2024 APES Exam Live Review (Units 6-9)

all right greetings ape Scholars Welcome to our unit 6-9 review this is the second night of live streams for the 2024 exam thanks so much for showing up tonight we're going to get right into it today so that we can do as much review as possible and get out of here at a decent time let me get some sleep so I can go teach my students tomorrow let you guys get a little more studying done and then get some sleep so you can be well rested for the second to last day or the last day tomorrow Wednesday before your Apes exam so here we go I saw someone in the chat asking the lacroy flavor uh we got Beach Plum tonight Beach Plum is a new favorite of mine um new to the lineup but it's a good one so we'll get the crack of the lroy let's get it right up to the mic [Music] here there we go Croy ASMR activated ape Scholars are ready here we go we are first going to start with a reminder just like we did uh last night which is there's kind of a few camps you can be in here if you're totally panicking and you're totally underprepared you're going to want to grab that one week not one week under one week study plan that's in the ultimate review packet there's a free preview of The Ultimate review packet that will let you get access to that and you can grab that with the link these slides are linked in the description for this live stream so just go right down to the video description you can grab them there the link trees is also pinned for anything else that I bring up tonight if you're worried you're kind of stressed but you're fairly prepared I would either work on experimental designer math skills there's also links to both of those videos in this slideshow that again is in the video description or review units nine six or five luckily we're going to review nine and six tonight so that'll be helpful but you could review 9 six or five again with those links to the playlists that are right in this slideshow that's in the video description and then finally if you're not too worried you're feeling pretty well prepared I would write a couple practice frqs and these are going to be linked again in these slides you can also just Google apes frqs and write any F frqs from like the 21 through 23 uh school year all right couple more announcements here so last night we had a lot of super thanks or stickers or donations whatever you call them a lot of donations uh especially from one scholar and it hijacked things a little bit kind of took us off course we did you know a little Kendrick Drake beef weigh in we did some some music stuff some shout outs that's all fine and well if you want to donate that's awesome but I don't want this to turn into like a donation Fest uh so I'm going to try to wait and acknowledge those shout outs and donations in between units instead of just stopping constantly to do that and then just one kind of note here this is not like I'm here to help you guys get ready for your exams I'm not here to like extract super thanks dollars from you and so there was a bunch donated last night I think we're at like 200 over $200 donated last night and so we're going to take all the super thanks donations from last night from tonight from tomorrow night and we're going to give them to a local environment nonprofit so my students came up with this idea in class or said this is a good idea in class so we're going to have them pick and we'll let you know on the channel after the exam's done um but just know that the super thanks are going to go to a good cause we're going to give them to an environmental nonprofit um so if you see me shouting them out or highlighting them this is not me trying to uh take your super thanks dollars um appreciate them but yeah we're going to put them to good environmental science cause all right remember if you have questions I'm going to do my best to answer them but they're probably going to come up in between units not necessarily just right in the middle of what we're doing um then there's also the AI chat bot that you guys can check out if you want to ask questions so that again is trained on my videos trained on an open source textbook has chat GPT as kind of a base layer as well to help it out with things that it doesn't know and so you can check that out a great way to feel like you're getting questions answered by me with an AI that is trained on a lot of my materials all right final thing before we actually get into content saw this Marco learning Instagram post some of you probably already follow Marco learning um I just think this is kind of funny right you got to spend some actual time studying these next couple days instead of just talking about how cooked you are I get it you know it's it's fun to commit and talk about how cooked we are but ultimately we got to do some studying to be uncooked or less cooked right to do the cooking so try to adjust your ratio here kind of expand it to more time studying and less time talking about how cooked toour all right um since we're not into the flow of things yet we're just getting in um this is just kind of an overview of what we'll do we will do our first um shout out that we got here so thank you uh to tacis for the donation let will go to a good environmental science cause in Grand Rapids maybe plaster Creek stewards maybe Buck Creek where our school uh is in that Watershed so we've got a shout out to AP scholar Amelia W and and goats Mees okay thank you very much very kind of you um but again the super thanks and the donations I'm going to try to wait and get those at unit breaks so that we're not interrupting the flow of content um Kyra our moderator is asking for the bot link I don't see it in the link tree great Point Kyra I'm gonna put the bot Link in the link tree at our first break so when we get to our first frq break I'm going to put the bot the AI chatbot Link in the link tree and then Kyra you can remember maybe to remind me to do that um okay we'll do two more questions before we actually get started this is a good one the ultimate review packet Q&A is going to be tomorrow at about 7:50 I'm going to be 7 to 7:45 on this channel uh right here and then we'll go to the ultimate review packet um exclusive kind of Q&A session for 7:45 to like 8:30 tomorrow and I'll make sure that link gets in there early tomorrow morning so you can get that link in bookmarket all right and then we had one more um super thanks shout out uh thank you Amelia $5 going to a good local environmental nonprofit in Grand Rapids we want a shout out for Miss Boss she's so awesome and she deserves the world and a better ozone good news is she has a better ozone than she had when she was a younger teacher because of uh the Montreal protocol uh and and we'll get there later today okay do have to do some content so that we all um yeah so we learned something so here we go starting off with unit six crude oil and petroleum are kind of one and the same for the most part those terms can be used interchangeably um but I just want you to be familiar with both so this is decaying organic matter uh often we're talking like a marine setting where this is you know phytoplankton um you know or not phytoplankton but anything with a calcium carbonate shell basically or fossilized remains that get compressed over time we squeeze out kind of all the noncarbon elements there and we get fairly concentrated hydrocarbons like petroleum and we can extract that just by drilling down and pumping it up to the surface but the reason I included this slide is I think this is kind of a niche topic that if it showed up on an exam might be one you haven't reviewed in a while and that's tar sand so specific Al these are really sticky dense kind of bitumin deposits bitumin is this like lowquality viscous uh hydrocarbon kind of form of petroleum that's mixed with a lot of impurities like sand and clay so it's really thick um it's similar to Asphalt it can be kind of uh used as asphalt on roads so it's that dense that we can kind of shape it in that way so to get it to be able to extract the petroleum from it and to actually use it as a liquid hydrocarbon something we could refuel or refined in gasoline we've got to heat it with a lot of water so we pump that Steam down into it it kind of melts it down and now it can be extracted up a pipe um we do this because we're running out of conventional deposits of petroleum and it's really really valuable to be able to access and so it kind of expands our current access to this we've got this slide here which is a good one to just remind you the general steps of electricity production so remember we're going to be typically to make electricity still the number one source globally is going to be burning something depending on your country you're in you might be actually burning slightly more natural gas to make electricity than coal but they're kind of neck and neck coal is still going to be how uh developing nations are producing electricity it's cheaper it's more accessible but you're going to burn it and that heat is going to turn water into steam that steam is going to spin a turbine that turbine is going to power an electric generator this is typically as far as you need to understand it but inside that electric generator there's magnets that when they spin around each other really fast they create an electric current that electric current can be harnessed and sent down a transmission line and you can use it in your home eventually for something like powering this live stream so that step of um heat turbine generator electricity or heat steam turbine generator electricity I should say is very consistent throughout numerous forms of generating electricity and then the turbine generator electricity aspect of it is similar to to like almost every form of generating electricity really like outside of I guess like a photovoltaic cell um but you're using a turbine generator process in so many forms of electricity generation this is a good thing to review I wanted to include this slide on nuclear energy just to emphasize there are meltdowns that can happen but that's actually not the major way that nuclear energy causes kind of environmental um consequences and so kind of one of the main ways that we actually get a an issue with you know nuclear energy or drawback is not a meltdown we've only had three real meltdowns in history but we get things like the