Who Invented A.I.? - The Pioneers of Our Future

problems posed by the computer are really no different than the problems we have with other products of technology it's gonna take a great deal of wisdom on our part to manage them but if we do we're going to make a much better world hi welcome to another ColdFusion video artificial intelligence or AI has the potential to revolutionize our world the way we do things and how we live and you can say that it's already starting to do that AI will be one of those big tools that propels us into a new future like computers and the Internet did decades ago recently we've seen many examples of neural nets in particular from speeding up video game production and making graphics more realistic to solving age-old physics problems like the three-body orbit problem so that's all well and interesting but we have to recognize that today in the field of AI we're building off the shoulders of giants so the question must be asked who were those original Giants how did AI come to be who were the people that first dreamed their computers could think for themselves who are the pioneers of AI TV [Music] what really worries me today is what's going to happen to us if machines can think could ask me that question just a few years ago I'd have said it was very far-fetched and today I just have to admit I don't really know I suspect if you come back and four or five years I'll say sure they really do think as soon as computers came into existence scientists began finatus izing about how they could revolutionize our world even in the 1960s they theorized that one day computers would be able to think for themselves there are many pioneers that laid the foundation of AI even as far back as Aristotle introducing associationism in 300 BC and this would start our attempt to understand the human brain but in this episode we're going to focus more on the more recent notable contributions the so called fathers of AI the first attempt and the beginning of AI all starts with psychologist Frank Rosenblatt in 1957 in that time he developed what was called perceptron a perceptron was a digital neural network that was designed to mimic a few brain neurons Frank's first task for the network was to classify images into two categories he scanned in images of men and woman and he hypothesized that over time the network would learn the differences between men and women or at least see the patterns that made men look like men and women like women just a year later the media caught onto the idea and the hype was strong in 1958 the New York Times reported that the perceptron was to be quote the embryo of an electronic computer that will be able to walk talk C riot reproduce itself and be conscious of its existence end quote unfortunately for Frank despite the higher his neural network system didn't work very well at all this was because he only used a single layer of artificial neurons making it extremely limited in what it could do and even worse there wasn't much that could be done about it at the time computers of that day could only handle this simple setup these problems were never solved and by 1969 the computer science community had abandoned the idea and with that AI was dead everyone may have given up on the idea but decades later a keen computer scientist by the name of Geoffrey Hinton thought that everyone else was just plain wrong he theorized that the human brain was indeed a neural network and the human brain evidently made for an incredibly powerful system to him this was as much proof as he needed artificial neural networks had to work somehow maybe they just needed some tweaking Hinton saw the genius in the idea that everyone else missed it seems to me there's no other way the brain could work it has to work by learning the strengths of connections and if you want to make a device do something intelligent you've got two options you can program it or it can learn right and we certainly want programmed so we have to learn so this had to be the right way to go so you have relatively simple processing elements that are very loosely models of neurons they have connections coming in each connection has a weight on it just for clarification a node is an artificial neuron and a weight represents the strength of connections between neurons that weight can be changed to do learning and what a neuron does is take the activities on the connections times the weights adds them all up and then decides whether to send an output and if it gets a big enough sum it sends an output if the sum is negative it doesn't send anything and all you have to do is just wire up a gazillion of those just figure out how to change the weights and it'll do anything it's just a question of how you change the weights Geoffrey Hinton is the superstar in the AI world having authored 200 peer review publications Hinton was instrumental in the fundamental research that brought about the AI revolution after studying psychology Hinton moved into computer science and pursued his lifelong quest of muddling the brain originally from prison in the UK he moved to the University of Toronto in Toronto he would go on to develop multi-layered neural networks he and his team quickly realized that the problem with Frank Rosenblatt single-layer approach was that more layers were needed in the network to allow for much greater capabilities and the computers of the day were now powerful enough to handle it this multi-layer approach solved the problem that Frank Rosenblatt had the neural networks were much more capable today we call this multi-layered approach a deep neural network in 1985 Hinton co-authored a paper which introduced the Boltzmann machine Boltzmann machines are the fundamental building blocks of early deep neural networks you can think of them like the Ford Model T of neural networks without getting into the details the concept is to have groups or layers of neurons communicate in such a way where each artificial neuron learns a very basic feature from any data for example each neuron can represent a pixel in an image that the network is trying to learn long story short the result is a program that can make accurate guesses and predictions about data as never seen before soon others began innovations based off deep neural networks a self-driving car was built in the late 80s on neural networks and later in the 90s a man by the name of Yan Li kun would build a program which recognized handwritten digits this program would go on to be used widely but Yan Li kun would also go on to be an AI pioneer in his own right Li kun would study under Geoffrey Hinton and would lead the research that made Henson's theory of backpropagation our reality back propagation in simple terms is the process of computers learning from their mistakes and hence becoming better at a given task much the same way humans learned from trial and error however the idea of AI being used for much more was short-lived the field was stifled by two problems one slow and inadequate competing power and two a lack of data a burst of investor confidence was eventually met with disappointment and the research money began drying up Geoffrey would become ridiculed and forced to the sidelines of the computer science community he was seen as a fool for his long-standing faith in a failed idea undeterred by the opinion of his colleagues Hinton pursued his dream with an unfazed obsession in 2006 and the world had finally caught up to him computer processing speed had grown significantly since the 90s Moore's law observed by Intel's co-founder Gordon Moore stated that the number of transistors per square inch doubles about every two years this meant that computers were growing and processing power exponentially that's the first problem solved meanwhile thanks to the advent of the Internet some 15 years earlier a wealth of data had been acquired and this solved the second problem but but you know I think about this and what about this