Voyager 2's New Discovery In Deep Space Left Scientists Speechless!

when NASA's Voyager 1 and 2 launched back in 1977 they started the biggest Expedition and unmanned spacecraft has ever gone on they dramatically reshaped our understanding of the solar system and how it came into being by traveling past all of the outer planets well apart from Pluto however the legendary probes nearly 45-year Interstellar mission is nearing its end as NASA continues to gradually shut down the systems on board the spacecraft is this the end of Voyager twin spacecraft which have journeyed farther than anything constructed by humans if so what will be the next step in our cosmological exploration let's find out NASA's Voyager 1 and 2 are running out of power the two probes were launched in 1977 and have kept pushing the limits of space research ever since the distance these probes have traveled from the planet Earth further than anything ever made by humans cannot be overstated as a result these explorers will probably continue to retain the record for the farthest human-made object for many years if not a century the Voyager twin spacecraft's mission was initially intended to last only five years when they blasted off from Earth in the 1970s but when they got to Jupiter and Saturn the plutonium-powered spacecraft was still going strong so NASA Engineers decided to undertake a flyby of Uranus and Neptune however the spacecraft continued to travel even after that and they are still doing so many years later so much so that both spacecraft made history by formally leaving the heliosphere a bubble-shaped Zone generated by the sun's wind and entering Interstellar space and in order to extend the probe's lives by a few more years a soft cut-off date of 2030 was established for power reductions we've done 10 times the warranty on the damn things said physicist Ralph McNutt at the John Hopkins University Applied Physics laboratory in a report concerning the unprecedented longevity of the probes expected the last four short years Yes you heard right four short years therefore the onboard power supply must be cut off since they are deteriorating four of the first voyages instruments are still in operation compared to five on Voyager 2 and they are all fueled by the electricity created as plutonium decays in 2019 Engineers had to turn off the heater for the cosmic ray detector a crucial piece of equipment for detecting when Voyager 2 exited the heliosphere the magnetosphere the astrophia and the outermost atmospheric layer of the sun this battery's output has been declining for about four Watts every year forcing NASA to make some difficult decisions about what to disable the magnetometer and the plasma science experiment which are located in the spacecraft's body are probably the last equipment NASA will turn off these are kept warm by the computer's waste heat while the others are suspended on a 13 meter fiberglass boom making it likely that they will take the longest to cool down surprisingly the two spacecraft have managed to keep performing considerably below the temperatures at which they were tested the facts that both Voyager spacecraft are still functioning after almost 50 years in space is proof of their extraordinary engineering prowess this is amazing but not entirely unexpected the tiny onboard processes on both probes have a warm source of electricity from radioactive plutonium reactors that have kept them running non-stop for decades sadly the break is approaching in August the Voyager science Steering group will decide on the next steps for controlling the power budget the engineering team has come up with some Innovative methods to keep both voyages performing as much science as they can for as long as they can even when traveling at the speed of light radio communication from Earth to either craft takes more than 18 hours to reach Voyager 1 and nearly 22 hours to reach Voyager 2. the craft adds three to four additional light seconds to that period for each day as it travels farther and that makes it more difficult for Earth to receive or hear the voyager's signals Earth is a noisy Place says Glen Nagle Outreach and Communications manager at the deep space networks facility in Canberra Australia radio's televisions cell phones everything makes noise and so it gets harder and harder to hear these tiny Whispers from the spacecraft the plan of the scientists team might theoretically extend the power beyond the 2030s however NASA has not decided to cancel the mission and both probes are still returning original scientific data we also must underline How Deeply original and important the science conducted by the spacecraft has been and continues to be the Voyager spacecraft's utility has greatly surpassed astronomers predictions they are anticipated to enter Interstellar space very soon though it will take another 300 years for it to reach the end of the solar system the probe's main objective was to do a flyby of Jupiter and Saturn they succeeded admirably by providing the first detailed photographs of Europa Ganymede Titan and other gas giants but it may have taken more than 10 years to create the most important image guess what it is you are perhaps wrong it's the image of Earth taken by Voyager 1 in 1990 while it was 3.7 billion miles from the Sun the pale blue dots made famous by the late astronomer Carl Sagan helped to highlight how fleeting and delicate our entire existence is from the conflicts of ancient civilization to our own Petty political squabbles and the exploitation of the planet's ecosystem to the present it was all there in a microscopic blue Speck amid a vast seemingly indifferent Dark World the human race has only existed for a relatively brief period in the history of the cosmos on a small vulnerable planet that won't be around for very long if we are to take anything away from the famous probes it should be this and the entire world is beckoning us to leave our human arrogance Comfort zones and embark on the biggest Journey ever as a young population of sentient beings Voyager 1 and 2 have been and will continue to be our hesitant first step into Cosmic adulthood so what comes next NASA needs a replacement this time the next Interstellar Mission will be built from the ground up to last for a very long time the New Missions designers physicists at the John Hopkins University Applied Physics laboratory APL think the Voyager replacement might last for more than a century the interstellar probe a brand new initiative might launch in the 2030s it is designed to go farther and faster than any other artificial object has and is likely to go in the near future the spacecraft is expected to go to one or more of the 130 known dwarf planets in the extreme limits of the solar system while it is still in our solar system some indications point to the possibility that some of these cold worlds originated as ocean worlds according to the early design predictions the interstellar probe should travel at least twice as fast as Voyager 1 which should enable it to cover about 375 astronomical units that's 34 billion miles in its first 50 years the