spent fuel rods that remain radioactive and have to be you know stored on site in these giant containers to con control and contain that radiation we get the M tailings the leftover Rock and kind of the slag that's been mined that can still have radioactive elements in it and can still cause habitat loss we get a ton of water use to generate that steam to power the turbine and then we get some thermal pollution sometimes if water that hasn't been cooled adequately gets returned to a surface water that's going to lead to Thermal shock it might plummet the dissolved oxygen levels in the water cause Suffocation in some organisms that live in that water so nuclear has all of these they're like less dramatic in your face drawbacks but they're more everyday normal function of nuclear drawbacks this slide kind of Paints the picture that nuclear is like all bad or has all these drawbacks nuclear has this awesome awesome Advantage though of producing no air pollutants so it's kind of tricky because it's not renewable because we need that uranium uh to mine we need to use that as the as the uh you know fuel source and it's not it's not going to last forever and so it's it's not necessarily um renewable but it doesn't release Air pollutant and that's a huge Advantage it can also provide base load power meaning we can generate electricity 247 with nuclear energy unlike our intermittent renewable sources like uh wind and solar kind of being two the big intermittent ones all right on we go to some benefits of hydroelectric dams I think a lot of us remember some of the drawbacks of hydroelectric dams like the flooding they cause the methane that can be released from them um the habitat disruption that happens but there's some huge benefits um that Reservoir that's created can be a tourist attraction it can create jobs it's going to produce basically non-emitting uh electricity again there's methane release from the reservoir but it's not necessarily releasing like air plants actually at the source of electricity generation you know the the the process of spinning the turbine um there's going to be reliable baseload power 24/7 365 uh again with no air pollutant so it's a pretty awesome baseload renewable source of energy uh of course it's limited geographically so you can't just do a hydroelectric Dam wherever you want you kind of have to have steep slopes and a lot of water one pro tip just to remember only in the in the US when I made these slides 3 four years ago only 3% of hydro or of dams in the US were for hydroelectricity so it wasn't like we were creating uh all of these dams just for hydroelectricity a lot of them are actually just for flood control uh or just to create a reservoir or to generate uh you know a reservoir that could be used for irrigation or for recreation so here's a picture that kind of emphasizes that you can see how Downstream of that Dam we have this city that can now be built up closer to what previously would have been a flood plane we've also got water being kind of redirected for irrigation you can see it's really small but you can see that behind the dam so there's all these benefits that come from dams that aren't just hydroelectricity here's a good question the methane comes from the anerobic breakdown inside I shouldn't say inside but underneath the reservoir so you flood what used to be like you know a prairie or a forest or something with a bunch of vegetation that vegetation dies and because it's underwater it produces a lot of methane because there's not adequate oxygen to produce CO2 through aerobic decomposition so there's going to be anob decomposition of the Dead vegetation in the reservoir and that methane is going to just leave the reservoir um great question from codex valerant oh look at that we got our first F frq example the day explain how coupling hydroelectric power with Sol or win is an advantage to providing a constant source of electricity to a community so let's take a minute to try to answer this I'll take a lroy break I'll get the AI chatbot link up on link Tree in case you guys want to check that out because I will not be able to answer all of your questions but the chatbot can help you out codex valer looks like you have a um favorite YouTube you've got someone in the chat who's a fanan of yours so always good to meet another fellow YouTuber on the on the live stream lroy flavor of the day mention this at the top um but in case you missed it we've got a lroy flavor of the day is Beach Plum really recommend Beach Plum it's it's a good lroy flavor right up there with guava Sal Pao and the Cherry Blossom I'd say those are like three out of the top five again if you want a shout out let's hear an frq answer and I can try to pull one up all right this looks like a pretty good answer solar power is not always constant if an area does not receive consistent Sun but pairing with hydro electricity you allow the system to run even when the solar power cannot run efficiently um solar and wind are both intermittent as a result of weather changing day to day or day to night um so hydroelectricity could provide electricity when the solar wind is unavailable pretty close pretty close it's nice if you can work in that word intermittent because that really shows the reader um that you that you really are like cluing in on that that major drawback of wind and solar um like during a certain time day so the only problem here Arjun we just need you to then bring the second piece in which is like what does hydroelectric bring to the table oh here we go I like this one this I think would probably earn that first bullet point cuz what river's done here cool name too I think river is a neat name River has stated how they're not always reliable due to clouds at nighttime so he's given some reasons and then river is said hydroelectric power can be a backup tues at night or when the wind is too calm so it can produce electricity when those are unavailable so I think this would probably be a a solid a solid um answer good job River all right I'm going to get that um chatbot link added during the next frq I didn't quite get to it in this one but I'll get it up there so here are some ways that we can conserve electricity conserving electricity is important uh and so there's small scale ways and there's large scale ways on the individual scale you or me could do something like lowering our thermostat or having a programmable thermostat that's going to automatically go down when it's not as necessary to to heat or cool the house so that we don't just leave it at a consistent temperature we could conserve water by replacing our lawn with native plants they don't need as much water because they're evolved to grow in that climate we could get energy efficient appliances that are able to do the same work like produce the same amount of light uh or produce the same amount of dishes washed with less electricity then on the national scale or the governmental scale we could do things like improve the corporate average fuel economy standards the cafe standards that is the federal government saying hey Ford GM Tesla whoever if you're going to make cars and sell them in the United States your average car has to get 30 miles a gallon or your average car has to get 40 miles a gallon or your Aver your um 50% of your production has to be electric so you can make these laws at the federal level that say you've got to do this it's just what we're going to do to improve air quality to uh reduce the effects of mining fossil fuels to you know improve our energy stability all these reasons to do these things then another key thing to think about is subsidizing uh Greener or I should say noncarbon emitting forms of electricity with tax credits or non-air plut releasing forms of electricity with tax credits you can say if you buy a Tesla or if you buy an electric car we're going to give you a tax credit or if you put solar panels on your roof or you switch to a heat pump instead of a furnace we're going to give you a tax credit and that's going to incentivize you a homeowner or a business owner or a city government City governments buy a lot of cars cars and buses um state governments buy a lot of cars and buses if you're going to buy those electric we're going to give you you know a tax rebate you can increase public transportation too so there's all these ways that you can make uh energy use more efficient in your in your country all right here's another frq example let's give this one a shot make a claim for a realistic government action to improve air quality so we specifically want to focus on air quality reducing the consumption of oil all right we'll catch up on a couple couple super thanks chats that I missed earlier um Rave says Shout Out Mr Cho he's the reason I'm not that cooked thank you for your donation to a local uh Grand Rapids area environmental nonprofit that's going to get your donation and shout out to your teacher we've got Isabella says Shout Out Mr roaches hopefully I said that right third period sounds like there's some great scholars in Mr roach's third period thank you for your donation all right remember to keep those answers coming in the chat I'm going to pick one one in a minute but right now I'm also adding to the link tree that AI chatbot so that people can ask that questions if they want all right we got a couple good answers here Papa Pizzeria says providing tax cuts or incentives for using renewable sources of energy such as solar and wind that do not produce air pluts this is pretty good popus Pizzeria if you want to make it just even a touch stronger you could say providing those tax incentives to a uh a company that's going to build solar power or like a utility that it's going to offer them but I think this would probably get the point let's look at the scoring guide and see um yeah using subsidized project or let's see what what am I looking for um yeah invest in renewable energy sources I think this would fall under that second bullet point invest in renewable energy sources um this is a classic one here from Katherine anyone who buys a Bev battery electric vehicle or hybrid will receive a tax incentive that should work yep if we look there use tax incentive to encourage sales of hybrid electric vehicles so pretty much um straight off the scoring guide there Katherine well done um okay so I just updated the whatam iall