forecast predicted high wind s 10 times the speed of sound? An evening downpour
of sulfuric acid rain? Or a hurricane two
times the size of Earth, blasting 300 years? This is not the stuff of
a science fiction movie. These are actual weather reports
from around the universe, and it's Earth's
weather to the extreme. We are counting down some of
the biggest, baddest, weirdest, and wildest weather
the universe creates. Fasten your seat belts. It's going to be a bumpy ride. This is "The Universe-- Wildest Weather in the Cosmos." [theme music] Weather is the state
of an atmosphere. We might think we've got
it bad on the third planet from the sun, with vicious
thunderstorms, oppressive heat, and temperatures so low
they're sometimes unbearable. But weather here is a walk in
the park compared to weather elsewhere in the universe. Rain, wind, and storms take on
a whole new and strange meaning. And while the mechanics that
power these weather events are strangely similar
to Earth's, the results are terrifying to contemplate. NEIL DEGRASSE TYSON: It's 900
degrees Fahrenheit on Venus-- hotter than a pizza oven-- every day. Mars is bone dry and
colder than ice cold. DAVID GRINSPOON:
You've got lightning. You've got storms. All of those weather
phenomena are ultimately driven by the fact that the
temperature differences created by uneven input of sunlight
are going to cause motions in the atmosphere. NARRATOR: Perhaps the answers
to Earth's ultimate fate lie in the great
unknown of space. And we're counting down
the most extreme weather the universe has to offer. NEIL DEGRASSE TYSON: If you
want to learn about which way our planet can
turn climatically, have a look at some
neighboring planets within our own solar system. NARRATOR: Scientists know all
weather starts with one thing-- heat. Heat is a catalyst
that creates winds. And there are winds
on other planets unlike anything Mother
Earth has ever seen. MICHIO KAKU: Jupiter
is a monster planet. If you add up all
the planets together, they would not total the
gigantic planet called Jupiter. NARRATOR: Jupiter is the
planetary amusement park when it comes to windy conditions. ADAM SHOWMAN: Jet streams
on Jupiter are pretty cool. Here on Earth, we,
roughly speaking, have about one jet
stream per hemisphere. Jupiter is different. Jupiter has about
30 jet streams. These are associated
with the cloud bands. NARRATOR: Jupiter's jet streams
rip around the planet running in opposite directions. Defined by different colors
invisible on its surface, these jet streams tear around
Jupiter's astounding 1000-mile thick atmosphere. Earth's, in comparison,
has only a few jet streams and an atmosphere
only 100 miles thick. But why so many jet streams? And why winds at all on a planet
that doesn't even get a quarter of the sunlight as Earth? One theory suggests these
winds are a direct result of this hot planet just
trying to cool itself off. ADAM SHOWMAN: Jupiter's a huge
planet over 300 Earth masses, and it formed with a
huge, huge amount of heat. And it's so big that it's
still trying to get rid of this heat of formation. NARRATOR: This constant
release of heat slowly rises into
Jupiter's atmosphere and collides with cooler air. Like Earth and her need to
balance hot and cold streams of air in high and
low pressure systems, Jupiter also struggles
for normalcy. ALEX FILIPPENKO:
That energy then is used to drive the
various storms and winds in the upper
atmosphere of Jupiter. The jet streams on Jupiter
are really ferocious. They go at several
hundred miles per hour. And there's a lot of gas
zipping along the stream. But unlike on Earth, the jet
streams are pretty stable. NARRATOR: On Earth, it's
rare for surface winds to reach over 200
miles per hour. The jet streams on Jupiter
reach speeds exceeding up to about 300 miles per hour. That's really fast. And you can't get out. You're trapped inside
the jet stream. NARRATOR: Traveling through
Jupiter's equatorial jet stream would be like a roller
coaster ride from hell. It's like this continuous,
never-ending roller coaster ride. I love it. [screaming] Oh, man! You would be pushed up
and down by up to 100 miles. [screaming] This is huge. Oh, man. ADAM SHOWMAN: It'll lead to a
much greater change in pressure than going from the Earth's
surface up to the top of Mount Everest. [screaming] NARRATOR: Jupiter's jet
streams are pretty impressive. But 300 miles per
hour is nothing compared to our next planet. [screaming] At first glance, Neptune is the
last place scientists expect to find wild weather,
let alone vicious winds. Heat is not in abundance
on this chilly planet. Neptune is
frigid, frigid cold. Neptune only absorbs 0.1% of
the sunlight the Earth does. NARRATOR: Up until 1989, Neptune