spacecraft could end up traveling more than 800 astronomical units or an astounding 74 billion miles if it is able to continue traveling for another 50 years that distance isn't very far by astronomical standards despite being amazing remember that Proxima Centauri the star nearest to our solar system is located approximately 25 trillion miles away we are so far behind the technological accomplishments that are casually anticipated in science fiction and popular media that it would probably take more than 30 000 years to go to Proxima Centauri using our current technology but you have to start somewhere thus NASA intends to maintain a presence in interstellar space Interstellar missions are very different from anything NASA or any other space agency has undertaken in the past they won't necessarily be more technically difficult than sending a human to the moon or running a Rover on Mars still they will outlive the initial missions crew because of their lengthy timeline as the scientific torch is passed to a new generation of researchers this presents a unique set of difficulties in order for engineers to have the debugging resources necessary to address a potential problem even 100 years from now the mission will also need to store spare Hardware components and the software they are now coding in a safe manner it's important to plan ahead which may require thinking the unthinkable scientists aim to attach some new Easter eggs to the projected Mission which has an estimated cost of 1.5 billion dollars and is still in the planning stages on the off chance that one of the Voyager spacecraft would be discovered by an advanced alien race each one was equipped with a golden record each disc transmits greetings from the inhabitants of Earth through sounds images and recordings the audio recording contained a variety of musical selections including Blind Willie Johnson Beethoven and Chuck Berry Stella ocher a graduate student at Cornell University who works with voyager data said I don't think we should try to copy the golden record but I think it would be really amazing to have a similar kind of public Outreach piece that plays an important part in the mission don't you agree the James Webb Space Telescope which is already well known for his captivating photographs of the cosmos has succeeded once more with his first image of Neptune NASA's James Webb Space Telescope displays its capabilities closer to home in addition to providing the best glimpse of the planet's rings in more than 30 years Webb's cameras also shed new insights on the ice giants the clarity of the planet's rings some of which have not been seen since NASA's Voyager 2 became the first spacecraft to examine Neptune during its approach in 1989 is what stands out most in Webb's latest photograph the web image vividly displays Neptune's fainter dust bands in addition to many brilliant narrow rings according to Heidi Hamel a Neptune system specialist and transdisciplinary scientist at Webb it has been three decades since we last observed these faint Dusty rings and this is the first time we have seen them in the infrared these incredibly weak Rings were discovered so close to Neptune thanks to Webb's exceptionally consistent and accurate image quality since it was discovered in 1846 Neptune has captivated scientists Neptune orbits in the distant dark area of the outer solar system 30 times further from the Sun than Earth high noon on Neptune is comparable to adult Twilight on Earth because of how small and pale the Sun appears from such a great distance away the internal chemical composition of this planet qualifies it as an ice giant Neptune is substantially richer in elements heavier than hydrogen and helium than the gas giants Jupiter and Saturn small concentrations of gaseous methane enable Neptune to appear characteristically blue in Hubble Space Telescope photos at visible wavelengths which is easily observable Neptune does not seem blue to web because his near-infrared camera near cam only sees objects in the near-infrared spectrum between 0.6 and 5 microns in fact the planet is fairly black at these near infrared wavelengths due to the substantial absorption of red and infrared light by methane gas with the exception of areas with high altitude clouds these bright streaks and spots of methane ice clouds are noticeable because they reflect sunlight before it is absorbed by methane gas over the years images from other observatories such as the WM Keck Observatory and the Hubble Space Telescope have captured these rapidly changing Cloud features a more discreet visual indicator of the worldwide atmospheric circulation that fuels Neptune's winds and storms could be a thin line of brightness circling the planet's equator at the Equator the atmosphere lowers and warms making it lighter infrared wavelengths more than the nearby cooler gases Neptune's Northern pole near the top of this image is just out of sight for astronomers due to its 164-year orbit but the web images suggest an unusual brightness there Webb's image clearly shows a previously known Vortex around the southern pole but this is the first time Webb has shown a continuous band of high latitude clouds surrounding it seven of the 14 known moons of Neptune were also discovered by Webb a very brilliant point of Lights with the distinctive diffraction spikes observed in many of Webb's photographs dominates this web painting of Neptune however this object is not a star this is Triton the big and strange Moon of Neptune Triton reflects about 70 of the sunlight that it receives thanks to a frozen coating of condensed nitrogen covering it because methane absorbs at these near infrared wavelengths it outshines Neptune by a significant margin in this Photograph Triton's peculiar retrograde orbit around Neptune has led astronomers to hypothesize that this moon was once a Kuiper Belt object that was gravitationally grabbed by Neptune Additionally the James Webb Space Telescope has taken its first pictures of Mars by sensitively observing infrared light originating from the planet on September 19th at the Euro Planet science Congress epsc 2022 the first photos and Spectra of Mars from the James Webb Space Telescope were made public on September 5th 2022 jwst took the pictures and measurements from its approximate million mile that's 1.6 million kilometer distance from Mars the images of Mars's observable disk or the side of the planet facing the telescope that is illuminated by the sun were taken by Webb's near infrared camera near cam they could offer planetary scientists a distinctive perspective of Earth's close neighbor and deliver data that can be used in conjunction with observations made by rovers like NASA's perseverance and objects in the Martian orbits it is not the simplest object for the jwst which is designed to observe extremely distant and dim objects to see because Mars is relatively close and and highly bright astronomers can study short-term phenomena like Martian weather patterns dust storms and even changes brought on by the planet's Seasons thanks to the jwst's ability to take images and Spectra with the spatial