the link tree so deep learning.com is in the link tree now I'm going to put AI Apes AI chatbot or sme's AI chatbot so that is all ready to go if you want to try the AI chatbot the link is in the link tree and you can go grab that all right I might have missed a couple more shout outs but we'll do those at the break between units oh which look perfect we just made it to the break between units so here are some important vocab terms to know I'm still working on getting these quizlets created someone asked on Instagram and someone emailed where the Quizlet sets there already are qulet sets for the whole course broken down by topics so if you go to my link tree there's a Quizlet there a Quizlet link and you can get Quizlet sets that are going to have all these terms anyway but I'll pair them down to just the mustn vocab terms for all nine units so one set with just like eight or nine terms per unit I'm going to do that tomorrow morning um so you'll have at least all day tomorrow to to kind of go through those quizlets still if you want all right uh um let's see here all right someone gave a $2 donation but they're kind of taking a swipe at their friends so I don't know that we're going to put that one on the screen um we've got a shout out to miss uh clinich she's a really big fan uh from flu flu all right awesome shout out to Mrs clinich uh glad she's a fan glad that your ape Scholars are here let's see we've got hi Mr Aquino he's the best teacher and a huge fan from Wes um here we go Dr Voda again buy a hybrid car all right Dr vodka your students want you to buy a hybrid car I will tell you sidebar I've owned a Prius I bought a 2009 Prius in 2016 and all I've had to do on that car in eight years of ownership is replace the BR pads now and again and get the oil Chang that's it phenomenal car uh Great Value phenomenal car consider a Prius all right a big donation here thanks for all the ape Scholars at hcss for thinking like amountain and writing like a scholar thank you SD big donation going to a local uh AP or not AP theme environmental science themed nonprofit in Grand Rapids Shout Out Mr Kenny at West Park High School in California californ excellent always good to have a Californian in the chat my sister lives in California and I'm going out to visit in July so I will be in that wonderful State soon um shout out Mrs Nathan she tries her best to teach and put up with your class yes sometimes our patience is tested as teachers but uh that's okay that's what keeps us on our toes and then we've got not Thomas Duke who just wants to people to know he's contributing Canadian 99 Cents excellent we like Canadian dollars too those work just the same all right we're going to move on to unit 7even try to keep this show on the road here so let's change our ticker over to unit 7 and let's get on to I had a good I had a good break we're I think we're good to keep going here we go on to Unit Seven all right this slide might be worth more uh kind of bang for your buck or pay more dividends for the time you invest in this slide than almost any other slide out there in unit 7 really important to know these big six air plutons you've got SO2 and noox um they're similar and that they both cause acid rain but you don't want to mix them up because you want to remember that noox is the photochemical smog precursor not socks um but they come from burning coal um they can have similar effects of damaging respiratory tracts or irritating respiratory tracts you've got carbon monoxide from incomplete combustion this might enter your house if your furnace ventilation is malfunctioning and releasing some of that carbon monoxide from your furnace into your house um can be excuse me lethal to humans then we've got um particulate matter this is kind of a catchall for any small bits of dust stuff that comes from burning gets into our lungs can also thicken smog uh can irritate our eyes things like that we got photo chemical or um ozone in the troposphere uh part of the photochemical smog formation we're going to get into in a second damages plant tissue makes it harder to photosynthesize for the plants in addition to re uh irritating human respiratory systems and then lead acts as a neurotoxicant damages the developing nervous system especially uh can come from burning coal can come from incinerating um medical waste along with smelting metal but burning lead or burning lead burning coal is a big is a big one that can release Leed all right photochemical smog formation so remember we get NO2 that's released especially early in the day from the morning commute burning gasoline the sunlight specifically the UV radiation in the sunlight hits that NO2 and breaks it down into no and a free oxygen and this diagram got a little bit crowded what I meant to show there was a free oxygen combining with O2 in the atmosphere to form o03 and then normally that just reverts at night the O breaks off from the o03 and goes back to NO2 and you get O2 forming again so you don't really get photochemical smog build up or ozone build up but when you add Vox to the to the equation they bind with that no and then they form photochemical oxidants uh and that together with ozone that mixture is is the photochemical smog uh and so that's a key kind of process to remember you got to remember that the NO2 gets broken down the free oxygen comes off and combines with O2 and it makes the smog or it makes the ozone excuse me and then the Vox when they're added to the picture they prevent the reversal of that by binding to the nitric oxide the n and now you get photochemical smog so here we go with another practice fq let's see how long or how well you retained any of that yeah Vox volatile organic compound they come from you know one of the major sources I talk about in class is gasoline uh that comes from gas stations um paints can also release Vox laundromats uh can release Vox when you think of Vox that word volatile is key they're going to be things that easily vaporize that easily turn into a gas and enter the atmosphere so they're often things that you smell there's also some natural Vox though pine trees uh release compounds like tpin that that are considered Vox that's why when you go into a Pine Forest you can smell it and it's got that really potent smell um some of those smells you're smelling are vola to organic compounds all right let's see if this one would get the point sunlight is more intense in the summer and more NO2 will react with the sunlight when no combines the Box makes there's more sunlight which splits up NO2 into n and O2 okay the only problem here is we made this mistake of it doesn't split up NO2 into n o and O2 it splits up into n o and either you have to say into no and O3 because you're kind of skipping the step of the O combining with the O2 or to n o and O um so this uh student is super super close um to having a correct answer here see if we had somebody else that just talked about oh here we go this one I think hit the nail on the head more sun can increase the amount of UV rays reacting with NO2 creating more photochemical smog looks good to me oh we got another one look at that another um frq identifying ecological problem from exposure to photochemical smog so let's see if we can come up with a problem for an ecosystem one quick point on that last frq um a lot of people a lot of my students not to put them on the spot or expose them but a lot of my students were writing about how there's more travel in the summer and that can be true but it's sort of marginal the fact that there's more travel in the summer it's not like we're dramatically pumping way more NO2 into the atmosphere during the summer that's not really like the main driver oh here we go arouch says one ecological problem from exposure to photochemical smog is that it causes increased respiratory irritation for Animals I think that is on our scoring guide sure is let's see though here's another good one from egg dog boy that is an egg dog um photochemical smog can block out sunlight which reduces photosynthesis for plants well done way to give kind of a two part answer there to make sure you were very very clear um well done lots of great answers to this frq all right the urban heat island effect so the reason I threw this on here is because it doesn't always get covered in Apes classes but it was on the exam a couple years ago and there's a big H Belo about it in the Facebook teacher group that I'm a part of I'm in an Apes Facebook group with 10,000 other teachers and the students also on Tik Tok were kind of upset teachers some teachers were upset because Urban heat island that exact doesn't appear in the course and exam description the big Apes document we used to plan but uh it was on the exam uh and so people were kind of frustrated so I like to cover just in case um oh here we go rad boy x my teacher was so mad about it being on the exam and fought in the Facebook group about it a lot of teachers did so you must be either a past student rad boy x or your teacher told you this because this was two years ago I think that it was on the exam it wasn't 2023 it was um pretty sure it was 2022 that it was on the exam um anyway on we go we're going to talk about albo yes someone says can you explain albo yeah let's get into it so albo is reflectivity so the lower the albo the less light is bounced off and reflected and the more is absorbed and released by solar or released as infrared radiation so take a look at this building that I have where the sun rays are coming in and hitting the building those sun rays are containing a whole bunch of wavelengths um but some of those wavelengths when they hit the building are absorbed by the building and then released as infrared radiation AKA heat in general things that are darker color like asphalt and brick and buildings they're going to absorb more heat and therefore heat the surrounding area more than things like trees or grass or um water is typically going to or ice especially in snow I should say or clouds those things are going to reflect a little bit more uh sunlight and not trap as much of it and release it as heat so this is why if we take an urban area and a rural area even if they're really close to each other the urban area is going to be warmer that's what we call the urban heat island effect there's also less of vapo transpiration so the reason I really like