“T-3…”
[STOVE TURNS ON] “2…”
[BOILING] “1…”
[POURING] “LIFTOFF!” That rocket is part of a billionaire’s plan
to put your internet in space…
“Jeff Bezos’ Project Kuiper…” No no, the other one! "Elon Musk's new Starlink satellite -"
“OneWeb, backed by Richard Branson” “Keep it all straight..." "Yeah..." Hold on, why are multiple billionaires
trying to put the internet in space? And… where is the internet now? “A new race to provide internet access
at fast speeds to the world” "You're... Elon Musk!" Elon Musk: "I am." "Well finally, it is here!" "Starlink!" “Jeff, who?” “Jeffrey, Jeffrey Bezos!” Jeffrey Bezos: [CACKLING] “From Musk to Bezos to Branson” “Let’s get rrrrrready to rummmble!” Alright. I’m going to explain this
Great Internet Space Race. This is especially relevant right now
because as we were making this episode, Elon Musk announced Starlink is available in
Ukraine. More on that in a minute. These systems could change how
millions of people get access to the internet. They could be huge, if true. You want to see something cool? This is a
piece of the internet. It’s an unused chunk of the over 800,000 miles of
cables that criss-cross our oceans. Here let me show you... There they are. As of 2021, there were
roughly 436 of these cables in service. They carry the vast majority of current
international internet traffic today. Some estimates put it up to 99%.
Meaning, for most people, right now Your internet isn't in space. It's underwater. The goal is to get information from one
computer to another. And you’ve probably heard that all the information in
your computer is binary - “1s and 0s,” “on and off.” These cables carry
that information as flashes of light. Imagine... Oh hold on one sec... Imagine turning a flashlight on and off
in code down a tube. I'm definitely not going to shine
it right at the camera... Now imagine doing that millions of
times faster down a tiny glass fiber, across
an entire ocean and you’ve got the right idea. “That’s pretty cool…” Yeah. Humans are wild. I wanted to know how on Earth we
made this internet infrastructure, so I toured a ship that lays these
cables, as part of a Vox show. "That's the internet!" Look how excited I am! And here I am finding out the answer
to my question: Ships like this… Load up cable like this…
And then slowly cross the ocean, we’re talking like 6 knots, which
is 7 miles per hour, this takes weeks, dropping the cable off the back of the
boat, weaving a literal web around the world. Which means fire hose-lookin’
things like this really are just laying there on bottom of the ocean.
And you’re using them all the time. This breaks my brain. Like... this YouTube video
that you're watching right now is one tiny drop in the unthinkably
huge stream of things that people are saying to each other
all of the time, all across these cables and they're all made of light. If you were to describe an
alien species to me like “they communicate incredibly complicated
audio visual information using only light and these light boxes they made for
each other…” I would be like… !!! My biggest question when I
heard this for the first time was: “Aren’t there parts of the ocean that are
deeper than Mount Everest is tall? If you're using cables as opposed to satellites,
how do they get across those parts??" Just like... look at this! This is the deepest ocean trench... Some of these cables have to go over
some of these super deep parts... I couldn’t find the answer to this question
until I reached out to one of the cable-laying ship companies and
asked if this was a big problem... “Would a cable hang through the water?” "Or do you build... bridges?” And they actually got back to me! To say: "NO, we don't build bridges..." And “NO we don’t let the cable
just hang through the water.” They said they really do lay enough
cable so that it does fall all the way to the bottom, which can get
difficult and expensive, which is why they try to avoid the
deepest parts. And so far they say they have. I’ve made videos about this before. Like, a
lot of them. And every single time, people are shocked. They say they thought
the internet was in space. And that makes sense! Think about the language
we use: “the cloud” “upload” “download”... “Download all his nudes…” One time I asked people to “draw the internet.”
