Hi again, everybody. Welcome to www.engvid.com. I'm Adam. In today's video we're going
to look at transitions. Now, you may have seen some other videos on
engVid about transitions, especially for writing. What we're going to look at today are a few
more specific transitions, but this time we're not looking at transitions between paragraphs
or even transitions between sentences. Okay? We're looking at transitions that we are generally
using in a sentence to shift from one idea to another idea in a sentence. So they're very similar
to, like, adverb... Adverb clauses, for example, but
they're used in different ways. But, again, they do have
their specific purposes. Now, you'll also notice that all of them or most
of them start with: "there" plus a preposition, or "where" plus a preposition, and we
have the one special one: "hereby". So: "Thereby", "Thereof", "Thereafter", "Therein",
"Therefore", "Wherein", "Whereby", "Hereby", these are the words we're going to look
at and how they're used within sentences. Now, before I explain these
to you and show them... Show you samples of how they're used, I want
you to understand that these are generally very formal, very high-end. They're not very commonly used. There are other ways you can say these things
without being too serious, I guess you could say. But if you're going to university, if you're
going to take a test, IELTS, TOEFL, SAT, all these tests - you will see these and you
should be able to use them as well. And if you can actually use them properly in your
essays, and like, again, nicely, appropriately, good timing, your score... That'll help your score. It should go up quite a bit because
these are not very easy to use. So, we're going to
start with "thereby". "Thereby" basically means by which, or through which,
or like through this action something happened. It's a little bit
similar to: "due to". The only problem is you can't use it
in the same structure as "due to". Okay? So let's look at the
first sentence. "The team lost the final game of the
season, thereby missing the playoffs." So, basically by doing this, by
losing the last game, the result... What happened? They missed the playoffs. But notice that we are using an "ing" here:
"...thereby missing the playoffs", right? This is basically a gerund expression, a gerund
phrase, but we can't use this with a clause. We're using it with an "ing". So that's one thing you
have to keep in mind. If I wanted to use "due to", I would
have to change the whole structure. "Due to their loss in the final game of the
season, the team missed the playoffs." A completely
different structure. I'm using the independent clause, here,
the "due to" with the cause, etc. This one gives you another option,
basically, on how to link the ideas. Cause, effect. But we don't have to use the
"ing", we can use another way. "Lisa studied for three straight weeks
and was thereby able to pass her test." So she studied, studied, studied, and through
this action she was able to pass her test. And: "...and was thereby",
"...and she was thereby able". Notice that I'm not using this to start the
clause; I'm using it within the clause, between the verbs to show through this action, this
was the result that she was looking for. Okay? So: "by which",
"through which action". Let's look at "therein". "The new contract does not allow for extended
maternity leave;" here I'm using the semi-colon, I'm going to give you the next idea,
so this is like a conjunction. "...therein lies the problem for the union,
60% of whose membership is young women". So, "therein" basically means in that, or into
that situation, problem, position, state, etc. So, "therein". "Therein" means: In what? In this situation, in this new
contract there's a problem. So: "...therein in this new contract lies a
problem", and this is a very common follow-up to the transition "therein". "...therein lies the problem". A very famous expression: "...therein
lies the rub" from Shakespeare. "Aye, there's the rub." I'm not sure if you know that expression,
I think from Hamlet, dream to... If you dream and you can die, it's all good,
but then: Oh, there's a problem - you don't wake up. So: "...therein lies the rub". A very common expression
to use with "lies". But: "The tomb and all the contents therein"-means
all the contents in the tomb-"were photographed before analysis could begin". Again, much... There are much easier
ways to say this. "The tomb and all its contents were
photographed", so why should I use "therein"? To sound pretty, to sound
sophisticated, to sound academic. Okay? This is the thing about academic writing when
you get to universities, it's all about how many words and how
nice the words are. Of course there's... Content is very important and what you had
to say, but they also want you to write very academically. And this is a very
academic word. You're not going to see this in newspapers,
you're not going to see this in everyday writing. You will see it a lot when you get to university
or college, and start reading academic textbooks, and papers, etc. So, the same basically
applies to most of these. The preposition definitely gives you a hint
of how the word is used, but we're going to look at some more examples and go through
each one, and make sure we understand it. Okay, so we're going to look at four more
now: "thereof", "therefore", "thereafter", "wherein". Now, the first thing you're going to start
noticing is that basically use the preposition in the word and just think about
replacing the word "there" with "that". So: "thereof" means "of that". Let's look at an example. "Both parties had their sights focused on the
northern regions, especially the demographics thereof", so the demographics... Oh, sorry. "...and were preparing
for an ad war". The demographics, this means the statistics,
the information about what type of people live there, like their
ages, their ethnicity. Are they...? Which party do they lean to? So all the information
about the people. So we're talking about the demographics
of the people in the northern regions. Okay? "They had their sights focused on the northern
regions, especially the demographics of the northern regions". So we have the "that", "of that", now
the key is to realize what "that" is. Remember that when we use "that" as a demonstrative
pronoun, we're always pointing to something that has already been mentioned, and it's
very important that it should be very clear what has been mentioned. The demographics of the northern regions,
as I already mentioned, and were preparing for an ad war. Okay? "Fine wines, and a knowledge thereof,
are a luxury few can afford." So: "fine wines" and "a knowledge
thereof", knowledge of fine wines. Okay? So this is what we're doing, we're just linking
