Some of you may have heard of the amazing
feat produced by the ISRO, or India’s space agency, where they successfully inserted a
probe into Mars’ orbit on the first time of trying, for a relatively miniscule 66 million
dollars back in 2014. This made it the first space agency in the
world to have a successful Mars mission on the first time of trying, plus it is the first
Asian agency to get to Mars. This by itself is pretty impressive, but it’s
been in orbit for over 5 years now, so what has it done and seen around Mars? And has it contributed anything beyond what
the NASA and ESA missions have already achieved? I’m Alex McColgan, and you’re watching
Astrum, and together we will investigate the findings and imagery of the Mangalyaan mission
to Mars. Mangalyaan launched from India in 2013, onboard
an ISRO rocket designed to insert satellites into orbit around Earth. As the rocket didn’t have the thrust needed
to get Mangalyaan to Mars, the probe had to use some of its own fuel to leave Earth orbit,
which it achieved gradually over several orbits. Upon arriving at Mars, it was inserted into
a highly elliptical orbit. At its furthest point, Mangalyaan is almost
80,000km from Mars, and its closest approach takes it only 420km above its surface. This orbit is much different from NASA’s
Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, which remains close to the Martian surface in order to image
the surface at a much higher resolution. This is due to the different science goals
of the missions. Mangalyaan does seem like more of a technology
demonstration mission, although scientific instruments onboard had a particular focus
to study Mars’ upper atmosphere. However, what I really like about this mission
is that they put a pretty normal camera onboard to image the Martian surface. This means the raw images are true colour
images, seeing Mars as you would see it if you were in orbit. Having a highly elliptical orbit also means
we can get a view of the whole of Mars in one go, reminiscent of the old NASA Viking
missions, and I must say that at this distance, Mars is a beautiful planet. The carbon dioxide and water ice caps are
visible at the planet’s poles. Various shades of rock sediment and dust patches
across the surface provide an interesting contrast. Craters of various sizes span the planet. And of course, some of Mars’ most interesting
features are visible, like its long dormant shield volcanoes and huge valley structures. What’s also visible, even from this distance,
are some of the Mars’ famous giant dust storms. In this image, the dust storm spans thousands
of kilometres across the northern hemisphere. These storms can last weeks to months, almost
completely blocking sunlight from reaching the surface under the densest parts. Storms like these caused big issues for the
solar powered rovers Opportunity and Spirit. Some smaller storms can also be seen in some
of the other global views of Mars. Orographic clouds are often seen over the
volcanoes of Mars. And yes, these are water ice clouds. Although the atmosphere of Mars is a lot thinner
than on Earth, and most of its water has been lost, there is a still a small amount of water
vapour in the atmosphere. And in this image, we see three smaller volcanoes,
with orographic clouds forming over Elysium Mons, the centre volcano. Orographic clouds form when air is forced
higher as it moves over high terrain. During a closer approach over Elysium Mons,
clouds are still visible, but more apparent are these trenches around the volcanoes. These are called fossae, trenches formed by
the stretching of the plate they reside on, often caused on Mars by the sheer weight of
the nearby plate volcanoes. The fossae widen as more material falls in. Think of it like a series of connected sinkholes
on Earth, but instead of material being eroded under the surface causing the pit to open
up like on Earth, on Mars the cause is due to a fault under the surface, sometimes up
to 5 km deep. A close-up examination of one of a fossa reveals
something interesting, right in the middle of this image, you can see what appears to
be a tall, wavy structure. Mangalyaan inadvertently captured a giant
dust devil, the shadow of which stretches out for several kilometres. Once you notice that one, you’ll realise
there’s actually a few in the image, each with a long windy shadow. Orographic clouds have also been seen over
Olympus Mons, the tallest volcano in the solar system. From the base to the peak, Olympus Mons is
three times taller than Everest, and is 600km wide. As a result, it is easily visible and recognisable
even from this altitude. From this view, you can also easily see where
lava from ancient eruptions has flowed down onto the plains surrounding the volcano. Looking a bit further across, you see three