this slide too is is it has this um it has this really like kind of nuanced term in it here that we don't talk about a ton in the cors but is important to remember and that's that trees can cool by releasing water vapor in the atmosphere water vapor absorbs heat and so we're going to have some cooling effect just by the trees doing their evapo transpiration and releasing water vapor into the atmosphere that they've pulled up from the ground uh via their Roots uh and so this leads to adding uh a cooling effect to areas if you add vegetation to them all right I think we've got another frq coming up yeah here we go lots of practice of our CU tonight so how does urbanization lead to the formation of urban heat Islands so if you can kind of explain how an urban heat island happens all right this is a great question sandep does Urban heat island relate to thermal inversion I said that it did in my 7.3 YouTube video and a guy who I think used to teach like meteorology in the Air Force took me to task in the comment section it said Urban heat island effect has nothing to do with thermal inversion I'm not a meteorologist so he's certainly more experienced than I am but I have found a few different papers that have said that urbanization can contribute sometimes to Thermal inversions happening because you get this really hot uh air mass right at the surface of all this like black top during the day and then at night as that hot air is rising off the black top uh it cools really suddenly and that leads to a cool hot cool temperature gradient as that kind of hot air was rising from the black top but then the sun went down so it cooled quickly and that hot air sandwich between the cold air mass below and above that is what a thermal inversion is and so it stands to reason to me that it can connect to it um it's not a major driver though I think the major driver more is when you have a cold front come in and kind of settle into a geographical Basin and trap you know an air mass beneath it but it's not it's not a huge impact where it's like heat islands are all causing thermal inversions the thermal inversion is just uh where instead of getting warmer colder coldest air you get uh cold warm cold you get a warm air sandwich between two cold air masses uh and that's going to basically put a lid on that area and prevent the pollutants from dispersing all right let's see how we did so we've got um the the direction that most people were going was urban areas having fewer trees so let's see how Greg did here when Greg had got this point urbanization reduces the amount of plants and ads materials with higher albo Greg you want lower Elbo there it's adding things that have lower albo meaning they absorb more um sunlight so this one is totally right except for that higher Elbo um let's see how this one would have done um Urban have materials roadside that hold in heat causing temperatures increase so Shadow clip says with urbanization the area there would be lower albos and more buildings would be surrounded and more infrared radiation will be trapped in the area making more heat island I think that would work yeah because buildings are one of the albo structures listed in the scoring guide so good job shadow Clips all right here's some unit 7 must no vocab terms um I'm not going to spend a ton of time on these because we're down to about 17 minutes and I want to get through eight and N with plenty of time so I'll just try to talk about the ones we haven't gone through um yet which would be acid deposition so KNX and socks combined with water in the atmosphere to form on nitric acid sulfuric acid and then that falls as rain or there can be acid snow as well that where deposition just means that the acids formed in the atmosphere are deposited down to earth then we've got scrubbers wet and dry scrubbers are a great way to reduce especially SO2 that's one of the main reasons we've largely solved acid rain as a problem in the United States um wet and dry scrubbers are are really effective Technologies to do that they just trap the NO2 and or so SO2 in kind of chemical catalysts Within those scrubbers that they put right in the Smoke Stack talked about thermal inversions talked about Vox Asbestos and radon remember those are going to be um carcinogens that can lead to lung cancer uh radon's going to seep in through cracks in your foundation comes from the breakdown of uranium that's deep in like the Bedrock beneath your house so you'll want to add ventilation to your house to get that out and then seal the cracks up as bestus comes from old insulation that uh can release these tiny silicate particles that get to your lungs and can also cause lung cancer you want that removed by a trained professional so the solution there would be have a trained professional with proper ventilation materials remove the Asbestos and replace it with non asbestos insulation all right at the break between seven and eight we did have a couple super chats coming up here to um give quick shoutouts here before we go on we had a let's see um where we leave off oh here we go Addie Mr demiran loves uh skibby toilet one shout out to him because he's a great AP teacher I know him well um and I don't know if I love skibbidy toilet but I do respect the lore it's kind of ironic how like deep of a social media commentary skibby toilet is if you watch all those reaction videos that analyze how it's this deep uh structured critique of like old media structure you know cable television controlling kind of the means of communication to the masses uh and then it's being supplanted by what else but the platform we're on right now YouTube and the kind of independent Creator so I really do think skibbidy toilet is interesting as this media commentary that's sort of masquerading as like a Mindless like gen Alpha like um you know pardon my French but like you know what word meme um just like garbage content so it's pretty interesting um I would like to get more into the lore over the summer but yeah skibby toilet is is intriguing okay let's see oh boy we have a lot of super thanks we're gon to try to fly through these quickly um Dune one or Dune two I didn't see either of them sorry um but shout out to Mr McConnell from BHS um you don't need a lot of geography skills Eva so don't worry too much about it just focus on I know this sounds simple but like North East Southwest and like describing locations on maps if you need to with either like cardinal directions or the locations on the map H shout out to miss McGovern first year of Apes first year teaching Apes is tough so definitely big shout out there got a shout out to Mrs osman's Apes class another Canadian it looks like is that I think that's what I'm seeing Canadian 279 um so thank you for all these donations like I said they're going to a local uh environmental nonprofit at the end end of these three days and I'll let you guys know after the exam how much we raised but it's looking like we're going to have a nice donation to these environmental nonprofits Janessa just wants to donate um thank you Janessa we've got shout out to miss JX she for real is the goatest of goats that's quite a compliment for real for real FR is the goatest of goats class praying hands emojis so go Mrs JX and then we have a really nice donation here uh from SD special thanks to my ape Scholars from hamen Charter Academy oh I know who this is thank you so much thank you so much soan um yes this is really awesome and very thoughtful of you to do a donation in the name of a bunch of your AP students awesome teacher here like I said um we go way back and he is a phenomenal AP teacher and Blaze all right thank you so much every dollar is great like I said I'll give an update at the end of the three days how much money did we raise for local um environmental nonprofits in Grand Rapids all right it's on to Unit 8 we're going to fly through Unit 8 because I want to spend more time on Unit Nine um so here we are in unit8 Unit 8 is also only 7 to 10% of the exam so it's less critical than unit 9 um these are some solutions that you can use to reduce Watershed pollutants so you can add riparian buffers these are plants that you put along the edge of a body of water and they're going to absorb some of the the nutrients that are running off from the sediments they're going to trap them physically maybe take the nutrients into the roots and that's going to limit how much that those nutrients are added to this body of water you can do things like cover crops um to kind of do the same thing you can make sure that you're using enhanced nutrient removal which is basically tertiary treatment in a wastewater treatment plant excuse me and then you can make sure that manure lagoons at Kos are really well lined uh that they're emptied frequently so that they don't build up and that they don't overflow since that's going to of course add a bunch of nutrients into a body water and cause what else but utri fication or if you want to sound really fancy cultural urif cultural urif foration just means hey humans are doing it because a body of water can become utopic on its own bunch of Dead Leaves could fall in the water um something interesting that happens in Michigan actually is a bunch of salmon swim up these little Rivers up in northern Michigan and they're so big and the ri and the little um streams and Brooks that they swim up at the end of their life cycles are so small that when they all swim up there and die their dead bodies actually deposit like a fair amount of nutrients into that water and the DNR of Michigan is concerned about nutrient enrichment just literally from the dead bodies of these giant salmon that swim up these little Rivers at the end of their life cycle so it's it's not only humans that are making bodies of water utopic but in the context of the Apes exam it's usually going to be you know human activity big things are going to be fertilizer runoff of course golf courses Lawns um agricultural Fields but also uh releasing untreated sewage if the sewage ch um sewage treatment plant floods or just releasing poorly treated sewage like we haven't put it through enough Cycles we haven't done tertiary treatment or our secondary treatment hasn't been adequate to really get the nitrogen levels down uh the thing I want to point out here is don't leave out the algae bloom don't forget that the algal bloom