Though some of you awesome nerds drew very detailed infrastructure drawings, most
people thought of the internet like this… Except this person: “I thought of the internet as a bunch of cats.” That’s my favorite. Anyway. My point is
our existing internet infrastructure is a marvel of human ingenuity. So… why do Elon
Musk and Daddy Bezos want to put it in space? “History is about to be made in the
science of communication among men…” The idea isn’t new. This is Telstar 1, the first
communications satellite, launched in 1962. President Kennedy: “This understanding
which will inevitably come from these speedier communications is bound to increase
the wellbeing and security of all people.” ... Mixed results. With fiber optic cables,
we can turn 1s and 0s into visible light. With satellites, at some point, that information has to go up and down,
so we turn those 1s and 0s into radio waves. The question that I always had is:
How do 1s and 0s become WAVES? The way to think about this is:
You could change the amplitude or the height of the wave, like this.
So that every tall wave is a 1 and every short wave is a 0. So like "1 1 0 0 1 1..." Or you could change the frequency
of the wave, so that you could say long wave is a 1 and every short wave is a 0. "1 0 0 1..." It is WAY more complicated than
this now. Companies combine methods, they develop new
ones.. that's the right idea. No matter what though, to communicate via
satellite, radio waves with binary information have to make this trek. It’s
a big limitation for satellite internet. So far, this (cables carrying visible
light) has generally been faster, cheaper, and more reliable than
this (satellites using radio waves). "The file's not loading!" "Nothing's loading!" "Ugh, it's still loading..." To understand what we’re comparing, it helps me to
think about a water pipe. “Bandwidth” is the width of the pipe, how much can go through in a set
period of time. Like this: “Megabits per second” Just to really tie this together: A
“bit” is one of those 1s or 0s. So 400 Megabits is… 419,430,400
1s and 0s… per second. Damn. “Latency” is like the length of the
pipe, the time it takes the information stream to travel from one end to the
other. It’s measured in milliseconds. Low bandwidth, high latency: worse internet.
High bandwidth, low latency: better internet. Satellites before these recent projects… Fiber
cables. And satellites would cost you more. BUT. And this is a big but! That might not be
true forever, and it’s not true everywhere now. The biggest reason people are so excited
about all of these new satellite internet projects is that though our existing internet
infrastructure is awesome, it’s not enough. Though if you’re watching this you might have
really good internet, lots of people don’t. In some places, it’s prohibitively difficult
to lay cables. In others, crucial ground-based service might be threatened by politics or
war, which is happening in Ukraine right now - I’ll come back to this. And during peacetime,
companies might decide it’s not financially worth it to lay cable because there aren’t enough
people who would pay for their service. Think about roughly the same amount of cable in
a city with hundreds of people paying for it, versus in a rural community with much fewer. And
if they do lay cable, they might charge even more. And that right there is a HUGE problem. This map shows the share of each
countries’ population using the internet. Look at who is able to get online and who isn’t. (I'll put a link to this in the description,
if you want to explore it) This difference is called the “Digital Divide.” And it’s not just between countries
but also within them... "It's really hard to get internet here -" "We do not get internet service -" "There is no high speed internet -" Take a look at this. This is a map from
the US Federal Communications Commission - or FCC - showing where they say about 14
million people don’t have access to fast internet. They’re in those light parts. But look how much
lighter this map is. It's from Microsoft, and it shows a very different estimate: over 120
million people. The one by the FCC is based on data that’s self-reported
by internet service providers. It gets worse. The form the FCC gives them,
Form 477, asks if they are “providing or could provide broadband service in an area.” So, for
example, these are New York City’s census blocks. If an internet provider is giving anyone
in this block high speed internet, they get to count the entire block. There
are nearly 800 people living in this block! So, the digital divide is a big problem
globally, between cities and rural communities, and within communities themselves, and the data
probably wildly underestimates the problem. It's a problem we need to solve, given how important the
internet is for just participating in society today. It's really two problems wrapped into one:
it’s accessibility and affordability. This is why the Great Internet Space Race
actually matters. There’s a vision here, of a world where
your ability to freely participate depends a lot less on where you live and how
much money you can shell out for internet. And that’s what these companies
say they’re trying to solve… “Starlink will serve the
hardest to serve customers” “The goal here is broadband everywhere” “to the roughly 4 billion people
on Earth who don’t yet have it.” “Access to broadband is going to be
very close to a fundamental human need...” The cynical side of me thinks:
“These companies don't operate out of the goodness of their own hearts,
so why do they want to be the one to bring internet access to the world?”