was considered-- well, boring. Sitting far away from the sun,
having an orbit of 165 years, scientists didn't believe
much was to be discovered on the blue planet. A visit from Voyager
2 changed all that. As the orbiter zoomed
past the planet, scientists were shocked to
discover traces of clouds. Most surprising, these clouds
were traveling around Neptune at ferocious speeds. Something was carrying them. But wind so far
away from the sun? Neptune is the windiest
planet in the solar system. Winds blow on the
surface of Neptune over 1,000 miles per hour. Imagine that-- breaking the
sound barrier every time you simply look up, and
the winds blow past you. NARRATOR: Scientists
estimate winds reach up to 1,500 miles per hour
depending on weather conditions and storms that develop. A major unsolved puzzle
in our solar system is the fact that the
winds speeds on Neptune are actually much faster
than those on Jupiter, despite the fact
that Neptune receives only maybe 4% of the
sunlight that Jupiter does. NARRATOR: This lack
of sunlight or heat completely contradicts what
scientists know about how winds develop here on Earth. You might think that
the stronger the sunlight, the stronger the winds would be. This is obviously not true when
comparing Earth to Neptune, since Earth winds are typically,
maybe 30 miles per hour, whereas those on Neptune
reach 900 miles per hour. NARRATOR: Scientists suspect
there is internal heat left over from Neptune's
formation billions of years ago, but are perplexed how
this internal heat could be enough to drive
winds to this speed. There's twice as much
heat getting out of Neptune as what the sun is putting in. However, that's not enough to
explain the tremendous winds of Neptune. NARRATOR: And science has come
up with another hypothesis for Neptune's racing winds-- a lack of friction might allow
these winds to fly uninhibited around the planet. We can be very thankful that
there's friction on Earth. Friction comes about when the
winds are banging into things like trees, and buildings,
and terrain like mountains. So friction ends up
slowing down the winds. NARRATOR: Like other gas giants,
Neptune has no solid surface. Even though the sunlight is
extremely weak, if the friction is also extremely weak, then
you can build up very fast winds over time. NARRATOR: Neptune's winds
are the most impressive in our solar system. But the universe is
a big place, and what is a champion here pales in
comparison to weather further out in space. Perhaps the most exciting
discovery in planetary science are the most amazing winds we
could hope to never experience. If you want to experience the
wildest winds in the cosmos, then hot Jupiters
are your destination. Hot Jupiters are a
class of exoplanets. HEATHER KNUTSON: It's definitely
not a place you want to be. It's much, much
worse than Neptune. It's much hotter, the
winds are much faster. So if you want a nice,
calm place to set up shop, you'd probably be better
off going with Neptune. These guys are definitely
much, much worse. NARRATOR: Hot Jupiters orbit
tightly around their stars, far closer than
Mercury to our own sun. And all that intense heat
makes for some wild weather. For comparison, it gets
about 20,000 times more light from its star than
Jupiter does from the sun. The temperatures
on these planets are enormous at between
1,500 and 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit or more. NARRATOR: Some hot Jupiters
are tidally locked-- a gravitational
effect that leads them to show the same face
to their star at all times. HEATHER KNUTSON: You've got
one side of this planet that's being just blasted with light
from the star all the time, and so you'd expect that
to be very, very hot. But at the same time, you've got
this night side of the planet that never sees any
light from the star, so perhaps that night side
is actually quite cold. NARRATOR: Taking hot
Jupiters' temperatures, scientists measured how
much light is eclipsed from the planet as it passes
in front of and behind its star during its orbit. So they actually
glow relatively brightly at infrared
wavelengths. So if you want to take the
temperature of a planet, you want to look at these
infrared wavelengths. You want to measure the
heat they're giving off. NARRATOR: But the temperature
difference between the day side and night side was
virtually the same. This was astounding, considering
the extreme situation. Something was transferring
the heat from the day side to the night side. But what? Winds traveling at amazing
speeds were the answer. And so our models tell us
that the winds could be as fast as maybe 6,000 miles per hour. The 6,000 mile per hour winds
inferred on some hot Jupiters is much faster than