things together using more formal language. Do you need to
practice this a lot? No. You need to recognize it, and if you can,
throw in one or two every once in a while. I personally like "whereby" and "thereby", I
use those pretty often in my writing, but I don't need to. I just like to have a little bit of variety
when I write, so you can keep that in mind as well. "Therefore", again, this is
the most commonly used one. Everybody has been taught this as a transition
to reach a conclusion, or basically it means "because of that", and again, "that",
something that's already mentioned. So: "I think, therefore I am." So, because I think,
because of that, I am. Notice we're using... This is followed by a
clause, subject, verb. Here we don't have to
follow it by a clause. We can just use it by
itself as an adverb. Here it could be used as a conjunction, introducing
an idea in a clause, subject, verb, about the independent clause. "I am well-prepared", now, here, again I'm
using this, I'm starting a new idea, but I'm still linking. "...there is no reason, therefore,
that I should stumble". So, because of that, because I am well-prepared,
there is no reason I should stumble. Okay? Reaching a conclusion, saying because, and
again, this is the one that you're going to use the most in your writing and
even in your spoken English. Okay? "Thereafter", this is very straightforward, it
means "after that", a very specific situation or event. "He worked at the university until he retired;"
and again I'm starting a new sentence, but I'm using it like a
conjunction, a semi-colon. "...thereafter" means after he retired, "he
took on sporadic work as a consultant". It means sometimes here
and there he worked. So, after that,
after he retired. Now, one thing I also want to mention: "therefore"
and "thereafter", and before we had "therein", these are... These can be commonly
used to begin a sentence. All the rest of them are always within a sentence;
they're not commonly used to begin a sentence, they're always part
of the structure. Now we're getting to
the "wheres", okay? Where... "Wherein" basically also means
"in that" or: In what way? Or: In which way? That's another use. Another, basically meaning... Sorry, another use
basically is: How? Okay? "The affidavit did not implicitly
outline", oh, this is a "t". "...did not implicitly outline wherein Mr.
Smith had broken any laws". So, the affidavit, this is
like a paper that you take... That is given in the court that lists all
the problems, all the charges the person is going to face, and what
brings a person to court. And this, it did not show in
this how he had broken any laws. So we have no reason to think he's guilty,
we have no reason to even arrest him. Okay? "Wherein". Now, the thing about "wherein", this is the
least commonly used one of all of the ones I wrote on before. Okay? Recognize it, don't
try to use it. It's very... It's a little bit old-fashioned, a little
bit too formal, not very commonly used. Okay? Just a few more and we're done, and
you can start writing your thesis. Okay, here's our last two. And like I said, this is my
favourite one; I use it regularly. "Whereby" means by which or through
which, or in accordance with which. "The company introduced a new incentive program
whereby all employees were given an equal shot at the bonuses." So, basically, this is
referring to the program. So, the new incentive program... So, according to this program, all employees
were given an equal shot at the bonuses. Again: "whereby" followed by a full
clause, subject, and verb clause. But again it's related back to the last situation:
A new program by which, or through which, or in accordance with which, this is what
will happen from now on or from that time on. Okay? And "hereby". Now, "hereby" you will hear
more than you will read. It has very specific situations where you
will read it, but you will hear it actually quite often, and I'll
give you some examples. The most common place you'll read it is when
somebody resigns or gives up a position. "Given the present circumstances,
I hereby resign my post as CEO." Okay? There's a company, there was a scandal, and
because of this scandal, the CEO says: "Okay, I need to retire. I need to be accountable,
take responsibility." So: "With this letter I resign", so by means of
this declaration, by means of this statement, that's what "hereby" means. It means with this letter, with this declaration,
with this speech, this is what I am doing. "I hereby resign"
within the clause. Now, if you watch the Olympics, you go to
the opening ceremonies, there's like a... All the athletes come in and then the torch
finally comes in, and then after the torch the President or whoever of the country or
of the IOC, of the Olympic Committee, says: "I hereby declare the Olympic Games
open", so by saying it, it is true. That's what "hereby" means, and that's why
it's very commonly used when expressing a situation, or in written
letters when you're... Especially when
you're resigning. "I hereby resign", "I hereby declare", "I
hereby hand over the company to my son", etc. With this letter, this
is what I am doing. Again, all of these words are commonly
used in academic and more formal writing. I urge you, those of you who are a bit more
advanced levels who are going to be taking a test, who are going to be going to an English-speaking
university where you will have to do some writing, academic writing, pick two, three
of these transitions and try to use them, try to implement them in your writing to give
it a little bit more style, a little bit more flare, a little bit
more formality. Okay? I hope this lesson
was clear enough. Oh, one more thing. I know that I used somewhat difficult sentences,
maybe lots of new vocabulary for you, but again, the reason I did that is because all of
these words: "there/wherebys", all of these transitions are generally used with higher-end
sentences, with higher-end vocabulary; they're not used with simple English, which is why
the sentences were not very simple either. So keep that in mind. And also I just want to say hi to
Hossain, he requested this lesson. He actually had a whole list of other transitions,
but there were too many, so I put a nice little selection now; I will do another lesson
for the other ones at another time. If you like this lesson, please
subscribe to my YouTube channel. If you have any questions about it, please
go to www.engvid.com, join the forum and ask your questions; I'll be
happy to answer them. There's going to be a quiz... There is a quiz, I should say, at www.engvid.com,
you can try your luck with these words and see if you understand them. And, of course, come back, see us again; I'll
have more good lessons, hopefully, for you. And I'll see you then.
Bye.