resolution they require the web telescope also allowed for simultaneous observation of events that take place throughout the Martian day including throughout the day Sunset and nights the Eastern hemisphere of Mars is depicted in two different wavelengths of light in the jwst's initial photos of the planet they reflected sunlight dominates the short wavelength image which depicts elements of the Martian terrain that mimic those observed in visible light these features include the city's major plenum's dark volcanic rock and hydrogen's crater are nearly 280 mile wide that's 450 kilometer impact crater the lights that Mars releases at longer infrared wavelengths as it loses heat was captured by the near cam camera on the web satellite telescope the brightest and warmest region of this light is seen where the sun is practically directly overhead the planet and is correlated to the temperature of Mars and its atmosphere the brightness decreases in the northern hemisphere of the planet which is currently experiencing Marsh and winter and in the polar regions of Mars that receive less sunlight however the amount of light that reaches the jwst is not solely dependent on the planet's temperature the chemical makeup of the Martian atmosphere and surface can also be inferred from the telescope's photos astronomers may be able to learn more about Mars's atmosphere and Surface by using data from the James Webb Space Telescope to analyze the spectrum of light that was identified coming from the planet during the warmest part of the Martian day the 1200 mile or 1930 kilometer Heller space and seems darker than its surroundings according to an analysis of the jwst photos this impact structures apparent darkening is the result of Lights entering the Martian atmosphere and being absorbed by carbon dioxide the new photographs also show how the James Webb Space Telescope May investigate Mars using measurements made with the telescopes near infrared spectrograph near spec instruments a method known as spectroscopy planetary scientists can use spectroscopy to analyze the fingerprints that different chemicals leave in the light flowing from a planet's atmosphere to establish its composition since chemical elements absorb and emit lights at very particular wavelengths the scientist's initial findings reveal spectral patterns that are encoded with details about Martian dust Frozen clouds all of which make up the atmosphere and the kinds of minerals that can be found on the planet's surface water carbon dioxide carbon monoxide and other chemical components should be detectable by jwst observations methane is significant because it can inform planetary scientists about a variety of geological processes occurring on Mars including whether or not a significant object has recently struck the red planet from space methane may also provide evidence of past biological activity on the planet the first clear indication of carbon dioxide in an extra solar planet's atmosphere has also been recorded by the web telescope the discovery not only offers intriguing Clues as to how the exoplanet develops but it also serves as a preview of what to expect when Webb investigates more and more extraterrestrial planets the discoveries shown in a data plot that lacks the Brilliance of Webb's earlier photos which featured galaxies courts in a cosmic dance and dazzling clouds in a Star Nursery however the data are beautiful according to Jesse Christensen an astronomer at the NASA exoplanet Science Institute at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena the exoplanet wasp 39b is known as a hot Jupiter by scientists because it has a diameter similar to Jupiter but orbits its star much more closely than Mercury orbits the sun making it extremely hot the plot or Spectrum provides detailed information about the atmosphere of the exoplanets the planet which is more than 200 parsecs away from Earth was first spotted through ground-based studies in 2003 and it was later found by NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope which was operational from 2003 to 2020. although the latter's data were inconclusive they did raise the possibility that wasp 39b's atmosphere contains carbon dioxide Webb then came into the picture on July 10 the infrared telescope tracked the planet as it moved across the face of its star for a little over eight hours during this period sunlight penetrated the atmosphere of the planet and was absorbed by distinct molecules at particular infrared light wavelengths scientists questioned whether carbon dioxide would manifest itself as a visible blip in the Spectrum Natalie patala an astronomer at the University of California Santa Cruz UCSC is the team leader for Webb's transiting exoplanet early release science and there it was just jumping off the computer screen she says the outcomes increased confidence that Webb will be a game changer for exoplanet research the telescope is ordered to observe 76 exoplanets in his first year of operation alone the total might reach hundreds throughout the course of its lifetime it will peer through the atmospheres of small potentially Earth-like Rocky worlds and gas giants finding carbon dioxide though is impressive in and of itself one may reasonably anticipate that a planet like Jupiter which sprang from the same disk of matter as its star would share the star's chemical composition but neither for wasp 39b nor for our solar system is it the case strong carbon dioxide signals from the exoplanet indicate that it is loaded with elements heavier than the hydrogen and helium that normally make up Stars why is the issue at hand The Narrative then begins to pick up steam it's probable that comets and asteroids hit wasp 39b when it was young delivering heavier elements like carbon and oxygen it's interesting to note that the exoplanet appears to contain the same quantity of heavy elements as Saturn which astronomers believe likewise had a turbulent youth alternatively it's possible that wasp 39b evolved from elements in the icy outer limits of its planetary system before moving inward when it reached its ultimate resting place it was close to its host star which may have blasted Away part of the hydrogen from the exoplanet's atmosphere concentrating the heavier elements and enriching them with carbon dioxide four articles that will examine these possibilities and analyze the planet's Spectrum in a lot more depth are now under development by scientists finding carbon dioxide in a planet's atmosphere is the first step in finding life outside of Earth wasp 39b is considered too close to its star for it to support life according to astronomers who also do not anticipate it to they don't even anticipate the web telescope to discover undeniable evidence of extraterrestrial life carbon dioxide and methane in a planet's atmosphere are thought to be signs of life according to astronomers in the end finding life will probably call for an observatory considerably more sophisticated than web but for us to be prepared for that technology in the future we must get through this incredibly crucial era on the other hand the Hubble Space