10 Most EXPENSIVE Substances On Earth

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[Music] [Applause] for eons humans have valued certain substances more than others<font color="#CCCCCC"> nearly every</font> culture<font color="#E5E5E5"> on</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> earth has a history of</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> using</font> semi-precious stones for currency<font color="#E5E5E5"> or</font> religious rituals<font color="#E5E5E5"> until recently many</font> countries even<font color="#E5E5E5"> use the gold standard as</font> a basis<font color="#CCCCCC"> for</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> their currency</font> but while materials like gold silver<font color="#CCCCCC"> and</font> bronze<font color="#CCCCCC"> are</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the most commonly referenced</font> precious substances they are far from <font color="#CCCCCC">the most valuable</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> from radioactive</font> isotopes<font color="#CCCCCC"> to ultra rare elements</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> we are</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">counting</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> down the top 10 most</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> expensive</font> materials on earth [Music] lysergic<font color="#E5E5E5"> acid diethylamide</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> better known</font> as<font color="#E5E5E5"> LSD or its street name acid is the</font> single<font color="#E5E5E5"> most popular synthetic</font> psychedelic drug in the<font color="#CCCCCC"> world first</font> synthesized by a Swiss scientist in the 1930s<font color="#E5E5E5"> it was popularized in the 1960s by</font> counterculture icons like<font color="#CCCCCC"> Ken</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> Cassie and</font> Timothy Leary<font color="#CCCCCC"> their goal</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> is to</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> make the</font> substance free and available<font color="#E5E5E5"> to the</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">general public</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> but more than 50 years</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">later it's still</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> one of the most</font> expensive materials in the world<font color="#E5E5E5"> selling</font> for an<font color="#CCCCCC"> average of twenty five</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> hundred</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">dollars a gram</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> part</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> of the issue is that</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">a very small dosage is necessary to</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">attain psychoactive effects</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> the average</font> dosage<font color="#E5E5E5"> of LSD ranges from</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> 100 to</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> 200</font> micrograms<font color="#E5E5E5"> meaning that a dealer will</font> sell<font color="#E5E5E5"> almost 10,000 doses in a single</font> gram<font color="#E5E5E5"> while the 60s counterculture</font> movement used the drug to escape the problems<font color="#CCCCCC"> of</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> society the Western</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">intelligence community in the military</font> saw it as a<font color="#E5E5E5"> potential</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> chemical weapon</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> in</font> 1951 these organizations began<font color="#E5E5E5"> a series</font> of experiments<font color="#CCCCCC"> us researchers noted that</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">LSD is capable of rendering whole groups</font> of<font color="#E5E5E5"> people</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> including military</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> forces</font> indifferent to their surroundings<font color="#E5E5E5"> and</font> situations interfering with planning and <font color="#E5E5E5">judgment and even creating apprehension</font> uncontrollable confusion and terror <font color="#E5E5E5">experiments</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> and the possible use of</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> LSD</font> to change the personalities<font color="#CCCCCC"> of</font> intelligence<font color="#CCCCCC"> targets</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> and to control</font> whole populations continued until<font color="#E5E5E5"> the</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">United States officially ban the drug in</font> 1967 since then it's only been<font color="#CCCCCC"> available in</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">the black market</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> driving up its price</font> [Music] lutonium is a radioactive<font color="#CCCCCC"> element first</font> discovered in 1941 by a pair<font color="#CCCCCC"> of American</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">scientists</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> its most well known for its</font> role in<font color="#CCCCCC"> the</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> Manhattan Project</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> in which</font> the<font color="#CCCCCC"> American</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> military built the world's</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">first atomic bombs</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> The</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> Fatman bombs used</font> in the<font color="#E5E5E5"> Trinity nuclear test in July 1945</font> and in the bombing of<font color="#E5E5E5"> Nagasaki in August</font> 1945 had plutonium<font color="#CCCCCC"> coarse human</font> radiation experiments<font color="#E5E5E5"> studying plutonium</font> were conducted<font color="#CCCCCC"> without informed consent</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">and several accidents that some lethal</font> occurred after the<font color="#E5E5E5"> war the element is</font> extremely<font color="#E5E5E5"> unstable and difficult</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> to</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">handle</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> meaning that a handful of</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">scientists on earth have access</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> to