The Misunderstood Culture Of The Barbarians | An Age Of Light | Timeline

[Music] the word barbarian is a misleading expression and the art that goes with it is misleading - this picture was painted in 1890 by an arrogant French painter Joseph Noel Sylvester it shows the sack of Rome in 410 AD by the Visigoths the Visigoths were a so-called barbarian tribe you can't miss them they're the ones without any clothes on it's such nonsense the Visigoths were never naked savages clambering about Rome destroying civilization they were pioneering Europeans who produced beautiful art and who achieved important things it was actually these so-called barbarians who invented trousers riding a horse was much easier in trousers so if it wasn't for the barbarians we'd all be wearing togas [Music] so this is a film about misunderstood people's and they're misunderstood achievements about how we've got the dark ages wrong again and about a word whose meaning has been warped by time it's this word here barbarian [Music] the Dark Ages go roughly from the fourth century to roughly the eleventh and I've been looking at the art made in these years trying to convince you that it wasn't dark at all in this film I'll be leaping to the defense of the so called barbarians [Music] the word barbarian actually comes from the ancient Greek its original meaning was someone whose language you can't understand a foreigner you know like we say it all sounds like Greek to me when we can't understand something well the Greek said it all sounds like bah bah bah so it was an onomatopoeic word anyone who spoke a funny foreign language was a barbarian the same word Barbera can be found in Sanskrit the ancient language of India where it means gibberish or stammering and if you're actually called Barbara like Barbara Windsor or Barbara Streisand but I'm afraid your name means barbarian woman and you madam are particularly in touch with your barbarian self when the Romans took over the word it came to mean anybody anywhere who wasn't a Roman so the Persians were barbarians the Indians the Chinese the entire non Roman word it isn't just this word barbarian that's been demonized and distorted you open your dictionary and start looking for words with bad dark ages connotations you'll find lots of them take this word here vandal the Vandals were actually another fascinating and creative ancient peoples who made things like this but their names been stolen from them and turned into something dark or what about the Goths today Goths are oily punks wood dyed black hair who worship the devil but in real life in Roman times the Goths were fabulous international creatives who made the most beautiful Bible I've ever seen [Music] but the worst of these so-called barbarians these forgotten ancient peoples whose reputation has been trashed by the Romans the very worst of them were the Huns [Music] for hunts anyone in ancient history deserves some rebranding it's this notorious nation of energetic invaders [Music] no one had a good word to say about them the caucus thorium jor darkness tells us there were scarcely human a stunted puny and faithless tribe Christian writers were even harsher according to a Christian cleric writing in Syria the Huns eat the flesh of children and drink the blood of women it's like reading a bad airport paperback the Christians were determined to demonize all pagans and they were particularly determined to demonize the Huns so we can't trust the Christian clerics we need to trust the art and that tells a different story [Music] Sudi bulgur in the First World War the British began calling the Germans Huns it was the worst insult they could think of but also very bad geography because the homes were not from Germany exactly where they came from is one of the big mysteries of the dark ages nobody knows for sure but it was so we're out here in the euro-asia instead somewhere far away and different the first record of the Huns in Europe dates from around 376 AD when a group of retreating Goths turned up here on the banks of the Danube and begged the Romans to take them in the fleeing Goths have been pushed out of their lands we're a nation of nomads coming in from the east a fighting tribe of whom everyone was scared puns were fierce warriors as no denying that but not all the time like all nomads they lived a precarious traveling existence and moved around in small family groups men folk women and goats the default lifestyle of the Huns was a tinkerer --is-- Thomas DISA tea and among the splendid hana cob dicks they've left behind the defining ones are these battered panic cauldrons preserved in the Museum in Budapest in these robust vessels the Huns cooked their goats and boiled their water a man can live to 50 is an old Kazakh saying that still circulates but a cold run will live to a hundred [Music] something else we know about the Huns is that they loved gold oh how the Huns loved gold the hunnic graves that have been dug up the buried caches of treasure and valuables reveal such a deep and instinctive passion for treasure these days we've lost sight of gold's crazy hypnotic power and that special relationship it enjoys with the Sun the Incas called it the sweat of the gods and in the Dark Ages gold was a substance with a magical presence and the Huns loved it in a visceral and unbalanced way in my book that's a good reason to love them back [Music] [Music] because they spent so much of their life on the move traveling from pasture to pasture the Huns had a particularly critical ation ship with the natural world hum treasure is dominated