Telescope has made a significant advancement in its quest to determine the rate at which the universe is expanding which is consistent with the notion that something weird is going on in the cosmos astronomers have recently utilized telescopes like Hubble to precisely measure how quickly the cosmos is expanding but as those measurements have improved in accuracy they have also revealed an oddity when compared to observations made just after the big bang There is a significant difference in the rates of the universe's expansion as it is now that disparity is beyond the comprehension of scientists but it implies that something unusual is happening in our Cosmos which might be the product of brand new undiscovered physics for the past 30 years Hubble has been accumulating data on a collection of milepost markers in space and time which can be used to monitor the speed of the universe's expansion as it gets farther and further away from Earth according to NASA it has now calibrated more than 40 of the markers enabling even more precision the Nobel Prize winner Adam Reese of the Space Telescope Science Institute stsci and the John Hopkins University in Baltimore Maryland said in a statement you are getting the most accurate measure of the expansion rate of the Universe from the gold standard of telescopes and Cosmic mile markers when American astronomer Edwin Hubble saw that galaxies outside of our own looked to be moving away from us and doing so faster the further away they are from us the search for a precise estimate of how quickly space was expanding began since then scientists have been looking for a better explanation of that growth this is a time of great discoveries and we are here for all of them the Hubble Space Telescope has seen a lot of strange things over the years and this latest sighting of a bubble nebula with a truly unique structure has scientists intrigued for several reasons there are a lot of amazing things in outer space there are billions of planets scattered throughout the universe as well as powerful black holes and incomprehensibly hot Stars while there are a variety of tools for discovering these things the Hubble Space Telescope has consistently proven to be one of the best since its launch in 1990 the Hubble Space Telescope has made numerous discoveries that have aided in the discovery of the universe's Mysteries it's a nebulas that sends shockwaves through space baby stars that are covered in gas creepy dying stars and so much more we'll probably never know everything there is to know about space but the Hubble telescope brings Humanity closer every day the Hubble telescope is helping us to go one step closer to understanding the mysteries of space a planetary nebula in the delphinus constellation is the subject of NASA's latest Hubble observation a peek at the nebula known as NGC 6891 is looking at a gigantic Space Bubble the object has a spherical form in the Middle with exquisite features a bright yellow light shines from the sensor while a blue gas surrounds the bubble the tail behind the nebula is equally as fascinating as the photo itself as is typical of Hubble's telescope findings you might wonder why it's so fascinating a spherical outer Halo is what you see when observing the blue gas to put it another way NASA claims that it is expanding faster than the nebula inside of it which is why it has grown so much in size a white dwarf star lies at the hearts of the nebulous golden core in comparison to our universe is 13.8 billion year history the nebulous Al's Halo is just around 28 000 years old according to NASA's projections as part of its Research into the structures and distances of nebulae the Hubble Space Telescope stumbled onto NGC 6891 Hubble discovered that the white dwarf star at the core of this nebula is responsible for most of the ionized gas in this nebula this also explains the nebulous magnificent blue hue as the energized electrons revert from their higher energy state to a lower energy state by recombining with the hydrogen nuclei they emits energy in the form of light causing the nebulous gas to Glow NASA explains these Hubble images are significant for several reasons on the one hand their breathtaking photos that show everyone on Earth the wonders of space all someone needs to do is go to NASA's website to observe a beautiful nebula or a complex star these images also assist scientists in learning more about space and finding answers to pressing questions learning more about the universe through Hubble Tess or any other telescope is an awesome thing no matter how you look at it and that's not all there is to know about Hubble Space Telescope and its bubble a bright nebula known as n44 has caught the eye of astronomers despite its remote location in the large magellanic Cloud one of our Milky Way's satellite galaxies n44 is a massive cloud of gas and dust that spans 1 000 light years and has been observed by numerous telescopes over the years the presence of the n44 according to NASA is still a mystery what is it about this specific space Cloud that is so stunning and mysterious among the most striking features of this particular cloud is the enormous void etched into it n44 features a Super Bubble which is a massive cavity that spans roughly 250 light years from side to side making it a 1 000 light year wide bubble that surrounds Earth even though it is loaded with incandescent hydrogen gas dark Lanes of dust huge stars and multiple populations of stars of various ages the most distinguishing characteristic of n44 is this Gap known as a Super Bubble which has been recorded by the Hubble Observatory the chasm which spans 150 light years should not be mistaken for an ordinary one according to NASA's explanation Stellar winds could have caused gas to be ejected from the nebula's interior it suggested that explosions may have carved out the hole in the rock the gas may have been blown away by Stellar winds emitted by huge stars in the bubble's interior although this contradicts recorded wind velocities in the bubble another theory is that the expanding shells of previous supernovi shaped the cosmic Cavern given that the nebula is replete with enormous stars that would die in gigantic explosions according to NASA because the nebula which spares 1000 light years contains stars of all ages astronomers have discovered one Supernova Remnant near the Super Bubble and discovered a 5 million gear age difference between Stars within and at the rim of the superbubble implying multiple Chain Reaction star-forming events due to its emission nature the n44 nebula appears to be a beacon in the night sky as its ionized gas cools down from its high energy state to its low energy State the cosmic entity emits energy in the form of light the deep blue area in the right hand corner of the photograph is the brightest and hottest section of the nebula if you look closely this Super Bubble image was captured during a study led by Victor kasol of Heidelberg University Center for astronomy of the massive young stars that populate the bubble's rim according to their findings queso and his colleagues discovered that