it</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">this rarity causes the price to rise</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> and</font> this race<font color="#E5E5E5"> the $3,900 a grand the</font> secondary<font color="#E5E5E5"> use</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> of plutonium is for</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> energy</font> production <font color="#CCCCCC">butoh neum 238 is used to make</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">electricity for space probes</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> using</font> radioisotope thermoelectric generators <font color="#E5E5E5">these generators are switched on when</font> the probes can't get enough solar power because they've traveled too<font color="#CCCCCC"> far away</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">from the Sun some probes that use</font> plutonium<font color="#E5E5E5"> 238 or Cassini and Galileo</font> according<font color="#E5E5E5"> to the world nuclear</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">Association over</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> one third of the</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> energy</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">produced</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> and most nuclear power plants</font> comes from plutonium <font color="#E5E5E5">lutonium is the main fuel in</font> fast-neutron reactors<font color="#E5E5E5"> however plutonium</font> has<font color="#E5E5E5"> an incredibly long half-life and</font> there is already an environmental crisis surrounding where to put the remnant waste when you think of precious stones you're likely<font color="#E5E5E5"> thinking of sapphires</font> rubies and emeralds<font color="#CCCCCC"> with one stone is</font> worth more than<font color="#E5E5E5"> all</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> of these</font> despite being lesser-known<font color="#E5E5E5"> found almost</font> exclusively<font color="#CCCCCC"> in</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> Myanmar pay</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> night can</font> easily fetch<font color="#E5E5E5"> the astounding price of</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">$8,500 a</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> gram pay night is named after</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">arthur charles davy paint english gem</font> collector who first recognized the mineral<font color="#E5E5E5"> paint on forms elongated</font> transparent deep<font color="#CCCCCC"> garnet red crystals</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">play</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> a</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> claw RISM is ruby red and pale</font> orange<font color="#E5E5E5"> or red orange the first pay night</font> specimen<font color="#E5E5E5"> a single crystal was identified</font> as a new gem species in 1957<font color="#E5E5E5"> until 2001</font> only<font color="#E5E5E5"> two more crystals were found since</font> then more pay<font color="#CCCCCC"> nights have been</font> discovered<font color="#CCCCCC"> over a thousand crystals and</font> fragments have now been recovered<font color="#CCCCCC"> but</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">most of this material isn't usable in</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">jewelry</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> pay Knights extreme rarity is</font> due to it containing the chemical elements<font color="#CCCCCC"> Serco Neum and</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> boron which do</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">not normally</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> associate with</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> each</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> other</font> in nature and don't<font color="#E5E5E5"> occur together in</font> any<font color="#E5E5E5"> other mineral ironically some pay</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">nine crystals are partly altered to a</font> crust of<font color="#E5E5E5"> small pink crystals of the more</font> common<font color="#E5E5E5"> Ruby while it is still</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> far</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> from</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> a</font> household name<font color="#CCCCCC"> pay knight will continue</font> to be<font color="#CCCCCC"> extreme</font> valuable until<font color="#E5E5E5"> Morris found red barrel</font> is an<font color="#E5E5E5"> extremely rare variety of barrel</font> that receives its red<font color="#E5E5E5"> color from trace</font> amounts of manganese<font color="#CCCCCC"> in the entire world</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">crystal suitable for cutting gems have</font> been found in<font color="#E5E5E5"> only one</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> location the ruby</font> violet claims in the Wawa mountains of Beaver County<font color="#E5E5E5"> Utah</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> the Utah Geological</font> Survey estimated that<font color="#E5E5E5"> one crystal of red</font> barrel is found for<font color="#E5E5E5"> every 150,000 gem</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">quality diamonds</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> the raspberry red</font> crystals were first discovered in 1904 <font color="#E5E5E5">by the mineralogist Maynard</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> Bixby and</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">named</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> fix fight in his honor the term</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">has since been discouraged by the world</font> jewelry Confederation<font color="#CCCCCC"> to avoid</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> confusion</font> with the<font color="#CCCCCC"> rare black mineral Bixby Ike</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">also named for Maynard Bixby though red</font> barrel is now the more accepted term the trade name<font color="#CCCCCC"> vics fight is still in use</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">red barrel is a rare mineral</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> because</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> its</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">formation requires</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> a unique geochemical</font> environment<font color="#E5E5E5"> first the element beryllium</font> must be present<font color="#E5E5E5"> in large enough amounts</font> to form minerals<font color="#E5E5E5"> second manganese must</font> be<font color="#E5E5E5"> present