internet thing do you know anything about that sure what what the hell is that exactly well it's it's become a place where people are publishing information so everybody can have their own homepage companies are there the latest information it's wild what's going on you can send electronic mail to people it is the big new thing the ingredients of a Iowa now they're the computers were powerful enough and there was enough data to play with by 2012 the ridicule Geoffrey Hinton was now 64 years of age continuing the work wasn't an easy task Hinton was forced to permanently stand due to a back injury that would cause a disc to slip out whenever he sat down the birth of the modern AI movement can be traced back to a single date September 30th 2012 on this day Jeffrey and his team created the first artificial deep neural network to be used on a widely known benchmark image recognition test called imagenet Hinton's program was called Alec's net and when it was unleashed on this state it had performance like no one had ever seen Alec's net destroyed the competition scoring an over seventy five success rate forty one percent better than the best previous attempt this one event showed the world that artificial neural networks were indeed something special this sent an earthquake through the science community a wave of neural net innovations began and soon the world took notice after this point everyone began using neural networks in the image benchmark challenge and the accuracy of identifying objects rose from Hinton 75% to 97% in just seven years for context 97% accuracy is surpassing the human ability to recognize objects computers recognizing objects better than humans has never happened in history soon the floodgates of research and the general interest in neural nets would change the world by the late 2010 image recognition was commonplace even recognizing disease and medical imaging images were just the beginning soon neural net AI was video speech science and even games today we see AI everywhere Tesla among many companies has created a sophisticated self-driving AI which is already sharing the road with humans it is predicted their self-driving cars will reduce accidents by up to 90% while smart traffic lights would reduce travel time by 26% Netflix and YouTube even uses AI to learn what shows you watch and recommend new ones uber uses machine learning AI to determine surge pricing your rides estimated time of arrival and how to optimize the services to avoid detours there's also a new interesting hide-and-seek AI as shown here by the YouTube channel two minute papers in this scenario two AI teams battle against each other one outsmarting the other as each round of the game persisted after a given time one of the teams figured out how to break the game's physics engine in order to win this was something that the researchers never anticipated is the potent demonstration of a eyes problem-solving abilities the popular app tik-tok is completely AI driven leading towards popularity as we've covered in the previous video so now a is everywhere it's in our daily lives even if we're not aware of it of course there's many examples of AI being used but perhaps the most interesting uses will come after we reach singularity [Music] singularity is the concept of a is surpassing human intelligence after this point what happens is a bit of an open-ended question by default computers would be able to reinvent better versions of themselves they could progress fields such as medicine and science without human direction alphago zero is a graphic illustration of the possible rate of this progress in 2016 experts thought that it would take an AI around 12 years to beat a human at the ancient game of God a game with virtually infinite possibilities and a game that relies on human intuition to master but the experts were very wrong the 12-year prediction in reality was actually zero an AI did in fact beat the grandmaster of go in that very same 2016 year the next version of the AI alphago zero learned to play the game from scratch and beat the previous version a hundred games to zero in just three days alphago zero was so good that it was able to be applied to other things that it wasn't trained for like lowering the power usage on Google's data centers the new breeds of AI could even begin to invent new tools that humans would never be able to fathom dr. Richard Sutton of the University of Alberta says that singularity is widely estimated to happen around 2040 by 2030 we should have the hardware capability to achieve this allowing for another decade for people like Sutton to make the code that achieves singularity it's a rather unnerving thought that in about a decade we may have computers that are smarter than us how many years away do you think we are from a neural network being able to do anything that a brain can do so I don't think it'll happen in the next five years beyond that it's all a kind of fog so I'd be very cautious about making a prediction is there anything about this that makes you nervous in the very long run yes I mean obviously having other super intelligent beings or more intelligent than us is something to be nervous about it's not gonna happen for a long time but it is something to be nervous about in the long run what aspect of it makes you nervous well will they be nice to us also the movies always portray it as an individual intelligence I think it may be that it goes in a different direction where we sort of developed jointly with these things so the things aren't fully autonomous they're developed to help us they're like personal assistance and we'll develop with them and it'll be more of a symbiosis than a rivalry so seen the future so where are the pioneers now currently Geoffrey Hinton divides his time between his roles as a professor at the University of Toronto and vice president at Google Lee Khan is vice president at Facebook both of these pioneers had won the 2018 cheering Award for their contribution to AI named after the father of computer science Alan Turing who created a machine to decipher German codes virtually ending World War two the Alan Turing prize is considered the Nobel Prize of computing artificial intelligence has rapidly grown in the span of less than two decades from the fringes of science to the centerpiece of the world without the work of these pioneers who refuse to give up our future may be very different perhaps we don't fully understand the potential of AI but nonetheless it should be obvious that their work has created a significant point in human history much like the invention of fire the wheel electricity computers and the Internet artificial intelligence will be one of humanity's greatest tools duties back conditioned Geoffrey Hinton hasn't sat down for the last 12 years at 71 we hope Hinton will keep standing for many more years to come while AI is helping many people today we can only hope that will continually be used for good in the future so thanks for watching that so look at the people who created AI and the history of artificial intelligence itself next week in the next episode we'll be taking a look at the very strange story of the first man to visit space if you want to know more about the inventors who influenced our world you can check out my book new thinking which is what this video is based off if you want to see more things on science technology business and history feel free to subscribe so you don't miss out on any new videos ok so before I leave you here are some interesting examples of AI outputting data visually cheers guys [Music] [Applause] [Music] [Music] [Applause] [Music] [Applause] [Music] [Applause] [Music] [Applause] [Music] [Applause] [Music] [Music] [Applause] [Music] [Music] you

Channel: ColdFusion

Views: 729,354

Keywords: Coldfusion, TV, Dagogo, Altraide, Technology, Apple, Google, Samsung, Facebook, Tesla

Id: IBe2o-cZncU

Length: 18min 46sec (1126 seconds)

Published: Mon Dec 09 2019