more big shield volcanoes, with a few more smaller ones to the north. You’ll also start to notice, this weird
patch which looks almost like a labyrinth, aptly called Noctis Labyrinthus. In a similar vein to the Elysium fossae, Noctis
Labyrinthus is thought to have formed because of the huge volcanoes to the north west, but
this time due perhaps to collapsed magma chambers deep under the surface. Research is ongoing! Connected to Noctis Labyrinthus is the famous
scar of Mars, Valles Marineris. What I really love about these images is that
just like the Viking missions, water ice fog can be seen filling the chasm. This valley is 4000km across, and channels
seem to flow out of it to the east into chaos regions, similar but smaller than Noctis Labyrinthus. This hemisphere of Mars is lower than the
rest, which indicates these outflow channels, which do look a lot like river channels on
Earth, flowed into a once ocean. Ground based rovers have since uncovered further
evidence for this ocean, finding hydrated minerals in these regions. Another really interesting visual landmark
on Mars is Kasei Valles, north of Valles Marineris. Again, this shows a very interesting outflow
channel, starting in the east and flowing to the west, depositing into the same region
but further north than Valles Marineris in the south. Most scientists propose these channels were
carved out by mega-flooding events in the distant past, when liquid water was abundant
on the Martian surface. There’s also some argument that glaciers
carved out these channels. In fact, there are a lot of outflow regions
heading into this once ocean, here’s Ares Vallis, again probably carved out by mega-flooding
events. All these channels are too wide to have supported
a constant river system, at least at this size. A very large, yet odd, crater-like structure
can be seen from the Mangalyaan images. This is Orcus Patera, 380km long at its longest
point. Scientists are a bit baffled about how this
could have formed. Craters are always circular, plus Orcus Patera
isn’t very deep at only 500m. Volcanic activity could be a cause, but there’s
no caldera, and so there have been no theories that scientists can settle on so far. What do you think it could be? Some of the images focusing on the limb of
the planet have also been able to see Mars’ atmosphere, which I think is quite beautiful. Some very oblique shots can even see a cloud
layer high in the Martian atmosphere. And due to Mangalyaan’s elliptic orbit,
sometimes Mars’ moon Phobos comes between the planet and the probe, imaged here against
the backdrop of the planet. The last thing I want to showcase in this
video is the prevailing wind direction on some parts of the planet. Even though we are quite zoomed out by here,
in this image, showing a few thousand kilometres across, we can easily see where craters have
blocked the darker dust from moving across the surface with the wind. The wind direction in these parts must have
been like this for a while for it to be so noticeable from space. A closer look at the surface shows how this
effect can happen with smaller craters too. I’ve really enjoyed making this video, looking
at a far more zoomed out view of Mars than what the HiRISE camera on NASA’s MRO could
provide. This has meant we could explore some of Mars’
largest features as a whole, what they actually look like from orbit, and not zoomed in sections. I believe both types of missions have their
place to further our understanding of our perhaps most intriguing neighbour. This video also coincides with the launch
of the Astrum Hindi channel, so if you come from India and want to see dubbed Astrum videos
in Hindi, you can check them out with the link in the description! Did you enjoy learning about what Mangalyaan
saw today? As you can see, learning about science - or
maths for that matter – doesn’t have to be dull, in fact, if it wasn’t for maths
and science, missions like this one wouldn’t be possible! Want to know how it was done? Brilliant have a ton of interactive and engaging
courses for ambitious and curious people, who want to excel at problem solving and understanding
the world, and space. They have courses that will ease you into
physics and maths, using real-world scenarios to help to conceptualise and realise the problems. So give it a go! You can sign up for free today, and by using
the link brilliant.org/astrum/ you can get 20% off their annual Premium subscription
to get unlimited access to all of Brilliant's interactive math, science and computer science
courses. Thanks for watching! Want a more close-up view of Mars? Check out our Mars HiRISE series here. And a big thank you to those that support
the channel through Patreon or Youtube’s membership. If you would like to support too, find the
link in the description! All the best, and see you next time.