any winds that we know of in our solar system. NARRATOR: How fast is
6,000 miles per hour? At that speed, you could
travel from New York to Los Angeles in 20 minutes. HEATHER KNUTSON: You've got
this incredibly hot day side, and so you've got all this hot
gas sitting there on the day side. And what it wants to do is to
go rushing around to the night side. NARRATOR: Winds are created
by hot air wanting to travel to the cold side of the planet. So it's a little
bit like a windsurfer. If you come out here on a windy
day, and you put your sail up, you can really
catch a good breeze, and you can go flying
across the harbor. So same thing with
these planets. You have such incredibly strong
winds that they can really just pick that gas up and whip it
all the way around to the night side before it even
cools off at all. It's hard to beat
weather like that. 6,000 mile an hour
winds is about as crazy as you can get with a planet. NARRATOR: Scientists
have learned to expect the unexpected when
it comes to weather in space. Sometimes, winds become
storms, like tornadoes. And galactic tornadoes are
unpredictable and behave in rather weird ways. Recently, a tornado
of epic proportions was discovered in space. This space tornado is
a Herbig-Haro object, created by winds as the
result of a forming star. ALEX FILIPPENKO: A Herbig-Haro
object is a glowing cloud of gas produced when a
high speed jet of gas smashes into surrounding,
essentially, stationary gas. So this high speed jet
heats the stationary gas and causes it to glow. NARRATOR: This
object would easily be number 1 on the list
of wildest tornadoes in the universe, except
for one important fact. CHARLES KERTON: It's
not actually a tornado. Its shape is very
suggestive of a tornado. It has this helical shape to it
that looks like it is twisting along, but it's actually not a
rotating object like a tornado. NARRATOR: Unlike a tornado on
Earth, where a vortex of wind creates a conical
shape, this tornado is created by magnetic forces
creating a wake of cosmic dust and particles. ALEX FILIPPENKO: This one
appears to have a spiral shape within it. And that's really kind of weird
because most of the others really don't have
the spiral pattern. But the cause of the spin is
probably different from that of a tornado on Earth. NARRATOR: Number 2 on
the galactic tornado list is much more like
tornadoes we find at home, and it's a towering presence. They're called dust devils,
and they are Mars' answer to a planetary tornado. ADAM SHOWMAN: Dust storms
on Mars are pretty cool. There are thousands
of local storms that occur every Mars year,
meaning dust clouds that are opaque, and maybe tens
to hundreds of miles across and a few miles tall. NARRATOR: Often referred
to as the red planet, Mars is a dusty
and dismal place. Its surface is covered by sand. Apparently, there is no
liquid water on the surface. And in this dusty terrain, when
the sun rises, troubles starts. Dust devils could be hundreds
of yards wide and a half mile or more tall, spinning 70 miles
an hour across the surface. And they have similarities
to Earth's own tornadoes. As far as the basic
forces inside a dust devil, they're pretty
similar to a tornado. They're both thin vortices that
rotate and are low pressure centers. Yet, a tornado is
much, much stronger, often by an order of
magnitude in wind speed. NARRATOR: The power of
a tornado is undeniable. And scientists at
Iowa State University can't seem to get enough
of these violent storms. Here, they have built the
largest tornado simulator in the world to understand
vortex formation. Understanding the power of
a tornado on the small scale here might lead scientists
to understand these beasts on a grander or
even galactic scale. Scientists use dry ice
and packing peanuts to observe vortex behavior. There's a 6 feet diameter fan
on top of me, as you can see, which produces the suction. And the flow goes up and
comes to the outer duct, and it's rotating. And then the flow converges to
the center and again goes up. And as it's going up,
it produces the vortex of a certain size,
which we can control. NARRATOR: Combined, these
elements perfectly mimic the formation of a vortex
as it swells from its base and grows to a funnel. Scientists know that just
like tornadoes on Earth, dust devils form
from the ground up. Sunlight comes down
and heats up the surface. And that heat needs
to be convected away by hot blobs of air. As these hot blobs move
away from the surface, air is drawn in. And just like an ice
skater pulling in her arms, that air spins up,
moving faster and faster, and with those higher
speeds, kicks dust up into the atmosphere. As this hot blob of air
moves away from the surface, the dust devil become taller
and stronger, reaching altitudes of several meters or more, and