And the answer is that bringing internet access to more
people is a great thing to do, and it can be a great business. “Providing broadband is more like
probably… 30 billion a year?” If a company can use satellites
to make the internet better, cheaper, and more widely available, they could get
as customers the millions of people underserved by existing internet service providers now. And this
is where it gets really cool: they’re going about the problem differently than satellite
internet companies that have come before. Older satellite systems, like HughesNet
and Viasat, put their satellites really high up and keep them stationary over one
spot on the surface, which lets them cover huge areas. The HughesNet Jupiter 2 satellite
covers all of the continental United States. But when you’re up that high, it takes a really long
time to send those radio waves we talked about back and forth. Which means your latency is
very high. If you brought those satellites lower, you could reduce that time. But you’d
need more of them to cover the same area, and to stay at that altitude,
they’d need to orbit. This is what all the big new projects you’ve heard
of are doing, though they’re at different stages. Project Kuiper hasn’t launched yet… OneWeb
has, but was rescued from bankruptcy in 2020, and is focusing primarily on businesses, not
individuals… In this race, Elon Musk is winning. "Starlink is here!!!" "We have the magic space wifi..." “That's right! Internet from the stars, baby!
Pew pew! Pew pew pew!” "So let's take a look at what's inside..." "Here we go!" “We've got a satellite dish, a router,
and fast internet!" “There are only two instructions and they can
be done in either order: Point at sky, plug in.” "Voila! Starlink is already shockingly high bandwidth
and low latency for a satellite system. It seems to be somewhere in the middle on cost, but
these comparisons aren’t great because fiber isn’t everywhere,
which is the whole point, and Starlink is in its infancy. Which you can
kind of see in other ways too… “Everything was going fine until I
encountered it’s ultimate nemesis: Trees.” "That red is where it's being interrupted..." "That... sucks." It could get a lot better though. Starlink
uses visible light between satellites, like the fiber cables in the ocean. Which means
these satellites actually have an advantage over cables. You’ve probably heard that the speed
of light is constant, but that refers to light in a vacuum… like space. It’s slower in other
materials… like a glass cable. The optimistic take here is that Starlink could challenge not
just other satellites but fiber itself, the GOAT. The most likely scenario is
Starlink wins in some places, but fiber still wins in the vast majority. But just look at this. This is a site that
tracks where Starlink satellites are already. This is so cool. BUT…. if you’re an astronomer for
example, looking up at the stars, these satellites can really mess up your science. ASTRONOMER: "I think it's really a threat to send
not a couple of hundred satellites but having 10 thousand, 20 thousand,
50 thousand satellites in low earth orbit..." This is a big deal. And even if you like Starlink,
it shouldn't be dismissed. Ground-based astronomy is crucial to
answering questions about our universe, and if that’s not enough for you, it also
includes planetary defense against asteroids. My take is: We need to give the remaining
4 billion people on the planet internet access. And, at the same time, we can’t let
looking at each other prevent us from looking up. We need to find ways to do both, whether
that’s through more data on exactly where these satellites are so they can be avoided or more rules about where they can be. These companies have a real shot at
giving people around the world better, faster, cheaper internet. They’re already
coming to the rescue in moments of crisis. Elon Musk just announced
Starlink is active in Ukraine. And if Russia doesn’t like it? “They
can shake their fist at the sky.” There’s something extremely powerful happening
here. In general, if what these companies provide ends up better and faster - so higher
bandwidth and lower latency - but not cheaper, it's mostly left to those who can pay
more for it. High frequency traders, wealthy people… fine but not world-changing. The real impact happens when we use technology
to make things faster, better, AND cheaper. We turn luxuries into commodities. To take things
only wealthy people have access to and make them available to everyone.
We've done this before with everything from refrigerators... to iphones... to the internet
to some extent. So, can it continue? And what's the
impact, if it does? Research shows that where internet access goes,
job growth follows. More new businesses get formed. Fewer people are unemployed.
People have better health outcomes, better access to education… We saw this all
to an extreme since the pandemic started. New satellite systems could
be a huge part of this, along with more investment in the
systems most of us rely on right now. Our existing internet infrastructure is a
monument to human creativity, hard work, and the desire to connect. It blows me away. But it’s not finished.