and</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> available at the same</font> time and location<font color="#CCCCCC"> third the correct</font> geochemical conditions must<font color="#E5E5E5"> be present</font> for<font color="#E5E5E5"> beryllium manganese aluminum silicon</font> and oxygen<font color="#E5E5E5"> to crystallize into red</font> barrel for gem<font color="#CCCCCC"> quality red barrel</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">deformed fractures and cavities must</font> also be able<font color="#E5E5E5"> to serve as a space</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> for</font> nice crystals to<font color="#CCCCCC"> grow</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the rarity of red</font> barrel means<font color="#E5E5E5"> it regularly fetches nine</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">thousand dollars</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> a</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> gram</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">taffey it-- is a gorgeous and incredibly</font> rare mineral in gemstone<font color="#CCCCCC"> it's color is</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">usually a lilac or mouth</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> button also</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">appear as a brownish red pink purple</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">Lewis green</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> as well as transparent the</font> story of its discovery is different<font color="#E5E5E5"> from</font> any other<font color="#E5E5E5"> gen it was discovered by</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">Austrian gemologist</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> Richard taffy in</font> 1945<font color="#E5E5E5"> as cut and polished</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> gem samples in</font> a jeweler shop in Dublin Ireland before taffy found this new gem taffy<font color="#CCCCCC"> I'd was</font> wrongly identified as spinal a group of magnesium<font color="#CCCCCC"> aluminium minerals</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> taffy</font> notice that unlike spinal these stones showed signs of double refraction he took the samples to be W Anderson<font color="#E5E5E5"> of</font> the laboratory<font color="#CCCCCC"> of London Chamber of</font> Commerce to identify the stones <font color="#CCCCCC">it wasn't until 1951 that</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> a chemical and</font> x-ray analysis showed that<font color="#CCCCCC"> taffy yet was</font> not spinal and in fact a new rare gem now that taffy<font color="#E5E5E5"> odd has been identified</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">as a distinct species more taffy</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> ID is</font> being<font color="#E5E5E5"> discovered to date</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> sri lanka</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">Tanzania</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> and</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> Burma have been the</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> only</font> sources<font color="#E5E5E5"> for this</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> material</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> with most</font> samples coming<font color="#E5E5E5"> from</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> sri lanka but it is</font> expected that taffy<font color="#E5E5E5"> eyed specimens may</font> eventually be<font color="#E5E5E5"> found in other spinal</font> mining locations<font color="#E5E5E5"> such as madagascar</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">taffy</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> it-- is sold for</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> a standard price</font> of<font color="#E5E5E5"> twenty thousand dollars for a single</font> gram tritium<font color="#E5E5E5"> is a radioactive</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> form or isotope</font> of hydrogen<font color="#E5E5E5"> it</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> has two neutrons where</font> regular<font color="#CCCCCC"> hydrogen does not have any which</font> makes tritium<font color="#E5E5E5"> unstable and therefore</font> radioactive<font color="#CCCCCC"> it is produced naturally</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">from interactions of cosmic rays with</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">gases in the upper atmosphere</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> tritium</font> emits electrons through beta decay<font color="#CCCCCC"> and</font> when they interact<font color="#CCCCCC"> with a phosphor</font> material<font color="#CCCCCC"> light is emitted through the</font> process of phosphorescence<font color="#E5E5E5"> in layman's</font> terms that means that<font color="#CCCCCC"> its substance</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">actively produces light in certain</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">conditions it can be seen glowing in a</font> variety<font color="#E5E5E5"> of colors miraculously this</font> radioactive substance does not pose a serious health threat to those<font color="#E5E5E5"> who use</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">it tritium is a relatively weak source</font> of beta radiation<font color="#CCCCCC"> the beta particle</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">itself does</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> not have enough</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> energy to</font> penetrate<font color="#E5E5E5"> the skin</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> however it can pose a</font> health risk<font color="#CCCCCC"> if taken directly into</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">body in extremely large quantities for</font> example<font color="#CCCCCC"> a person will</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> need to take in</font> billions of<font color="#CCCCCC"> batgirls before seeing a</font> health effect<font color="#CCCCCC"> direct short-term exposure</font> to small amounts<font color="#CCCCCC"> of</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> tritium is mostly</font> harmless<font color="#E5E5E5"> if a tritium tube breaks once</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> a</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">beat the area and allow the gas to</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">diffuse into the air</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> tritium exists</font> naturally<font color="#CCCCCC"> in the environment but in very</font> small<font color="#CCCCCC"> quantities tritium is also used as</font> a<font color="#E5E5E5"> tracer