widths of typically 100 years, and will get stronger as
dust continues to be injected into its interior. And then the dust devil will
move off into the distance. NARRATOR: However, if
a future space colonist was trapped in a Mars dust
devil, it wouldn't be fatal. The atmosphere on
Mars is very thin. So the wind could be blowing on
you, and you'd barely feel it. The pressure on you
would be relatively low. So you're not going to
say, oh, what was that? I just got bowled
over by a dust devil. No, that's not going to happen. NARRATOR: The final galactic
tornado event on the countdown is a true mystery, and it
turns theories behind tornado formation upside down. The final tornado on the
countdown is double trouble. Venus, once viewed
as a romantic planet, has some truly horrific
weather conditions. Oppressive heat, the
greenhouse effect gone amok, this is one planet that is
constantly trying to cool itself off with no success. NEIL DEGRASSE TYSON: Venus is
a fascinatingly hostile place. It's so hostile that even our
machines that we send there, they work for a few minutes,
and then the components melt. NARRATOR: As a result
of this constant heat, storms are always
present on Venus. And this makes for one of the
most interesting vortex events ever observed. There's a giant, upside
down, twin tornado permanently existing at the pole of Venus. NARRATOR: Ever since the Venus
Express orbiter sent back magnificent images
of Venus, scientists have struggled to understand
the twin vortexes running upside down at her south polar region. In a sense, it's an
upside down tornado because the air is
funneling from the top part of that spiral down
towards the ground, whereas a typical
tornado on Earth, you think of the air
rising up the funnel. And the strange thing is that
it's a double vortex, that is, picture two giant tornadoes
rotating around each other. And you can see the two lobes,
the two halves, of it here. NARRATOR: Scientists believe the
vortexes are a result of heat transfer in the atmosphere. Heat rises at
Venus's equator, then sinks at the coolest
section of the planet. Like a bathtub draining,
where the water is-- that flow is concentrated
on the drain, and it leads to this
spinning motion. Why it's a double vortex, we
don't really understand that. It's still mysterious. NARRATOR: This storm is an
enormous presence on Venus. It's thousands of miles across. The winds it generates are
hundreds of miles an hour. And these vortexes are a
permanent fixture on Venus. Weather takes many
strange forms in space. Even rain. But other planets
have atmospheres made up of different chemicals. In turn, rain is
formed from ingredients that would be lethal to humans. And these toxic rains
are some of the worst you'll find anywhere in space. Far out past the rings of Saturn
lies the second biggest moon in the solar system-- Titan. In 2005, the
Huygens-Cassini probe pierced Titan's atmosphere,
landing on its surface. What it discovered was a place
with features eerily similar to Earth's. CAITLIN GRIFFITH: Titan
is the only planetary body in the solar system that
has seas like Earth. In fact, I regard Titan as
a deranged version of Earth. NARRATOR: Scientists were
excited to discover mountains, washes, even lakes the
size of Lake Superior. And the liquid that fills
Titan's lakes and rivers isn't water. It's methane. I wouldn't want to go
swimming in one of those lakes. They're liquid methane, which
is extraordinarily cold. NARRATOR: And that means
when condensation occurs on this planet,
it rains methane. Rain on Titan isn't an
everyday occurrence. In fact, scientists have only
witnessed cloud formation a few times. But the evidence is everywhere-- deep washes as a result
of significant rainfall. Here we are in Tucson. It hasn't rained for days,
and it doesn't usually rain. But occasionally, it
rains very strong, and we get a lot of water
coming through this wash and eroding this wall. This is the same kind of
evidence we see on Titan, where usually, it doesn't rain,
but occasionally, it produces phenomenal washes. ADAM SHOWMAN: Rainstorms on
Titan might be pretty violent. We see lots of
erosional patterns on the surface that suggests
that some of these storms have been pretty powerful. NARRATOR: Scientists believe
it takes time for a storm to develop on Titan. And every once in a
while, enough clouds build so a rainstorm occurs. So what if we do
see a storm here? What would it look like? Well, the big ones
are incredible. They would cover the sky
from one end to the next. And we would eventually start
seeing these very gently falling drops, much
slower than the rain that you have on Earth. In fact, everything would
seem to be in slow motion. The winds would be