is a big part of that a lot of students just say utri forication and they go right to dead zone and they don't stop at the algae bloom in the middle so don't leave algae out of urif that being said let's try an frq where we make sure not to make that mistake all right people are writing their frqs we do a couple more Super Chat shout outs Mr goat shout out the number one win turbine lover Miss Grant awesome it's good to be a win turbine lover they are pretty cool uh to my 64 teacher Miss Roberts that's awesome I don't know does that mean she's six feet 4 inches tall or she's your teacher for class six and class 4 I don't know what that means but shout out Miss Roberts well done um we've got Amelia with a nice donation again all of these are going to be rounded up at the end and donated to a nice uh nonprofit in the Grand Rapids area probably one aimed at water quality but we'll see got uh Miss JX from South Davis jior High also love you Beno that's good it's good to have love for your fellow ape Scholars um let's see I guess you're donating to good cause so we'll briefly put your question up here but it's not a very scholarly question I don't think rizing has much effect on the sigmas in the Ohio ecosystem I just it's not studied you know what though Dylan this could be your Master's thesis maybe perhaps you go to university and uh you know you conduct some studies on on the effects of rizing and you know maybe maybe the sigma is an invasive species in the Ohio ecosystem I don't know but thanks for your donation all right on we go to hopefully a good answer to this question o I think we might have got one from Liam let's see so increase use of fertilizers due to all the plant life blooming that's a little bit of a weird way to say it but you're getting at this idea that it's during the growing season leads to increase Alo blooms during the summer month and a dead zone good I think you got it Liam um because the idea you're getting at is there's more fertilizer use during the growing season um which is kind of in the spirit of the question here biomagnification don't forget about the fact that certain pollutants pops uh so these are persistent organic plutons or Mercury Mercury is not technically a pop because it's not technically organic doesn't have carbon in it but it functions like a pop so really splitting hairs here but the idea is that um persistent pollutants that can get into the bodies of organisms pcbs are another example DDT is another example they get into the body of organisms and they stay there so then as you go up the trophic pyramid organisms at each level are eating all of the Pops from the organisms beneath them because they have toat all this biomass just to get 10% of the energy excuse me from the level below so by the time you get to the top predator they have huge amounts of these precis organic pollutants in their bodies and it can lead to uh death from from cancer it can lead to still births it can lead to reproductive impairment the reproductive system is not functioning due to all of these um persist organic pollutant that are damaging either the endocrine system or they're blocking you know they're acting as an estrogen mimic and they're actually locking into the receptor that estrogen is supposed to be uh you know activating and and triggering these Cascades of effects in organisms so it's really really a problem um you don't want to forget about biomagnification bio accumulation is just when one organism builds the level slowly up over its lifetime because these molecules are fat soluble they don't leave in your urine so a lot of the compounds we take in our water soluble so they can dissolve in our blood then our kidneys can filter them put them into our urine and we can excrete them but if they're fat soluble they stay in our fat tissues in our body and they don't dissolve into our blood and they don't dissolve into our urine and they don't leave our bodies with our p uh that we do every day so see if you can work that idea about uh what we just discussed into your next fq answer here do a couple more teacher shoutouts and then we're going to get on to Unit Nine and we're going to kind of speedrun unit 9 so we can end only only about 10ish minutes late hopefully seeing a lot of water pops persistent organic pollutants so they're synthetic man-made chemicals that have carbon in them as as one of their base you know components but the word persistant or the first P reminds you that they stay in an organism's body because they're fat soluble they don't uh leave the body easily through the urine like I just explained uh examples pcbs DDT those are the two textbook examples all right looking for a solid answer here in the chat let's see if this one would work it can biomagnify in the food chain impacting top predators that will have very high concentrations a persistent pluton such as mercury can negatively affect the ecosystem as it can bio accumulate within the fats of organisms in lower tropic levels and biomagnification can then occur yeah we're close it'd be better if we emphasize though in this answer I think what we need um we're really close but I think what we need is the fact that um they can reach really high levels in the top Predator this one might be a this one might work though this might get the second uh or the third Point PRS can be carcinogens and endocrine disruptors they can cause cancer in organisms or block hormones so let's see here reproductive success can decrease no still that's interesting they don't have carcinogens on here I guess it's not one of the top um scoring guide answers I mean I know it causes I know pcbs can be carcinogenic in whales specifically um but it sounds like reproductive success is more um what they're looking for so this answer would probably be Cosmic latte would probably be spoton Collex in tissues bi biomagnifying through the ecosystem when it builds up it can negatively impact the health of animals by causing birth defects so I think I think that would probably get the point here um this is a tough point to earn though all right we're going to keep moving on um real quick stop at actually we're gonna skip sanitary landfill sorry everybody we want to get to Unit Nine which is 15 to 20% of the exams so we're just going to go really quick I will try to stop briefly here to one Catch My Breath get a lroy drink and do our super chats that I've missed and then we're going to go on to Unit Nine so I think where we left off was Emma is a great ape scholar excellent uh shout out to Emma a great ape scholar got shout out to miss sandstrom excellent Miss sandstrom got shout out to Mr Dugen the goat funniest hardest working teacher out there that's a very touching tribute nick uh thank you for that shout out to Mr dougen hi from St James Academy love the me no you guys don't don't buy a stupid I don't I don't even know what meing is but just don't do it it's it's not scientific not very scholarly uh okay um Shout Out Mr L's class he's the goat excellent uh we've got just a donation here from Astra thank you got Miss alridge it's her first year teaching apes and she loves the slides excellent first year teaching is really tough uh especially Apes so anytime I hear a first year teacher year is a little bit easier because of some of the resources um that I've been able to share it just it's really really great to hear because I had a first year of teaching a with no shared resources I didn't discover the Facebook Community I didn't start benefiting from having Mentor teachers until two or three years and it was really hard so um Miss Aldridge really glad that you found these resources useful got shout out to Mr johnm johans johansmeyer that's an interesting last name it's a cool one um Dr vaka the it sounds like between your last post and now he purchased AE so he went out and bought one that is uh that's phenomenal shout out to Mrs mberg the best Apes teacher uh that's awesome very nice of you to say Veronica wow Miss Roberts has review sessions six hours every weekend that is dedication Kai buy Miss Roberts like I don't know some flowers or a card or something I mean that is massive dedication got C Johnson shout out Mrs fredman number one apes teacher and never got your name right that's right it sounds like you still had a good time uh in her class oh boy these are these are piling up um we're gonna have to go quick shout out to my study crew Tony Pablo ye Daniel rafik that's awesome uh good to have a study crew it makes it more fun got your most supportive Apes teacher Mrs brager awesome shout out to Mrs BR or Miss bragger I've got shout out to miss Hawkins per seven for teaching Apes excellent glad hear it um oh Allan yes Alan Thomas is a great great apes teacher uh I know Alan well from the summer Institute awesome guy and he's giving a shout out to all his students wow Seb Eric Nathan Ash Abby Lucas Bella Nick Jaden Ian Peyton Christina Juliana and Kaitlyn phenomenal Shout Out Mr hone he's an amazing teacher on a real note s study I don't take the class appreciate all your help you're the reason why I'm taking this exam oh thank you and that is really nice um there's a special place in my heart for self-study students because I know it can be tough out there so I'm glad you found these resources useful um shout out your fellow Scholars lelli and soapie ly and soie from Guadalupe excellent and then shout out to Mrs Herzog all right phenomenal you guys this is a lot this is a serious amount of money being raised for again a local nonprofit Environmental Group in Grand Rapids I don't know the name yet because my students are going to vote but it's probably going to be related to water quality and we'll make sure to give you all an update after the exam so we'll let you know where all of those donations go again not here to uh just make money off super thanks and interrupt the live stream we're collecting money for a good cause so it will go to the uh environmental nonprofit of my students choice I will show this one too really quickly before we go to Unit Nine are we cooked our teacher to not review Unit Nine um there's a whole bunch of reasons that can lead to a teacher not being able to make it through the whole year it's really tough I didn't make it through the whole content my first and second year it's really hard so show your teacher some Grace for sure um but then make