by exquisite animal forms [Music] in the Hermitage Museum in st. Petersburg there's a wonderful piece of jewelry it's a golden bit of a bangle or a neck talk like one of these so it's this piece here at the end shaped so atmospherically like the head the creeping wolf this is gold that nurses an intense symbolic ambition to commune with the natural world to speak to it and steal some of its power to steal the power of the wolf [Music] another animal that was dear to them was the eagle they probably used the Eagles to hunt with as nomads of the steppe still do and the great bird in the sky inspired such beautiful hunt bling [Music] Eagles have a special significance for the Hun they were ready-made symbols of power and beauty combined right across the barbarian world these garnet studded eagle brooches became noticeably popular [Music] this powerful new relationship to the natural world was one of the great barbarian contributions to civilization [Applause] and then of course there was the Magnificent Hunnic horse art the hun depended on their horses totally and they loved them deeply so of course they made sure their horses looked suitably splendid - these are the remains of a full-length unyk horse ornament fashioned delicately from gold and studied so generously with precious stones lucky is the horse who got to wear this the Huns would ride into battle with wolf skins pulled down on their faces screaming demonically in a deliberate effort to get inside their enemy's heads now this was dark psychological warfare very sophisticated one of the reasons the Huns were so easy to demonize is because they looked so strange they practiced ritual deformation and the skulls were deliberately miss shapen at birth infant hands would have their heads tightly bound so they grew into these uncanny and elongated me con shapes and on these deformed heads of theirs the Hun's would balance spectacular crowns of unimaginable preciousness so the big question is where did the Huns get their gold they were nomads not miners but although they were busy tradesmen you'd need to trade an awful lot of goat skins the amount of gold left behind by the Huns they didn't trade for it the Huns got their gold more directly straight from the Romans because their bows were so lethal and their horsemen so skilled the Huns were soon operating a protection racket across most of the Roman Empire what they do is invade somewhere or threatened to invade somewhere and then demand large quantities of gold to go away again the Romans cowardly diplomats that they were preferred to pay them than to fight them and by the time the Hunnic Empire was at its largest extent the Huns were receiving two and a half thousand pounds of gold coins from the Romans every year two and a half thousand pounds of gold every year to melt down and turn into art a few tribes of nomads raiding along these Roman borders could never have pressurized the Romans into giving up these enormous quantities of gold so we need to forget this image of the Huns as a tribal horde sweeping across Europe because they were something much more sophisticated than that this is a map of the hunnic Empire under a tiller it's the bits in orange and just look at the size of it oh this was hanok this wasn't a bunch of nomads on the make this was a rival Empire a new super power of the Dark Ages turned up to take on the Romans I've kept a tiller back because the moment you mention him the story of the huns takes on a satanic glint all the Huns were demonized by history but a tiller was demonized most of all the exciting thing is we actually know a lot about him a Roman diplomat called Priscus was sent on one of these diplomatic missions to negotiate with the Huns and he's left behind a vivid account of his journey and this gentleman here is building a replica of a Tiller's palace on the actual site on which he thinks it actually stood so yeah mush when did you first become interested in Attila I bought this land 20 years ago to breed horses that was when we came across the history of this site beautiful Snoopy's Antigua chriskiss the Byzantine ambassador visited a tiller in 450 ad on EF it and describes how he found his way here and he definitely identified this place as the site of atilla's Palace HTN accident that's why we'd like to erect a memorial to him here by constructing a woman palace yaaasss palace will be created in timber exactly as precise describes it shaped like a giant nomads tent a kind of glorified yurt with two wooden towers rising cockily at the front Priscus tells us that when he arrived he was treated to an enormous banquet served on silver plates and a procession of young women dressed in white veils came out to sing for him attila himself was simply dressed and ate nothing but meat on a wooden platter while the guests were given goblets of gold and silver [Music] what does attila mean to the hungarian people because for a lot of people in europe he has a very bad reputation but not here in hungary he seems to be thought of more as a hero on the colossal moon Yahoo when people say Attila was a barbarian that's something I reject it's not something I believe eight languages by the age of 15 and laid Europe it is full of area tariffed someone unintelligent a barbarian could not have done the things that hurt illa did only someone blessed with special talents did atilla's Palace really look like this I very much doubt it but neither do i thinkyeah gnosis fantasy is more misleading than all the other hunt is's about satanic hordes sweeping through Europe but the time Attila