a little bit slower. And the drops would gently land. And there wouldn't be water. They would be natural gas. ROB ROY BRITT: Imagine
a toxic drizzle with the consistency
of waxy, crude oil, all at minus 300 degrees. That's Titan. NARRATOR: Back on Venus, there's
never an issue with getting enough heat from the sun. With carbon dioxide forever
trapped in the atmosphere, it has a greenhouse
effect gone wild. All that heat creates
condensation and clouds thick with sulfuric acid. MICHIO KAKU: Here's the irony-- Venus is named for
the goddess of beauty. The source of the
beauty of Venus is one of the most potent
acids known to science. In other words, women
are not from Venus. DAVID GRINSPOON: There seem
to be storms and convection patterns that move around. There are places within those
clouds that are very turbulent. NARRATOR: Rainstorms on
Venus happen 30 miles up from the surface
in the cloud beds. An acid rain falls constantly. The thing about the
acid rain on Venus is that it literally
is battery acid. It's so strong, that acid,
that it would eat through skin and do very nasty things. So whatever is
left of your body would be burnt into a
charred piece of powder by the sulfuric acid. NARRATOR: But the final
rain on the countdown is the most toxic, if not
the most dangerous, of all. Throughout the
universe, failed stars called brown dwarfs
hide in the shadows. While they're more massive than
our largest planet Jupiter, they are so faint telescopes
have trouble detecting them. A brown dwarf
is a failed star. It's a wannabe. It's a ball of gas that
never quite made it. You have to have a
certain amount of gas before you get ignition, and you
get a beautiful star emerging. A brown dwarf just
didn't make it. NARRATOR: Despite being
a failure as a star, temperatures on brown
dwarfs are still pretty impressive at over
3,000 degrees Fahrenheit. And unlike stars that are
too hot to have weather, brown dwarfs have cooled
enough to experience convection and condensation. At these temperatures,
rain takes on a whole new,
terrifying meaning. Deep in the atmosphere
of a brown dwarf, it's so hot that
even iron is a vapor. It's a gas like water is
in our own atmosphere. NARRATOR: As iron
vapors rise up, they cool, solidify,
and turn to sand. MARK MARLEY: And the iron
would start to condense. And you'd have clouds,
big, puffy clouds, except the clouds would be sand,
boiling hot, 1,500 degrees. Because in a brown dwarf,
you have something the size of Jupiter, but you've packed
in 30 or 40 or 50 times the mass of Jupiter, the
gravity is very high, could be as high as 300 times
the gravity we have on Earth. And so things can
fall a lot faster. The high moving velocity
of the sand blaster makes it a pretty good analogy
for sand in a brown dwarf. In the atmosphere
of a brown dwarf, the gravity is 300 times
what it is here on Earth. And these little sand
grains in the clouds would be falling at 70,
80, 100 miles an hour. It'd be a lot like the sand
coming out of a sand blaster. This sheet of stainless steel
has been warped by the force of the sand blaster. You can imagine the iron rain in
the atmosphere of a brown dwarf coming down at
100 miles an hour, what it might do to
a sheet like this. These drops of liquid iron
are maybe 2,800, almost 3,000 degrees Fahrenheit. These drops can really start
falling at high velocity-- 50, 80, 100 miles an hour. So you can imagine your
umbrella would be torn to shreds by this hail of molten iron. You'd be in a real
rainstorm from hell. This has got to be the worst
weather in the universe. NARRATOR: Heat,
convection, condensation-- the elements of weather. Alone, they cause spectacular
rains, supersonic winds, and heat on other planets. Combine them, and incredible
storms are formed. ROB ROY BRITT: A storm needs
a temperature difference. On Earth, every
storm is a result of uneven heating by the sun. The easiest example is the
ocean is colder than the land. NARRATOR: Hurricanes,
cyclones, and vortexes are the great wonders
of weather on Earth. But also in space. And unlike Earth, where
storms last hours or perhaps a few days, some storms in
space can last centuries. These hurricanes would make
our hurricanes on Earth look like a summer breeze. NARRATOR: Neptune
has the fastest winds in the solar system. But it also has a
Great Dark Spot-- a mysterious
hurricane-like storm that appears and disappears
with no warning. It flies around the
planet counter-clockwise. Discovered by
Voyager 2, it's big, with black and blue features. It appears to be a fierce
storm about the size of Earth. Scientists don't know
what causes it to form, or why it's black. It's a mystery, like another
storm in our solar system. Saturn is famous for