sure to review unit N9 so icy wizard one you really want to pay attention to what I'm about to review and then you want to go watch all of my unit 9 review videos tonight and tomorrow so that you can try to make sure you have unit 9 down so with that being said let's get into Unit Nine this is the big one everybody 15 to 20% exam I have a lot of slides here so this is going to take a little bit longer but there's no practice up our cues so we are just going to go right through it and need a little bit more lroy to get me through so buckle up uh hang on tight going into the home stretch here this is the biggest unit of all starting off with ozone depletion so we have these compounds that we don't really use anymore called cfc's but we did used to use a lot of cfc's and they depleted the ozone because the chlorine atom specifically breaks free from the CFC when UV radiation hits it sound familiar it's kind of like the NO2 breakdown process but that chlorine atom is going to grab an oxygen from O3 and pull it off and net overall this is going to lead to O2 formation and chlorine taking all these free o oxygen the problem is that chlorine atom will then depart with the oxygen the oxygen will pair up with another oxygen to form O2 and now the chlorine will just do this over and over and over and over and over again the chlorine atom is kind of a home wrecker um there's a great meme for this that is on my Instagram if you dig deep on my Instagram where it's the distracted boyfriend Meme and like the chlorine atom is like it's not faithful to the CFC it's not going to stay with it it's got its eyes on an oxygen atom that it wants to go break up but it's that Classic Home recer person that's just like always wants to break up the relationship and then just go break up another one and break up another one so think of chlorine as that kind of home wrecking atom that's always taking an oxygen atom away from ozone breaking it down and then it's just going to leave that oxygen atom it's just going to go do the same thing again over and over again all right the greenhouse effect so greenhouse effect is something that can be misunderstood sometimes to to be a bad thing it's not a bad thing we wouldn't be here without the greenhouse effect if there was no greenhouse gases in there atmosphere the average temperature I don't remember half the time ah had but it'd be like close to freezing we just we couldn't survive life on Earth without the greenhouse effect so we need the greenhouse effect we need greenhouse gases in our atmosphere what they do is they take infrared radiation that has been released by Earth's surface when sunlight hits it so that's where the yellow squigglies are coming in in the graph in the picture they're hitting Earth's surface Earth surface absorbs excuse me that solar radiation and then it releases infrared radiation those are the red squigglies going up the red squigglies the infrared radiation bump into a greenhouse gas molecule like CO2 or cfc's or methane or nitrous oxide they bump into it and then they get radiated back down towards Earth but also out into space but that net effect of radiating more back down to earth than would be radiated back down without them is the greenhouse effect it's like putting on a shirt I put on the shirt and then the heat that comes off my body some of it hits the fabric of my shirt and gets radiated back down towards my body and it keeps me warmer than if I had no shirt on some of the heat still comes out around the edges of the shirt or makes it through the fabric but the thicker the fabric so like if I were to put on I thought I had another sugar on I don't but if I put on a big sweatshirt think of that as like a thicker concentration of greenhouse gases more carbon dioxide and methane because that big sweatshirt is denser it's thicker than a t-shirt the strands are probably woven together thicker too and it's going to take more of the heat coming off my body trap it and bounce it back towards my body so the greenhouse effect works kind of like your clothes do with your body heat all right this can also result in sea level rise so sea level rise happens when the ocean warms and when the planet warns but it happens for two reasons and there different reasons the first one is thermal expansion this is kind of like the big brain um reason um what did my students call this Reed told me what this was actually called in class the other day oh Galaxy brain you guys know the big when the brain goes um it gets all blue and you know all the connections um yeah the Galaxy brain anyway thermal expansion is like a Galaxy brain level Apes term the molecules actually get a little bit further apart and all of them in the ocean doing that because they're jiggling more they're shaking more remember temperature is just average speed of the molecules in something when they all Shake a little bit more and get a little bit further apart the level of the ocean actually Rises so part of the reason that ocean uh or sea level is rising is just the molecules are all getting a teeny bit further apart from each other when it heats up and that causes the level to Rise um all right the second reason is we're going to have melting ice sheets and glacial ice but notice this red note that I have at the bottom this is really important sea ice so like North Pole ice that does not lead to sea level rise because that ice is already floating on the water so it's already displacing uh sea level up um that is again a a very nuanced detail but it's an important one to pay attention to so if you're going to write on an frq about sea level rise happening because of ice you need to be specifically talking about glacial ice or Continental ice like Antarctic Ice Antarctic ice is on land there's land underneath that ice that's why it's a continent the North Pole is just ice floating on the ocean and so that ice melt does not contribute to sea level rise all right this is a really nuanced point but it's one I want to touch on because again I've got all these videos explaining Concepts in unit 9 but I'm trying to pull out the hardest trickiest Concepts to go over here tonight because those are the ones that I think are hard to understand on your own uh that you maybe have a better chance of understanding with me here to explain through so this is this idea that there's something called polar amplification and that's that the polls especially the North Pole are warming faster than everywhere else on Earth so when we say global warming and we've got politicians that will go on TV and bring a snowball and be like there's no global warming CU there's a snow okay it's an average you know it's an average warming of the global temperature that's like saying you know I just had a hamburger so there's no so there's no such thing as world hunger right come on we got to make better arguments than that we got to think like a mountain if we're going to debate um you know science at any rate we know that the average temperature in the poles is warming faster than other places on Earth and there's some reasons behind that we should try to understand so especially at the North Pole one of the reasons is there's just more land in the north than the South so take a look at this um breakdown of Earth we have the equator coming through here and if you look at it there's just a lot more land mass in the Northern Hemisphere and land does not absorb heat nearly as well as water does so what that means is the high specific heat of all that extra water that's in the southern hemisphere because there's just more ocean in the southern hemisphere that is able to buffer a lot of the incoming heat from the atmosphere and lead to not that much change in land temperature whereas at the North Pole there's a lot less land in the Northern Hemisphere and so there's less water to absorb all that excess heat so that's a kind of nuanced big brain reason that the North Pole is warming faster one of the other reasons though is that all this equatorial heat gets distributed out towards the poles by the thermal haline circuit and that's this idea that at the equator the water flows away from the equator towards the poles warm surface water it distributes some of that heat in the warm surface water near the poles out to the equator it releases it to the air then once it releases it to the air that water is now colder as it's given off a lot of its heat and it sinks to the bottom of the ocean and then it moves along the bottom of the ocean and then it rises back up at the equator specifically to replace that water that's spreading out from the equator it's basically like an kind of like an upside down Hadley cell so instead of the air Rising away from the equator the water is actually Rising away from the equator along the ocean out towards the poles and then it's sinking at the poles spreading around the bottom of the ocean mixing nutrients mixing oxygen and then Rising back up at the equator to start the cycle again what that does though is takes heat from the equator and pumps it out towards the poles by that warm water moving out which then gives off its warm water to the cold air around the poles and so another reason that we have polar amplification and then one of the final reasons especially in the North Pole is this positive feedback loop so you can see that ice has a really high albo so here's that term albo again ice has really high albo meaning it reflects a lot of sunlight and doesn't absorb a lot of heat but as Polar amplification warms the North Pole we get less sea ice so every summer the North Pole gets smaller and smaller it grows back again during the winter but it gets smaller and smaller during the summer because it's warmer and warmer and so the ice can't for form as much that exposes dark blue ocean water underneath the ice that's now going to absorb sunlight and trap more heat in the ocean because dark blue ocean waters have lower albo than light reflective icy surfaces and so that positive feedback loop leads to more and more polar ice melting which leads to more and more polar warming as those deep blue ocean waters absorb sunlight release heat to the atmosphere um and so that is the kind of problem that's causing this polar amplification all right another issue that can happen is coral bleaching this is when the oceans take on heat from the atmosphere because remember