in biomedical and academic</font> research<font color="#E5E5E5"> some countries use tritium as</font> fuel<font color="#CCCCCC"> for thermonuclear weapons although</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">many are committed to nuclear</font> non-proliferation<font color="#CCCCCC"> in the future tritium</font> may also be used to<font color="#E5E5E5"> generate</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> electricity</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">in fusion reactors which are currently</font> under<font color="#CCCCCC"> development</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> tritium is sold for an</font> astounding<font color="#CCCCCC"> $30,000 a</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> gram</font> here's a familiar substance with a notoriously high price tag<font color="#CCCCCC"> Diamond is</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">the most concentrated</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> form of</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> pure</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">carbon in the natural</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> world and the</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">strongest mineral on earth far exceeding</font> other carbon allotropes such as graphite and<font color="#E5E5E5"> fuller</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> I</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">the secret to Diamond</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> superior strength</font> is found<font color="#E5E5E5"> on the molecular</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> level diamonds</font> require environments of at least<font color="#CCCCCC"> 752</font> degrees<font color="#CCCCCC"> fahrenheit in 430 4113 pounds</font> per square<font color="#CCCCCC"> inch the most</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> favorable</font> diamond forming conditions can be<font color="#E5E5E5"> found</font> about 100<font color="#CCCCCC"> miles underground hundreds</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> of</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">millions of years ago eruptions of magma</font> from the mantle propelled natural diamonds closer to the Earth's surface <font color="#CCCCCC">the funnel shaped area is carved out</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> by</font> the magma eruptions are called kimberlite pipes<font color="#E5E5E5"> named for the first</font> formation discovered in Kimberley South <font color="#E5E5E5">Africa the rarity</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> and the scarce supply</font> of diamonds have made diamonds<font color="#E5E5E5"> a</font> precious<font color="#CCCCCC"> commodity</font> of course the advent of lab-grown diamonds has<font color="#CCCCCC"> lower</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the price and there's</font> a huge<font color="#E5E5E5"> discrepancy depending on the</font> quality but diamonds<font color="#E5E5E5"> are regularly sold</font> for<font color="#CCCCCC"> $50,000 a</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> gram the most authentic</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">man-made diamonds</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> today are manufactured</font> by<font color="#E5E5E5"> subjecting pure carbon to intense</font> heat<font color="#CCCCCC"> and</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> pressure in a simulation of the</font> organic process with the naked eye<font color="#CCCCCC"> these</font> synthetic<font color="#E5E5E5"> diamonds are indistinguishable</font> from<font color="#E5E5E5"> natural ones coming in at</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> number 3</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">is California californium is a synthetic</font> radioactive element not found in nature <font color="#CCCCCC">the pure metal</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> is silvery</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> light</font> malleable and so soft it<font color="#E5E5E5"> can be easily</font> sliced with<font color="#E5E5E5"> a razor blade californium is</font> moderately chemically reactive it slowly tarnishes in air at<font color="#CCCCCC"> room temperature</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">small pieces of the metal begin to</font> oxidize but not violently<font color="#E5E5E5"> the element</font> was first synthesized in 1950 at the Lawrence Berkeley<font color="#CCCCCC"> National Laboratory</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> by</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">bombarding curium with alpha particles</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">the principle use of californium is in</font> nuclear power plants<font color="#CCCCCC"> though a majority</font> of plants<font color="#CCCCCC"> use plutonium californium</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> 245</font> is the source<font color="#E5E5E5"> of radiation for</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> the</font> treatment of a<font color="#CCCCCC"> wide variety</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> of cancers</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">the medical</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> community was struggling to</font> effectively treat cervical cancer using <font color="#CCCCCC">radiation</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> therapy when they started</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">using californium 245 to bombard tumors</font> with neutrons<font color="#E5E5E5"> more lives were being</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">saved californium 245 Neutron therapy</font> involves inserting a californium 245 implant near the tumors so the neutrons strike the tumors more<font color="#E5E5E5"> directly which</font> saves the healthy surrounding tissue from being damaged<font color="#CCCCCC"> by the treatment</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">because of its rarity and potential use</font> in<font color="#CCCCCC"> both</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> realms of</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> medicine and power</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">californium is sold for around</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> 2</font> million dollars for<font color="#E5E5E5"> a single gram this</font> one's a mouthful fullerenes are a remarkable class of molecules in which large<font color="#CCCCCC"> numbers of carbon molecules are</font> locked together into a roughly spherical shape<font color="#CCCCCC"> their</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> construction roughly</font> resembles the interlocked trusses of buckminster