became their ruler the Huns have created a complex political system their huge Empire was actually Federation of many nations a kind of barbarian EU opposed to the Romans with Goths Burgundians allens even a few Greeks all linked together and ruled by a tiller some here at the constant storage room Museum in Vienna there's something really spectacular I just have to show you when this was dug out of the ground on the Romanian border in 1799 it was thought to be a tiller the Huns personal dinner service you can see why they thought that just look at how splendid this is 23 golden vessels nearly ten kilos of pure gold today no one thinks this was a till as dinner service the most recent thinking is that it was left behind by the Avars one of those mysterious tribes that emerged from the Confederation of the Huns they obviously had that special relationship with nature to this magnificent bullheaded Bowl is another example of powerful natural magic channeled into gold this is what the Dark Ages were capable of this is what makes these times so exciting that bull bowl as a power tool it an animal energy that you just don't get later on when art loses this connection to the basic stuff of life the Empire of the Huns didn't last long for a few decades it rivaled the Romans and then it was gone a tiller the glue that held it all together had a taste for young Brides Don his final wedding night he drank himself into a stupor took his latest bride to bed and promptly died of a heart attack they found him the next morning with blood streaming down his nose what we call these days a rock stars are dead within a few years atilla's Empire was gone torn apart by feuds and incompetence but the Huns had done their job that punched a hole in the invincible reputation of the Romans now all manner of barbarian was queuing up to pour through it [Music] when we think of the barbarians we think of hordes of bellicose warriors storming across the plains to attack Rome but that's wrong it was more of a migration think of those wagon trains rolling across the American West full of brave pioneers searching for a new future that's a more accurate image particularly in the case of another great barbarian nation whose name has been well and truly blackened by Dark Age propaganda the Vandals according to my shorter oxford dictionary a vandal is a willful or ignorant destroyer of anything beautiful vulnerable or worthy of preservation that's what it meant in 1663 but it shouldn't be what it means today the story of the Vandals is actually rather poignant there were basically a nation of Germanic farmers living peacefully in Central Europe until the Huns pushed them out for a while they ended up here in Spain until a group of Goths pushed them out of there as well and the poor old vandals had to move on again to here North Africa [Music] in four to nine AD 80,000 people came across the Straits of Gibraltar crammed onto small boats a kingdom on the move looking for a homeland the Vandals had arrived in Africa originally this word vandal meant something like wanderer someone who's looking for something it comes from the same Germanic root as the English word to wind as in I was wounding my way home from work and the Vandals were great winders and great Wanderers the Vandals who are right here in Africa were led by a formidable king called ezarik if you think of the vandals as a lost people and Africa was the Promised Land then geezer ik was their Moses leading them across the oceans they made their way along the North African coast here attacking cities connecting followers absorbing territory until eventually in 4 3 9 ad they reach their destination Carthage Carthage was the second largest city in the Western Roman Empire busy rich a crucial trading center the Romans depended on it for most of the olive oil they burned in their lamps and the wheat from which they made their bread when the Vandals took Carthage they shocked the Roman Empire [Music] the capture of Carthage was surprisingly peaceful Geezer ik was so clever he entered the city on the 19th of October the day of the Roman games sports day now the Romans who are obsessed with sports were far too interested in the gladiatorial combat and the Chariot Racing to fight the Vandals the skis Erick and his vandal army strolled into the second largest city of the Western Roman Empire took control of it and stayed there for the next century [Music] people used to think the Vandals went about destroying and pillaging Carthage as soon as they got here but today we know they didn't the most remarkable thing about the Vandal occupation of Africa it's not how much they destroyed but how little later on angry Romans and Christians writing about these events made sure they blackened the Vandals reputation as they did with all the barbarians but the art that remains from these times tells a different story [Music] to signal their new status as overlords of Rome's most prosperous province the Vandals did what the nouveau-riche always turned they spent money on the Arts their jewelers were commanded to make gorgeous vandal bling but out in the countryside they built elegant villas for themselves and filled them with superb decorations that's the julius mosaic it's one of the masterpieces of the period and Judas himself is sitting there in his white robe and he's the man who commissioned the mosaic no one is a hundred percent certain if this was made just before the Vandals got here or just after and that's the most telling thing about it this is how rich Romans lived and also rich vandals [Music] Judas's house where this was found is shown in the middle the posh fortified villa those domes at the back are the bath houses the equivalent today of a luxury swimming all around the villa there are busy scenes of rural life in north africa upon the left that's winter see the people picking olives that's what you did in winter on the other side on the right is summer see the shepherds with their summer flock those fields of ripe wheat behind them down here a spring and autumn spring is the season of flowers and there's mrs. Julius in her garden admiring herself in a mirror while a servant brings her a bowl of roses they're beautiful and so is she [Music] on the other side it's autumn and there's Lord Julius himself sitting on a throne in his orchard while a laborer brings him a basket of grapes and a hare he's caught running about among the vines [Music] this is mosaic making of the highest caliber so imaginative and clever it isn't just a portrait of Julius and his house this is a visualization of the perfect lifestyle a rural dream made real [Music] the message here is how glorious life is when man lives in harmony with nature when order prevails and the land is fertile and balanced welcome to the good life in Africa [Music] instead of knocking down Carthage the Vandals set about making it more homely they put small houses in the huge Roman clearings and famously an ambitious new bathhouse was built here by the art-loving vandal King frazzled bath houses were hugely important in Roman society there were a kind of social club where people went to chat and gossip bit like modern health clubs except much cheaper Roman bath houses had two main spaces a hot room or cowed areum that heated you up and a cold room or frigidarium that called you down the largest of all Roman bath complexes was here in Carthage the Antonine baths built in the second century by the Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius these are the ruins to imagine how big the baths must have been [Music] long before the Vandals conquered Carthage the Antonine baths had fallen into disrepair so the vandal king frazzle and built some new ones we know a lot about resins baths because amazingly a collection of vandal poems on the subject has survived that's right vandal poems the Vandals were particularly keen on poetry hundreds of poems written here in Carthage in the vandal years have survived and this thick body of unexpected literature tells us so much about them a poet called Felix has left behind an evocative description a frazzle man's bathhouse this magnificent monument erected by Royal Command where water and fire display their obedience [Music] there are no less than five poems by Felix about these great baths and the big idea in all of them is this dramatic contrast between the cool refreshing springs of the frigidarium and the hot boiling waters of the cow areum here says Felix I see spring waters exist harmoniously with flames here the Shivering nymph is startled by the fiery bath Felix's poems were actually displayed all around you as you bathed as mosaics so they surrounded you push their way into your floors and as you read them you were prompted to marvel at this great miracle achieved here by frazzled in the vandal baths Rosalind has achieved the ultimate harmony resume and as United fire [Music] [Music] Go Go door thick barbarous rude uncouth here we are got one of a Germanic tribe who invaded the Roman Empire in the lexicon of hate spawned by the Dark Ages a special place to set aside for the Goths the Dark Ages are full of nasties but the Goths are particularly spooky [Music] if you walk down the street where I live in London in Camden Town you'll find plenty of modern Goths wandering about they dressed from head to toe in black and covered in satanic insignia and they're trying so hard to look do me and I just want to give them all a big hug and tell them to cheer up because if they want to be Goths they should be like a real Goths energetic colourful inventive the kind of people who did that [Music] stunning isn't it I love the way the mosaic sparkles with all that gold and throws light around the dome so excited [Music] but there's something peculiar about it to some things slightly awkward that's obviously Jesus up there being baptized but why is he so pink and flaccid and not very divine how did Jesus end up like this originally the Goths came from up here the Baltic coast they were farmers successful farmers but when their population exploded they made their way south to the Black Sea searching for better land and better farming conditions when the Goths moved south they came into direct contact with the Roman Empire and their history immediately grew more problematic it will take me several programs to deal with all the twists and turns in the story of the Goths and their migrations but to boil it down to its essentials when they settled here in the South they found themselves in the way in the Huns coming in from the east to get away from them the Goths split into the some of them fled across the Danube here and begged the Roman Empire to let them in and they became the Visigoths or Western Goths and they settled initially here in France and finally in Spain but the other ones they stayed put over here and joined the Huns in the Hunnic empire and they became the Ostrogoths or East them Goths and there the walls did this [Music] when you think of barbarians you think instinctively of pagans don't you of godless and violent people with strange and primitive beliefs Conan the Barbarian is hardly altar