heat moves between ocean and atmosphere and specifically the oceans have actually taken on about 90% of all of the increased warming that's happened on Earth because of the thickening of the greenhouse gas layer so as we pump more greenhouse gas in the atmosphere and the atmosphere War up 90% of that warming has actually happened in the ocean because remember water has such a high specific heat water is like you know that character in the video game that just has like an insane number of hit points it takes so much damage uh to to kill water or to get it to heat up a lot and so it can take a lot of that warmth from the atmosphere the problem is organisms that live in the ocean like the coral reef and its alal symbiot the zuan the algae that live in the Reef uh they have an issue called Coral bleaching so before we get into Coral bleaching remember a coral reef is a mutualistic relationship we've got Coral which is the tiny little animal we call the individual animals pops they've got little tiny tentacles and they reach out and they build the reef the calcium carbonate Reef then the algae come and live in The Reef they're basically like a roommate and think of them as like the roommate who does a bunch of the cooking so they go to the grocery store they get a lot of the materials for cooking so they Supply a lot of the energy to the coral in exchange for a place to live and exchange for also some uh carbon dioxide that the coral give off so the coral give off carbon dioxide and dead like organic matter because they're kind of messy eaters they drop it down to the reef and the algae have nutrients from that dead organic matter the algae also have CO2 to do photosynthesis with and they create energy sugar that the coral benefit from so it's a great partnership the problem is when the ocean gets really hot I shouldn't say when it gets really hot when it warms up a little bit and when the coral or when the algo symbiot is now outside of its temperature range it gets expelled from The Reef um and we don't actually know exactly why this happens one theory is that uh the algae actually start to produce compounds that are irritating and bothersome to the coral and so they expel them um there's some oxidative stress that happens as the water starts to warm and so it's actually active ongoing research area I was just learning more about it today um but the bottom line is that the AL leave The Reef they're expelled is the terminology which is kind of funny to me but they get kicked out of the reef as it warms and now the coral is stressed it's bleached it's white and crusty and it's lost its beautiful color that came from that algal symbiot being in the reef and it's also lost a lot of its energy and so it's vulnerable to disease it's vulnerable to you know not being able to fight off infection because it's got way less energy and it's going to be stressed energetically all right now let's talk about ocean acidification which also happens from CO2 in the atmosphere but not because of warmth so ocean acidification happens because the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere enters the ocean through direct exchange and now that ocean pH drops a little bit gets more acidic and the mechanism at play the chemistry at play here is that the CO2 combines with water to form carbonic acid h2co3 you can see this in the slides here and what's going to happen now is with more h2co3 more carbonic acid we're going to give off more hydrogen ions into the water remember that to be acidic just means there's a higher concentration of H+ ions in a solution such as the ocean water what that's going to do is those H+ ions are going to com are going to combine with the carbonate ions which is needed by the mollusks by the sheld organisms by the coral to BU build their calcium carbonate shell so the carbonate ion that they need is going to combine with those extra free H+ ions to form bicarbonate and now think of that as fewer building blocks for those mollusks and those shell Builders and those Coral to build their homes the analogy I use with my students is it's like imagine you're a builder you're trying to build a building and there's like a bunch of brick thieves running around because the carbonate ion is kind of like the brick you need to come in and build up your building but you don't have as many bricks to build with if there's a brick thief the H+ ions are kind of like a brick thief because they come in and they pair up with the carbonate ion to form bicarbonate and now that brick isn't available anymore that building block of the shell is just gone from the ocean water and when there's a shortage of those carbonate ions the calcium carbonate shell organisms can't maintain their shells if this is going way over your head and you're super worried about this I would just try to remember that carbon dioxide in the atmosphere forms carbonic acid in the ocean that's pretty easy to remember right carbonic acid just like um just like in the lroy same basic idea and that makes the shells dissolve like that's that's the identifi level understanding if you're uncomfortable with the chemistry CO2 in the atmosphere forms carbonic acid when it dissolves into the ocean acid dissolves calcium shells if if if you can't remember the chemistry Don't Panic that level of understanding can still be useful all right we're to our final two topics today they're a little bit Niche um because again I think we've covered biodiversity on the channel ad nauseum I think we have covered hipco like the causes for biodiversity um pretty well in the video that's on this topic on my channel your teachers probably covered it uh but we're going to talk about some Niche topics here to end the night so metapopulations when we have habitat fragmentation which is habitat loss and fragmentation is the H in Hip Coast remember when we lose habitat we fragment habitat organisms uh suffer biodiversity declines population shrink genetic diversity shrinks we may lose species entirely but I want to talk about metap populations here which are these kind of somewhat separate populations within an area because of habitat fragmentation and so this is going to be things like large Predators or just very small populations of kind of a large case seled mammal that really needs to be able to have a large territory range for mates for hunting and those kinds of things if their habitat gets fragmented they can start to have inbreeding depression and this happened with um the Florida panther so the Florida panther is having a lot of inbreeding depression um like kinked and kind of bent Tails heart defects um sperm that were not very motile that were not very effective at reproducing because of all the inbreeding in that small population of Florida Panthers due to Habitat fragmentation so one solution could be building habitat corridors that allow these different populations of Florida Panthers from elsewhere to kind of come in and bring genetic diversity in now what they actually did to solve the problem I think is they brought in Texan um Panthers or or Panthers from from Texas if I if I remember correctly they might have brought them in from somewhere else actually but they brought in you know another basically members of a different population to introduce some genetic diversity uh and that that helped the population but something you can also do is build these habitat corridors habitat corridors can allow for genetic exchange between populations and can allow for organisms to travel to a different population look for a mate and can really be helpful to these populations especially of K strategist K selected mammals have Lis I don't know about that they're pretty good at reproducing they're pretty good at finding mates um what this should say is that humans give K selected mammals L Riz when they fragment their habitats so um yeah not good for the Riz of the K selected mammals when uh when we fragment their habitats not so good all right we got the edge effect this is like Niche nicher than Niche so let's just end with something super Niche and hopefully it's on an FR frq and you guys just nail it so the edge effect is this idea that when you take a big habitat and you shrink it down to a bunch of small habitats you increase the ratio of that total habitat space that is made up of edge habitat basically a meadow running up to a forest or an ocean meeting the river like an estuary so when you have more Edge habitats you favor different populations of organisms or different species I should say because some of them really thrive in an edge habitat and some of them suffer in an edge habitat so the prime example here is the brown headed Cowbird it is a brooded parasite so this is about as like um probably dating myself here with this reference but this is like a Mory episode here if you guys have ever seen Mory or the Jerry Springer Show you know you are not the father this is a you are not the mother which is pretty rare but what the Browne headed Cowbird does is it goes into the nest of a song bird and it takes an egg and kicks it out of the nest and it lays one of its own eggs and then the song bird mother unwittingly raises a brown-headed cowbird chick and it gets really big really fast compared to the other chicks and it basically just like takes over the nest and eats all the food that this mother bird is bringing suppos supposedly for her chicks but the Browne headed Cowbird chick is just like eating all the food and taking all of of the you know energy that's supposed to be going to these other uh to these other chicks so it's really it's really something else um the Browne headed Cowbird that is so takeaway here is when you fragment habitat or when you take a big habitat and make it smaller you are creating a lot of edge effect and you're creating a lot of um yeah you're just you're tweaking the kind of habitat conditions and you're favoring species that thrive in an edge habitat and you are hurting species that need a larger uninterrupted habitat so here is uh an example all right King catnip says uh brown headed Cowbird my biggest op for real yeah if you're a robin King catnip or if you're like a some kind of song bird you are the brown hooded Cowbird is absolutely an OP all right um that about does it here are some must know vocab terms though before we wrap up with our final um Super Chat shoutouts and then