fuller's famous geodesic domes<font color="#E5E5E5"> which is why these molecules are</font> called fullerenes<font color="#CCCCCC"> or bucky balls</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> in the</font> medical field elements such as<font color="#E5E5E5"> helium</font> can be used as chemical<font color="#E5E5E5"> tracers</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> and</font> impregnated<font color="#CCCCCC"> bucky</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> balls water-soluble</font> derivatives of bucky balls were discovered to<font color="#E5E5E5"> exert an inhibition on the</font> three isoforms<font color="#E5E5E5"> of nitric oxide synthase</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">with slightly different reactions the</font> optical absorption properties of bucky balls matched solar spectrum in a way that<font color="#CCCCCC"> suggests that buckminsterfullerene</font> based films<font color="#E5E5E5"> could be</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> useful</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> for energy</font> sources<font color="#CCCCCC"> although they</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> are fascinating</font> from<font color="#E5E5E5"> a purely scientific point of view</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">their utilitarian value</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> is not so clear</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">according</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> to an expert to date no</font> products based on fullerenes have had a significant<font color="#CCCCCC"> financial impact that's</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> not</font> to<font color="#E5E5E5"> say that such products will</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> not ever</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">exist</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> it's only</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> to say that</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> the</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">fullerene</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> based field of Materials</font> Research is young that opportunities remain to be explored and<font color="#E5E5E5"> exploited and</font> that the jump<font color="#E5E5E5"> from discovery to</font> widespread application takes time<font color="#E5E5E5"> even</font> though they do<font color="#CCCCCC"> not yet have a specific</font> use they are<font color="#E5E5E5"> the source of</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> ongoing</font> testing and are worth<font color="#CCCCCC"> 150 million</font> dollars a gram<font color="#E5E5E5"> coming in at number</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> 1 is</font> an extremely<font color="#CCCCCC"> mysterious substance even</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">understanding antimatter requires a good</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">deal of explanation every particle</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> has</font> an antiparticle with the same mass<font color="#CCCCCC"> but</font> the opposite electric charge<font color="#CCCCCC"> the proton</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">has</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the negatively charged anti proton</font> and the electron has<font color="#E5E5E5"> the positively</font> charged<font color="#E5E5E5"> anti electron or positron the</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">BIGBANG should have created equal</font> amounts of<font color="#CCCCCC"> matter and antimatter</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> in the</font> early universe<font color="#CCCCCC"> but</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> today everything we</font> see from the smallest life-forms on earth<font color="#E5E5E5"> to the largest stellar objects is</font> made almost<font color="#E5E5E5"> entirely of matter</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">comparatively there's not much</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">antimatter to be found something must</font> have happened to<font color="#E5E5E5"> tip the balance</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> one of</font> the greatest<font color="#E5E5E5"> challenges in physics is</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> to</font> figure out<font color="#E5E5E5"> what happened to the</font> antimatter<font color="#CCCCCC"> or why we see an asymmetry</font> between matter and antimatter<font color="#E5E5E5"> antimatter</font> particles share the same mass as their <font color="#E5E5E5">matter counterparts but qualities such</font> as<font color="#E5E5E5"> electric charge</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> or opposite the</font> positively charged positron for example is the<font color="#E5E5E5"> antiparticle to the negatively</font> charged electron<font color="#E5E5E5"> matter and antimatter</font> particles are always produced as a pair and if they come<font color="#E5E5E5"> in contact and violate</font> one another leaving behind pure energy<font color="#CCCCCC"> during</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> the</font> first fractions of a second<font color="#E5E5E5"> of the Big</font> Bang<font color="#CCCCCC"> the hot</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> and dense</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> universe was</font> buzzing<font color="#CCCCCC"> with particle-antiparticle pairs</font> popping in and<font color="#E5E5E5"> out of</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> existence</font> if matter and antimatter are created<font color="#E5E5E5"> and</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">destroyed together</font><font color="#E5E5E5"> it seems the universe</font> should<font color="#E5E5E5"> contain nothing</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> but leftover</font> <font color="#CCCCCC">energy because of its mysterious nature</font> <font color="#E5E5E5">and myriad potential uses NASA</font><font color="#CCCCCC"> estimates</font> that<font color="#E5E5E5"> antimatter is worth sixty two point</font> five trillion dollars for a single<font color="#E5E5E5"> gram</font>
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Channel: Top Trending
Views: 972,736
Rating: 4.6463313 out of 5
Keywords: most expensive, substances, most expensive materials, on earth, most expensive substances, most expensive things, price comparison, antimatter, diamonds, gold, most valuable material, gems, crystal, rare, rarest in the world, elements, materials, top 10, viral, new
Id: l-ep9UrHE-Q
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Length: 12min 1sec (721 seconds)
Published: Sat Apr 20 2019
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