these newborn stars are part of the nebula's various active star-forming zones nebulae are believed to generate stars when they are disturbed by external forces causing them to collapse in on themselves owing to gravity were these star-forming zones merely the result of Stellar winds squishing together gas molecules or are they the result of supernovi's growing shock waves the answer is now unknown but astronomers who can solve this puzzle will learn how this Super Bubble came to be even though it contains multiple big stars and one known Supernova Remnant No One Source perfectly explains how this bubble evolved however the Hubble projects didn't finish there either only the Hubble Space Telescope could see who was winning the cosmic tug of war between the large and small magellanic clouds two dwarf galaxies that orbit the Milky Way there has been an enormous amount of gas extracted from one of these dwarf galaxies by their gravitational attraction with its immense volume of gas known as the leading arm the Milky Way is devouring and nourishing new stars that said whose gas is being consumed and whose Galaxy is pulling the strings as the large and small magellanic clouds yank at each other one of them has ripped out a massive amount of gas from its companion this shredded and fragmented gas known as the leading arm is being devoured by the Milky Way and is feeding new star birth in our galaxy it has now been determined through Hubble data which dwarf Galaxy is pulling the strings the leading arm is considered to be one or two billion years old and about half the size of the Milky Way its name derives from the fact that it's grading the magellanic clouds in their orbits around the Sun to what extent did this gas come from either magellanic cloud and if so where did it originate it appears to be linked to the large magellanic Cloud at first View the subject of what the leading arm is constructed of however has been explored differently is it the large magellanic cloud or the small magellanic Cloud that it shares forensics took on a new meaning when scientists used Hubble's UV Vision to examine the gas in the leading arm in detail they saw lights from Seven quasars which are the brilliant centers of active galaxies billions of light years Beyond this gas cloud using Hubble's Cosmic origin spectrograph they measured how this light filters through the cloud in particular they were interested in the Cloud's ability to absorb UV rays these are reliable indicators of the concentration of the gases heavier elements once they had Hubble's data they compared it to other radio telescope measurements including those made by the nsf's Robert C Byrd Green Bank telescope at the green Bank observatory in West Virginia after a great deal of Investigation the scientists were able to match the leading arms gas fingerprints with their findings they discovered that the gas was consistent with that of the small magellanic Cloud this suggests that the large magellanic cloud is winning the tug of war as it has drained so much gas from its smaller neighbor that's one of the many questions that have been answered by the Hubble telescope's exploration of the cosmos hopefully we'll have some more answers soon black holes are extremely dense regions of space that cause significant gravity drains Beyond a certain point even lights cannot escape the powerful gravity of a black hole and in a hypothetical process known as spaghettification anything that approaches too closely be it a star a planet or a spacecraft will be stretched and compressed like putty Stella intermediate supermassive and small black holes are the different categories star death is the most well-known way that a black hole can form as most stars approach the end of their lives they will enlarge lose mass and eventually call into white dwarves the largest of these burning objects those at least 10 to 20 times the mass of our sun will either turn into Stellar Mass black holes or extremely dense neutron stars when big stars near the end of their lives huge explosions called supernovae happen such a burst launches the interior of the star into space leaving the central core behind while the star was alive nuclear fusion supplied a constant outward push that offset the gravitational pull of the star's Mass inward the star remnants of a supernova can no longer contain any forces to oppose Gravity the star core starts to collapse in on itself as a result when an object's mass is compressed into an incredibly small point a black hole is formed black holes strong gravitational pull is a result of their ability to cram more meta Mass greater than the Galaxy Sun into a small area these Stellar Mass black holes could number in the tens of thousands in the Milky Way galaxy why are black holes strange according to Rocket stem the largest black hole so far found is 20 times larger than the solar system while this far more massive object rotates once every three months the outer planets of the solar system orbit once every 250 years on its outside edge it moves at a speed of half that of light like all black holes the huge ones have an event horizon that blocks our vision of them at its Center is a singularity a region of space where density is Limitless we are unable to understand the interior of a black hole because the laws of physics have been violated time is stopped at the singularities Event Horizon and gravity is unbounded Stephen Hawking asserts that black holes are slowly dissipating long after all stars have died and galaxies have been obscured from view by the unrelenting expansion of the universe black holes will be the only things left in the cosmos black holes can range in size from Star remnants a few times the mass of the Sun to monstrosities tens of billions of times more massive but nature has figured out how to make them all that would be like equating the Great Pyramid of Giza with an apple black holes which are Mata tombs are inaccessible to anything not even light in his book A Brief History of Time Stephen Hawking popularized the terrible process of spaghettification which would be experienced by everyone who entered a black hole your bones muscles ligaments and even molecules would be torn apart by the black hole's powerful gravity which would cause you to become spaghetti-like the author Dante portrayed the inscription over the Gates of Hell in his poem The Divine Comedy warning people to give up hope once they enter the region by the way astronomers recently found the black hole that is closest to Earth it is located in the constellation telescopium a core 1000 light years away from our planet it's almost as though it's banging on our Cosmic back door the astronomical wandering question is a member of the H.R 68192 star system according to astronomers there might be many more of these elusive celestial objects lying in plain sights researchers Focus the mpg ESO 2.2 meter telescope on H.R 6819 in 2004 atlasia observatory in Chile an outer B Star and an inner star are the two stars that make up the Stellar system the star system may not be a typical binary star system however measurements