a surprise that I threw in at the end to hopefully just uh give you a little extra motivation or just just something kind of fun uh okay so we talked about greenhouse effect talked about CFCs and Stratosphere gozone we talked about C level rise Coral bleaching o acidification I guess the only three things we didn't really talk about on here are hip Co invasive and endangered species and environmental legislation so hipco is the acronym to help you remember why biodiversity is declining globally it stands for Habitat fragmentation and loss invasive species uh population growth that's human population growth pollution or pollutant I should say the C is climate change and then the O is overh harvesting or overusing of a species for food uh and so that is that that acronym there hipco invasive endangered species students know these really well I find I think we just have prior knowledge about already so I don't think they're things we need to go over a ton here remember invasives though are likely to be our strategist they're likely to be generalist because they can come in reproduce rapidly thrive in a new ecosystem take advantage of those resources and outcompete the natives you really want to use that word out compete if you're talking about invasives and natives it's just a word that really indicates you know what you're talking about on F frqs and then the final thing is you do need to know some environmental laws especially in Unit Nine there is the Montreal protocol um there is sites there is the uh Endangered Species Act and among others there's Clean Air Act but the all the laws you need to know for apes are in this video that's Linked In These slides so go in these slides and go find this video if you're worried about that or just Google Apes legislation the video will come right up it's like a 4minute video and it covers two to three key facts about each law it's nothing to like stress about and think you're cooked if you don't know the environmental legislation um but it's something to to brush up on something to go over for sure okay let's wrap up with our super thanks that we haven't gotten to [Music] yet okay shout out to Mr Tado he is my all right I'm not saying that but thank you for the donation icy um my missing end puzzle Dr vodka I gotta meet this guy his AP Scholars are so dedicated to getting him to get rid of missing ad puzzles and to get him a um a a new Prius all right I don't know what currency this is this is neat uh key does anybody know what currency this is um I'm not familiar with that symbol next to the 49 um so that's kind of interesting but thank you for the the shout out shout out to miss Ru it says I'm smoked but she's a real one um okay I'm not saying that either I got to read these before I put them on the screen obviously me Peter study for pro and got a five some people are just built different I mean that that's all I can say there um okay I appreciate the donations you guys and they again are going to a local environmental nonprofit but I'm not going to say all these things that you're putting in the donations um can you shout out Mr Simpson he's the best excellent shout out to Mr Simpson sounds like your student Sarah appreciates you I'm not going to go over the laws um because they are all in that video and they're just like there's nothing to them other than just like one or two key facts about each one I'll briefly touch on the ca standards corporate average fuel economy I don't think Cafe is one of the 10 required legislations I'm not positive if it is or not but it's just a good one to know because it's a good way for the federal government to decrease air pollutants by making Vehicles more efficient it's also a good way to reduce how much petroleum we need to mine and use for or extract I should say and use for gasoline because it makes cars more um fuel efficient all right let's see if we have any good um super chats that are quality worth putting on the screen shout out to Miss Powell send love for heart surgery oh absolutely if we have an Apes teacher going through heart surgery um that's serious and we wish her the best um sounds like your students really appreciate you and are hoping for a great um yeah surgery and recovery so so thanks for being a dedicated Apes teacher um okay I don't know what the second part means I'm not going to say that but shout out to miss Row from Western Tech best Apes teacher excellent love all the teacher shout outs uh lots of fun thank you so much for being so kind to your teachers and donating so much to environmental nonprofits in the Grand Rapids area like I said I'll give an update on what my students go with when we get there all right last one here uh Miss Nathan again sounds like Guadalupe really wants a shout out from Mrs Nathan so shout out to Mrs Nathan uh well done all right um thank you so much for showing up tonight everybody this is has been a lot of fun uh I have one final reminder here that if you are totally panicking there is a at this point it's like a one and a half day study plan in the free preview of The Ultimate review packet so go get the free preview you don't have to pay for anything to access the plan it's just located in there and then you can follow that plan and it's going to give you the best chance of passing I can't promise you're going to pass if you're starting today um but tonight and tomorrow you can do what you can with the free plan and Hope that it at least improves your chances uh then we've got if you're worried stressed but you're kind of prepared again work on experimental design skills and math skills and then review Unit Nine first and then six and then five and then uh if you're not too worried and you're like I'm I'm pretty well prepared but I kind of want to do something down the home stretch I would just try a few practice that our cues look at the scoring guides and then again thank your past self thank your teacher parents who helped get you to this point of being a student who's on top of everything and is well uh prepared uh we will be doing another live stream tomorrow night that one will be at 7 so I'll put that live stream link up um probably early tomorrow morning I'll do a Tik Tok and Instagram reminder that it will be up on the YouTube channel tomorrow night at 7 7 to 7:45 we'll do a little math and a little cahoot I know you guys want to do cahoot I didn't get one for tonight so I wanted to just do content we'll do cahoot review tomorrow night and uh then we'll do the ultimate review packet review and that will just be kind of Q&A session so I will have no slides I'll have nothing to talk about I will just be answering your questions no super thanks necessary no any of that just just for people that have the ultimate review packet I'll be answering questions for about 45 minutes from um 7 we'll say like 750 or so oh gosh what is this who did this we don't need an evil smees okay no evil smees out there stop you don't love impermeable surfaces you want some permeable surfaces to increase your groundwater infiltration all right um you guys are having too much fun with the chat so final thing I was going to do just because we had fun with it last night um we had the Kendrick and Drake question we had some music questions if you're interested in some must listen artists so you're looking for some good study music um something to kind bring your stress level down and relax and just you know coasting the exam with like you know Good Vibes uh Immaculate Vibes as some people would say um these are some good artists to listen to especially Beach House very laidback very kind of like dream poppy very soothing bony ve as well very soothing very very um calming and centering same thing with claro and Lizzie McAlpine for sure just very like nice uh you know easy listening kind of soothing voices the beths that's the T-shirt I'm wearing I'm big fan of the best they're a a New Zealand uh New Zealand or austral yeah New Zealand I think um indie rock band super cool they uh a little bit more uptempo and then of course uh we got Kendrick great great music to listen to and then Fred again kind of interesting I'm not usually into EDM but he creates really unique like sounds and kind of uh mashups so he has a really interesting song with baby Keem that I like so yeah some good artists here and then of course Frank Ocean you can't have a list of must listen to artists without Frank Ocean also I'd say quite calming so if any of these are new artists too you're like huh I've never heard of that you know check it out and and listen to um listen to some of their music while you study bring your stress level down uh with some familiar and some some nice you know low uh low energy soothing soothing music like beach house and bony Bear all right um yeah just wanted to share a little bit of that because we interrupted the live stream last night with a lot of the music talk and it's fun I like to talk about music and so I wanted to do that at the end um oh here we go we have a plant someone who knows me well yeah definitely a fan of Chapel uh not be the like hipster guy but I've been listening since like 2021 Pink Pony Club so well before uh well before femin nomenon came out you know I've been listening to to Chapel so go Chapel Rowan very cool also has a flip phone like I used to have so so Chapel's a great artist too just didn't just didn't get her up here um all right so great job reviewing tonight everybody and great questions great shoutouts uh but that is going to wrap up our evening one more question uh because it is on the screen but let's just put it up here so people know if you have the urp it's going to be about s uh 50ish because I'll be on this live stream on YouTube from 7 to 7:45 and I'll take a couple minute break and then like 750 7:55 maybe just 8 to be safe we'll go on the link on the ultimate pack it tomorrow morning with the time and the link and everything so you know you know how to get there um all right thank you so much for showing up tonight everybody good luck and as always uh think like a mountain write like a scholar grab yourself a lroy and listen to some good music as you spend your last you know day or two studying for Apes

Channel: Jordan Dischinger-Smedes

Views: 43,694

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Id: DDJ5ocIBISM

Length: 93min 20sec (5600 seconds)

Published: Wed May 08 2024