its magnificent rings but is a little mysterious when
it comes to its atmosphere. But sit back and wait
30 years, and Saturn will put on a storm
so magnificent, it would impress
Mother Nature herself. It's called the
Great White Spot-- a gigantic storm that
develops every 30 years on Saturn's surface, eventually
covering the entire equator. This is truly a
planetary scale phenomenon, and we think it's a monstrous,
monstrous thunderstorm. NARRATOR: Scientists have
observed this storm developing at Saturday's equator,
where it receives the most heat from the sun. Perhaps heat builds over
time and finally bursts into a storm on a planet that
has no surface or friction to slow it down. In other words, it's
like a vicious circle where once you get the ball rolling,
it just rolls down the hill, and the storm goes global. NARRATOR: Months later, the
storm runs out of energy, only to lie dormant
for another 30 years. What the cause or
time scale means scientists truly don't know. But Saturn's Great White Spot is
not as powerful or ever lasting as our biggest storm
in the solar system. Jupiter has long been a source
of fascination for scientists when studying wild
weather in space, and its great storm has
been a feast for the eyes for centuries. Jupiter is the giant
of our solar system, dwarfing all other planets. So it's only fitting
its weather also becomes a showpiece of shear
force and incredible size. In 1664, the
astronomer Robert Hooke noticed something
strange about Jupiter. There was a pimple there, which
we now call the Great Red Spot. It's been stable. Think of it-- a planetary
storm several times the size of the Earth, stable since 1664. This is one of the amazing
features of our solar system, DAVID GRINSPOON:
The Great Red Spot was named that long before we
knew what it was because you can see it from a
telescope on Earth. And so for hundreds
of years, people have known about
this Great Red Spot. NARRATOR: The Great Red Spot
is the most impressive storm of our solar system, and it's
been churning for at least 300 years. The mother of all
hurricanes in our solar system is actually on Jupiter. It's not technically
a hurricane, but it behaves
very much like one. It has a heat source. It has swirling winds. But it dwarfs anything
on our planet. This storm is so big,
you could take two Earths and stick them right
inside the storm. The winds are blowing
at 300 miles an hour. Both hurricanes and the Great
Red Spot are giant vortices. In the case of hurricanes,
they're a low pressure center. The Great Red Spot is
a high pressure center. In both cases, there
are high speed winds circling the vortex. NARRATOR: Like a giant eye,
the storm continuously circles Jupiter. Wind speeds reach
400 miles per hour, and the giant red
spot never seems to dwindle in strength,
powered by the internal heat of Jupiter. It also eats
anything in its path. If you're a small vortex, and
you're in the path of the Great Red Spot, look out-- you're going to be gobbled
up like a little fish. NARRATOR: Scientists believe
the lack of friction or surface on Jupiter might
allow this storm to churn uninterrupted
for centuries more. ADAM SHOWMAN: On Earth, because
of the strong friction, when hurricanes hit land,
they tend to fall apart in just a few days. On the other hand,
the Great Red Spot has a lifetime of
over 100 years. We don't really
understand this in detail, but it probably means that
the friction in Jupiter's atmosphere is very weak compared
to in Earth's atmosphere. BILL GALLUS: Jupiter is a
good example of a planet where the planet itself is what's
supplying at least some of the energy to drive a storm
that's lasting for centuries. NARRATOR: Weather-- the
state of an atmosphere. Throughout the universe,
familiar weather events on Earth are played
out in fantastic ways on other planets. But why study weather
on other planets at all? If you only ever
study Earth for examples to understand Earth, you may be
missing a much broader context in which the phenomena that
you're trying to describe is embedded. So for example,
we look at Earth, and we talk about a
greenhouse effect. You want to learn about
it, go check it out. Look at Venus. The urge is to believe that all
your solutions to your problems on Earth can be found by
only looking at Earth. That is short-sighted,
bordering on delusional. When we study
familiar processes in unfamiliar settings, it
really tests whether or not we understand what's happening. DAVID GRINSPOON: In terms
of the possibility of life on other planets, understanding
the weather patterns is absolutely key. NEIL DEGRASSE TYSON: We
are one planet of many. The sun is one star of many. We're in an undistinguished
part of the galaxy. There's much to be learned
by exploring what others say.