made over four months discovered that the inner star appeared to be orbiting something at a very fast speed almost every 40 days according to their estimates such objects had to be large and massive with a mass nearly equal to that of the Sun and an approximate size of the inner star they then started to limit their selections telescopes would be able to clearly see a star with the same mass as the thing in the inner star's orbit the likely offender an extremely massive black hole however if the black hole is so close from an astronomical perspective why has it taken so long to be discovered black holes are extremely dense objects that each nearby stars as well as large quantities of gas and dust they are frequently the remains of supernova dead stars they have such a strong gravitational attraction that not even lights can evade them they are hence notoriously challenging to identify however sometimes there are obvious indications that black holes exist nearby black holes that consume laboring matter leave behind radiation that telescopes can detect as proof of the feast black holes occasionally have an impact on the orbits of neighboring objects causing astronomers to become aware of their presence other black holes that you might be familiar with are considerably farther away such as Sagittarius A star which is about 25 000 light years away and is at the heart of our galaxy the Galaxy m87's black hole of which we have a beautiful photograph is around 55 million light years away from Earth we are aware that there are other black holes like the one at the heart of HR 6819 some scientists estimate that the Milky Way alone contains up to 100 million black holes what occurs when two black holes collide astronomers have speculated about this intriguing issue for more than 30 years what happens when two black holes Collide black holes that emerged from massive dead stars occasionally collide with one another inside of a galaxy especially in double or multiple star systems even though no one has ever seen such a collision in person it was a Hot Topic in theoretical astrophysics for years it turns out that when black holes meet a weird thing happens they Converge on one another as they spiral in the same direction then in some circumstances a gravitational slingshot effect ferociously flings them into Intergalactic space and away from their host galaxies gravitational waves a consequence of the merger are the cause of the ejection process the merging black hole can be physically propelled far from the point of merger by gravitational waves when scientists use Hubble to scan Quasar 3c186 in 2017 they discovered strong proof of such a process the offset quasars observation suggested that gravitational waves generated by the Collision of two supermassive black holes were responsible for ejecting it from the Galaxy sensor but how does this mechanism contribute to the formation of black holes could there be a lot of black holes outside of galaxies where it would be very challenging to discover them meanwhile there are two supermassive black holes that are likely to combine into one monster black hole and they are located not far from Earth according to astronomers using the very large telescope of the European Southern Observatory ESO these black holes were found in the Galaxy NGC 7727 which is only 89 million light years away from our own Galaxy they differ in size and are very large measuring 154 million and 6.3 million times the size of the sun respectively keep in mind that Alpha Centauri system is only four light years away so 89 million light years are only close in a relative sort of way for space the fact that these supermassive black holes were discovered is even more amazing given that they strangely lack a prominent radiation signature that would have allowed researchers to detect them this may result in the discovery of numerous other supermassive black holes scientists have discovered the nearest pair of supermassive black holes and they believe that by colliding they would create an even more powerful black hole the two black holes close proximity and similar velocities suggest that they will join soon likely within the next 250 million years creating a monstrous black hole the merging of black holes like these could explain how the most massive black holes in the universe came to be these black holes mergers may be the origin of the most enormous black holes in the universe what is ahead for pairings of supermassive black holes according to researchers the extremely large telescope will provide additional opportunities to locate these couples even at Great distances this will make this kind of research more feasible in our local Universe do we actually live in a black hole let's go back in time the Big Bang occurred before the emergence of humankind the Earth the Sun galaxies and even the ability for lights to shine about 13.8 billion years ago something occurred but what about before that many physicists claim that there is nothing earlier they believe that time started at the moment of the big bang and that considering anything earlier is outside the purview of science we will never fully comprehend what reality was like before the Big Bang what it was made of or why it erupted to create our world such ideas are incomprehensible to us unconventional Sciences though are in disagreement these physicists propose that just before the Big Bang the entire universe's mass and energy were crammed into a minuscule yet immensely dense spec call it the beginning of a brand new universe the size of this seed is estimated to have been nearly Beyond Comprehension it may have been trillions of times smaller than any particle that humans have ever been able to witness but even so it's a particle that has the power to create every other particle as well as every galaxy solar system planets and living thing this seed seems to meet the definition of the God particle perfectly so how is a seed like that made one theory that has been floating around for a while is that the universe's Origins took place inside a black hole which is arguably Nature's Most Extreme environment and was made famous by nicodem poplarsky of the University of New Haven before we continue it's crucial to note that many theoretical physicists now think there may be other universes beside our own in the past few decades instead we might be part of a Multiverse a vast collection of distinct worlds each having its own bright orb in the real night sky there is significant discussion about how or even if one universe is connected to another all of which is extremely hypothetical and as of now utterly unprovable one intriguing hypothesis is that the universe's seed is like a plant seed in that both contain an important component that is firmly compressed and encased in a protective shell this is an accurate description of what occurs within a black hole Giant star corpses that have become black holes such as a star's core collapses inward as it runs out of fuel everything is being gripped by gravity with increasing ferocity there are 100 billion degrees of heat it breaks atoms it shreds