if something leads to something else, this
means that it causes the next step to happen. So, the next step is the effect. So, for example: "Several international
incidents led to World War II." So, we're talking about international events,
international incidents that led to - gave the cause for World War II. So, if something leads to something else, you
know, you do this thing which causes this thing, so the effect is here. One thing leads to or
causes another thing. "Result in" - very
straightforward, I think. So, "result in": "The earthquake
resulted in thousands of deaths." The effect of the earthquake;
the result of the earthquake. So: "The earthquake resulted
in thousands of deaths." Later we'll look at "a result of", so that
will be for cause; but for effect, you can say: "result in". What was the result? It resulted in
blank; in something. "Create". I think everyone is familiar
with the verb "create". If you're not, here we go. "The increasing rate of crime is creating
numerous issues", numerous problems. So, it's making problems, creating
problems, causing problems. So, the effect is that there are
numerous problems now because of this. "Bring about". So, if something brings about something else,
it kind of brings it-right?-into effect. So: "The new regime"-the new political party, the
new political regime-"brought about stricter laws". So, imagine there was an election and there
is a new political regime, and with them they are bringing new laws, so they brought about
new laws; they caused new laws to happen. The effect of the political
regime are these stricter laws. Okay? Next: "give rise to". If something gives rise to something else,
it means that the initial cause creates the conditions necessary for
the effect to happen. Okay? Got that? Okay, let's look at the example. So: "The election result gave
rise to public protests." So, we have the election result, and: Uh-oh,
now the condition is instability in the public because maybe the public is not happy
with the results of the election. So, it creates the necessary
conditions for the public protests. So, the election gave rise to; allowed the
political protests to happen, the public protests to happen. Okay? And: "be responsible for". I think this one is self-explanatory, so,
here we go: "No one knows who was responsible for the vandalism." So, no one knows who did the vandalism; the,
basically graffiti, maybe around the bank or some kind of public place.
Okay? So: Who was responsible for? You can talk about, you know, these effects and
these effect verbs in a variety of contexts. So, here you have stuff like World War II,
the economic crisis, rising rates of crime, vandalism, public
protests, elections. So, these are probably the types of topics you
will see if you are writing a high school essay, or if you're writing
a university essay. Even if you're not, somewhere in your essay
you're probably going to talk about something that caused something else, or you're going
to talk about the effect of one action and what the reaction of that was. So, these verbs will help you
to talk about that reaction. Okay? So, now, let's look at some other verbs that you
can use to talk about the causes of things. All right? So, I'm going to walk
to the other board. Follow me. Okay, so here we go
with the cause verbs. Now, if you notice, some of these are similar
to the effect verbs, but they are the effect verbs in their passive forms. So, let's look at what I mean. Here we have: "be caused by", "be
produced by", "be brought about by". Okay? So, we've seen these in the effect verbs board
before this, and now we're going to use them to talk about cause. So, "be caused by", for example: "The government
collapse was caused by the implementation of unpopular policies." So, you want to say that the unpopular policies
caused the government collapse, or you can say: "The government collapse was caused by
the implementation of unpopular policies." Okay? So, you can say this in two ways; you can
say it in the effect way where you really emphasize the effect, so the government collapse
is the effect, and the cause of the collapse is that they implemented
unpopular policies. So, if you want to emphasize the government
collapse, like here, put it first, use the passive form, use the cause: "was caused by";
if you want to emphasize the implementation of unpopular policies caused the government
collapse, you can put that first. So, it really depends what you
want to stress in your sentence. Okay? All right, next:
"be produced by". So: "The vast majority of air pollution in
Europe is produced by fertilizers and animal waste." So, is caused by, is produced by
fertilizers and animal waste. So, again: "The fertilizers and animal waste
produce the vast majority of air pollution in Europe." Here, we just flipped it to focus on the cause,
so: "The vast majority of air pollution in Europe is produced by
fertilizers and animal waste." This is the cause, and the effect
is the air pollution, basically. Air pollution is the effect of
fertilizers and animal waste. Next, we have: "be
brought about by". So, you saw "bring about"; now it's: "to
be brought about by", the passive form. "Major economic benefits could be brought
about by the adoption of solar roofs." Okay? So, the argument is if you have a solar roof,
within a few years, you're going to be saving thousands of dollars. So, here: "Major economic benefits
could be brought about by". Basically, if we have solar roofs, the
solar roofs will bring economic benefits. Okay? They will bring about
economic benefits with them. Next: "result from",
not "result in". So: "Many benefits quickly
result from exercise." So, if you exercise, this is the cause; the
effect is, well, many benefits, really - better health, better energy,
and longer life. Ideally longer life, unless
there's an accident, obviously. So, next we have: "stem from". And these two - if your teacher or your evaluator
sees you using either of these two: "stem from", "be triggered
by", they will love you. Okay? So, memorize these two especially, because
they are quite advanced and they're lovely. They sound wonderful when
they're in an essay format. So: "stem". What is a "stem"? Think of a flower, so you have the stem of the
flower, and on the top you have the petals, you have the flower itself. Right? So, the stem leads
to the flower. So, if something stems from something, like,
for example, here: "Most of our early beliefs stem from our parents"... So think of, like, your beliefs are the flower
on the top-right?-and what causes that flower? Before you have the flower,
the stem has to grow. So, your beliefs are here, and they stem from
your parents; your parents are basically causing your beliefs when
you're a child. Right? So, when you're a kid, who gives you your
beliefs, who tells you what to believe? Usually it's your parents guiding
you in your belief system. So, if something stems from something
else, it is caused by something. All right? And, finally: "be trigged by". So, if something triggers something else,
it literally means it causes it to happen. Okay? So: "World War I" - this could
be any high school essay. "World War I was triggered
by", it's like... This is, like, the root cause. Okay? This was, like, the cause. "World War I was triggered by the
assassination of the Arch Duke Ferdinand." Now, if you're a history major
and you're thinking: "No! There were many more things,
and this wasn't it. This was just one little
thing", it's an example. I'm really focusing on just the use of these
verbs and verb phrases, so "was triggered by". So, think of a gun, and a gun has a trigger -
when you pull the trigger, the bullet goes. Okay? So, what was the bullet
that caused this thing? Okay? What caused the bullet to fly? In this case, the
bullet being... The beginning of World War I is the bullet,
the trigger is the assassination of Arch Duke Ferdinand. That pulled the trigger that allowed the bullet
to fly towards the beginning of World War I. So, we have: "be caused by", "be produced
by", "be brought about by", "result from", "stem from", "be triggered by", as well as the
wealth of effect verbs on the previous board. So, you guys have-I hope-a lot of new
vocabulary that you have acquired here today. And if you want to test your understanding
of this to make sure you get that high IELTS score, that high TOEFL score, you get that
90% on your essay - you can check out the quiz on www.engvid.com. And while you're there, why don't you
check out some of my other videos? I have a ton of videos on academic vocabulary
or advanced vocabulary, I have some IELTS and some TOEFL lessons as well. And if you want to try something more fun, I
also have: Learning English with Star Wars, with Harry Potter, with The Hunger Games - a
wide variety of things, and grammar stuff, too. So, if this is your first video that you've
ever, you know, watched from us - welcome, and check out the rest of the stuff
and let me know what you think. Speaking of letting me know what you think,
leave a comment, see if you can create original sentences...
Sentences. I have a hard time with
that word sometimes. Sentences with the vocabulary you've
learnt in this video. All right? And you can also check me out on YouTube,
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thanks for clicking.