electrons these fragments are further distorted by this time the star has become a black hole which implies that no light can escape from its powerful gravitational pull the Event Horizon is the line separating a black hole's interior and exterior there have been numerous reports of enormous black holes some of which are millions of times more massive than our sun at the hearts of galaxies including our own Milky Way you can calculate an area that is infinitely small and infinitely dense using Einstein's theories to determine what happens at the center of a black hole this hypothetical region is known as a singularity but in nature infinities are uncommon the mismatch is caused by Einstein's ideas which produce excellent computations for much of the cosmos but tend to fail in the presence of extremely strong forces such as those present at the creation of our universe or inside a black hole according to certain physicists including Dr poplavsky the matter inside a black hole eventually reaches a point where it can no longer be crushed even while this seed is exceedingly tiny and weighs as much as a billion Suns it is real unlike a singularity due to black holes spinning the compacting process stops they rotate at a rate that may be very near to the speed of light and because of this spin the compacted seed has a tremendous degree of torsion it's twisted and compressed like one of those silly spring-loaded snakes in a can in addition to being little and heavy in other words it is feasible for a black hole to act as a conduit a one-way door between two universes this indicates that it is possible for you to wind up in a different world if you fall into the Milky Way's black hole or at the very least for the fragments of you to do so the hole only serves as a connection much like a shared route connecting two Aspen trees this other Universe isn't inside ours what about all of us who are present in this universe we might be The Offspring of an earlier different Cosmos call it the mother of all things even though our universe has been quickly expanding for the past 13.8 billion years we can still be concealed Beyond The Event Horizon of the black hole that our mother Universe was created inside understanding massive black holes in the early Cosmos May benefit greatly from more research on black hole mergers our questions about black holes may continue to be clarified by additional Research into how black holes behave in more recent times Pluto appears to have taken the adage always follow your heart literally a massive million square mile nitrogen Glacier makes up Pluto's heart one of the distinguishing characteristics that New Horizons saw on approach and captured in high definition images during the flyby Sputnik planisha the left ventricle of the heart essentially forced the dwarf planet to rotate so that the Basin now almost exactly opposes Pluto's Moon Sharon true polar wonder is the process through which a planetary body modifies its spin axis typically in reaction to significant geologic processes the location of Sputnik clenicia is not by chance it's a cold trap where a sheet of ice at least two and a half miles that's four kilometers thick has been formed through nitrogen ice accumulation if physically tilted the dwarf planet so that the Basin aligned closer with the tidal axis between Pluto and Chiron due to the continual imbalance of that large mass and the tidal Yanks and pulls of Chiron as it orbited Pluto it is also believed that this event caused the several enormous faults in Pluto's crust the zigzag across significant areas of Pluto as well as cracks in Pluto's surface the Basin is believed to have developed Closer To Pluto's North Pole and to the northwest of where it is now and if ice continues to build up on the Basin Pluto will keep turning around however there's more to that sale Pluto's surface is likely covered by a large ocean of liquid water Sputnik clenicia may have been reoriented by more than just ice that had been collected scientists believe that the heavier Mass may be an ocean of water since data from New Horizons observations of the Basin suggests that it may have been affected by a heavier Mass beneath it that finding was astounding as with Titan Europa and Enceladus it would turn Pluto into an elusive Ocean World there are numerous more lines of evidence that hints at an ocean beneath Pluto's crust such as tectonic formations visible in New Horizons images a Kuiper Belt objects that was 30 to 60 miles that's 50 to 100 kilometers across likely struck Pluto some 4 billion years ago carving out a significant portion of its icy crust and leaving only a thin weak layer at the basin's floor this impact resulted in the formation of sputniklanisha the weak crust of the Basin was likely invaded From Below by a Subterranean ocean and later the thick layer of nitrogen ice that can be observed there today was deposited on top recent theories based on photographs of the planet hypothesized that Pluto may have formed quickly and violently creating this liquid ocean Pluto's liquid ocean is still liquid which suggests that the planet is still tectonically active massive faults sever about 2.5 miles through Pluto's Frozen crust and extend for hundreds of kilometers however one of the only explanations offered by scientists for how Pluto acquired such fissures is the progressive freezing of an ocean beneath its surface like an ice cube in your freezer water expands when it freezes and under an icy crust that expansion will push and shatter the surface the ice will again contract if the temperature is low enough and the pressure is high enough for water crystals to begin to form a more compact crystal structure Pluto possesses the parameters for that kind of contraction according to models using data from New Horizons but there are no known geologic features on the planet that would suggest a contraction has already taken place according to scientists this indicates that the deep water is still undergoing freezing which could result in the formation of fresh surface faults if Pluto is an ocean world with active life it is possible that the Kuiper belt has other ocean worlds among its dwarf planets greatly increasing the number of locations in our solar system that could support life although Pluto's liquid ocean probably still exists today scientists believe it is mostly cut off by ice with the exception of the region directly beneath Sputnik that means it most likely doesn't make contact with the surface today but it might have in the past though through a volcanic process known as cryovolcalism Pluto had a history of volcanic activity and still might however it may not be volcanic in the sense you may expect on Earth molten lava spews dribbles and Bubbles and explodes via volcanoes perched kilometers above and jutting out from the waters like those in Hawaii on Pluto however there are multiple signs that are different times a form of icy slushy cryolava has spilled over the surface they refer to it as cryovolcalism mountains south of the Sputnik clenicia right mons and picardmonds both have deep Center pits that are thought to be the mouths of cryovolcanoes that are unlike any others in the solar system Viking Terror which is located to the west of Sputnik has extensive Grabbers and cracks that indicate signs of once flowing cryolavas all over the surface The Virgil Foci region located further west of sputniklanisha is where ammonia-rich cryolavas appear to have burst to the surface and covered a region of several thousand square kilometers in red colored organic molecules no more than one billion years ago if not even more recently speaking of current events Pluto's surface is still covered in glaciers which have been doing so for billions of years Pluto now joins Earth Mars and a few other moons in having glaciers that are now flowing numerous mainly nitrogen ice glaciers stream down from mountains with pits into the Basin to the east of sputniklenetia and carved down valleys as they go the source of the ice in the glaciers is thought to be seasonal and mega seasonal cycles of nitrogen ice that sublimate from Ice to Vapor drift around the dwarf planet and then freeze again on the surface however these glaciers differ from the water ice glaciers we have on Earth for starters because liquid nitrogen is less thick than solid nitrogen any melts within them will float to the top rather than descend toward the glacier surface it's even possible that some of the liquid nitrogen may even erupt as Jets or geysers as it emerges on top of the glacier [Music] Mission some of Pluto's surface is made of water ice which has a somewhat lower density than nitrogen ice some of those water ice rocks will rise up through the glacier and Float like icebergs as Pluto's glaciers sculpts the surface a the largest glacier known to exist on Pluto measures more than 620 miles that's a thousand kilometers across or roughly the size of Oklahoma and Texas put together these icebergs can be seen in several images taken by New Horizons of Sputnik clenicia meanwhile the atmosphere of Pluto is slowly disappearing [Music] a recent study suggests that the gases surrounding Pluto are now dissipating and turning back into ice as the dwarf planet moves farther from the Sun holding onto your atmosphere as a Celestial body isn't always easy just ask Mars and the new study suggests that this is happening right now with only a trace amount of methane and carbon monoxide Pluto's atmosphere which is already on the thin side is primarily composed of nitrogen the atmosphere appears to be fading as a result of nitrogen freezing up once more as surface temperatures plummet utilizing occultation which involves utilizing a far-off star as a backlight for telescopes on Earth to observe Pluto the Judgment was made it is a tried and true observation method that is frequently employed in astronomy according to planetary scientist Elliot Young of the Southwest Research Institute swri in Texas scientists have been using occultations to track changes in Pluto's atmosphere since 1988. small changes in temperature cause large changes in the bulk density of Pluto's atmosphere which is formed from the evaporated ice on the surface the dwarf planet currently completes one circle of the Sun in 248 Earth years traveling as close to the Sun as 30 astronomical units are used or 30 times the distance between Earth and the Sun at one point however when that distance widens Pluto will receive less sunlight and experience colder temperatures the increase in atmospheric density seen in 2015 is probably the result of thermal inertia or leftover heat trapped in the nitrogen glaciers that have a delayed response to the enlarging distance between Pluto and the Sun this can be compared to how the Sun warms beach sand High Noon is when the sun is at its brightest but the sand continues to absorb heat throughout the afternoon making late afternoon the hottest time of day Pluto May no longer be considered a planet a point of considerable debate among Specialists but astronomers continue to be very interested in it as a planetary entity we are always learning new things about this far-off rock the planet may appear brighter in the sky if it eventually freezes and Falls because it would reflect more sunlight also the lack of small craters on Pluto and Chiron has important ramifications it's kind of common in space to discover craters on the surfaces of planets the fact that neither Pluto or Sharon contains many tiny craters nearly all of them are large is the only unusual feature of the Pluto system the fact that there were fewer small craters than anticipated startled scientists because it implied that there are also fewer smaller Kuiper Belt objects than anticipated these findings help us understand how the solar system came to be since they provide information on the population of smaller objects that make up larger ones like Pluto and potentially even Earth we encounter unexpected phenomena that refutes established hypotheses every time we explore a new region of the solar system two distinct terrain types can be found on the side of Chiron that New Horizons images in high resolution a vast Southward extending plane officially known as Vulcan planitia that is at least the size of California and a rough terrain referred to as austera that extends northwards to Sharon's North Pole both appear to have been created by the freezing and expanding of an ancient ocean that existed beneath Sharon's crust while the expansion in the South made its way through vents fractures and other openings as cryolava pouring across the surface moderate expansion in the north developed that Rocky mountainous environment of oztera that is visible today in reality it's believed that Vulcan planisha originated as a massive cryo flow that engulfed the area early in chiron's existence similar features can be found on a few ice satellites throughout the solar system notably the enormous Moon Triton of Neptune tethis Dion Enceladus of Saturn and of course Miranda and Ariel of Uranus the models of Sharon's past will also serve as a Rosetta Stone to help in deciphering the volcanic and geologic activity of those other Frozen worlds due to the detailed photographs of Chiron taken by New Horizons Pluto underwent a transformation thanks to New Horizons going from a fuzzy telescopic dot to a vibrant world with astounding diversity and unexpected complexity we are all astonished by the variety of phenomena present throughout the Pluto system from Sharon's polar features an enormous Chasm to the four smaller satellites ice ball composition which provided important hints about the system's beginnings thanks for watching another episode of Voyager while you're still here make sure to click the video on your screen for more mind-blowing videos about space

Channel: Voyager

Views: 146,869

Keywords: Voyager, Voyager Space, Space, Destiny, Ridddle, Factnomenal, Voyage, 8 MINUTES AGO: Voyager 1 Made Contact With Unknown Force In Deep Space, 8 MINUTES AGO, Voyager 1 Made Contact With Unknown Force In Deep Sp, oyager 1 Made Contact With Unknown Force, Voyager 1, Unknown Force In Deep Space, voyager

Id: bpbnFmEbvvY

Length: 67min 36sec (4056 seconds)

Published: Thu Feb 23 2023