boy material is he actually most of the barbarians were Christians even the Vandals so were the Ostrogoths and the Visigoths all of them were converted to Christianity in the 4th century however the form of Christianity they were converted to was unusual the reason why this Christ looked so unfamiliar and even peculiar is because he's an Arian Christ and not a Catholic one and Arian Christianity is different arianism was a Christian heresy a different form of Christianity proposed by a priest called arias in Alexandria in Egypt in the 4th century from there it spread across the Roman Empire and then among the barbarians the Aryans believed that Jesus was different from God he was divine yes but less so the Catholics believed that God in Jesus father and son were equal to different forms of the same great divinity but the Aryans disagreed for them God the Father was the one true God he was the God at the top then Jesus his son was below him and that's why the Jesus up here in the baptistry mosaic looks so wimpish this is a jesus who's more like the rest of us less divine more human perhaps that's why the barbarians preferred him he's less Imperial and more like them this is Ravenna in northern Italy the capital of the Ostrogoths right across the empire Catholics and Aryans distrusted each other as only co believers can but in Ravenna it was the Aryans who held sway and it was arianism that created this it was a bit like the Sunnis and the Shia in Islam same religion different only in its details but so antagonistic towards each other the Ostrogoths were led by a formidable aryan king called Theodoric and it was Theodoric who built this Theodoric had been brought up in Constantinople in the court of the Eastern Roman Empire he'd been sent there by his own father as a hostage and educated as a Roman so he was sophisticated clever having gained the trust of the Roman Emperor Zeno in Constantinople Theodoric persuaded Zeno to let him come to Italy and we conquer it from another Germanic despot called odovacar Theodoric invited odo occur to a banquet in his honor and there he murdered him with his bare hands or so they say and thus Theodoric made himself ruler of all Italy based here in Ravenna [Music] under the Ostrogoths ravenna thrived as never before this is the great Basilica of San Apollinaire that Theodoric built early in the 6th century and then filled with this spectacular parade of mosaics upon the ceiling a baby-faced Aryan Christ performs such a lively set of miracles raising Lazarus from the dead conjuring up miraculous fish it's what there is the story of the young Jesus performing his miracles and on the other side over there the other end of the story Christ's terrible death and resurrection the Last Supper the kiss of Judas [Music] below that there's this great golden procession of the 22 virgins bearing sumptuous crowns lined up to pay homage to the Virgin Mary with Jesus in her lap [Music] on the other side in a kind of Aryan call-and-response the 26 martyrs dressed more simply in white and advancing in a mighty procession towards the enthroned Jesus what marvelous religious theater this is what vivid and exciting mosaics and all you pretend Goths in Camden if you're watching the real Goths made this unfortunately later on when the roman emperor justinian reconquered Ravenna for the Byzantines he said about tampering with what Theodoric had done removing what he could of the Aryans so see this portrait here that's actually Theodoric but Justinian has taken over his identity and he's pretending to be him this they say is what's left of Theodoric's Ravenna Palace you can see it inside San Apollinaire as well a great Golden Palace filled once with magnificent Ostrogoth treasures there's a museum in Romania in Bucharest that's bursting with this Ostrogoth pudding and personally I'd be happy to put on some shades and just stare at it for the next few days but we can't because back in Ravenna the story of the Ostrogoths has darkened and grown eerie when Justinian conquered Ravenna he had all signs of Theodoric and the Ostrogoths removed and the great mosaic palace is now a ghost town with no one in it though if you look very carefully you can still make out a few of the bodyless Ostrogoth hands remain filled Erick left his mark on many art forms but the one that surprises me most is this totally unexpected piece of Dark Age literature the silver bible is gothic gospel book written in gothic with the gothic alphabet it was written in northern Italy probably in Ravenna and probably for the Gothic the ostrogothic king theodoric the great in the beginning of of the sixth century [Music] most people imagine that what used to be called the barbarian tribes such as the goth didn't have a literature but this of course is written in in the Gothic language yes and that's very remarkable because we don't know anything about the other of Germanic languages but the Gothic languages is preserved in this manuscript it's very beautiful to look at it's lovely purple pages with a silver writing on it yes it's the Imperial color the purple color and at the other area he got a mission from the East Roman Emperor to to use this purple color and he behaved and acted like a Roman Emperor [Music] theodoric who lived to be over 70 deserves to be remembered as one of the great achievers of the Dark Ages this is where he was buried his mausoleum in Ravenna and I can't think of another building anywhere that looks anything like this what eerie and inventive architecture I love this thing it's so stocky and unusual a unique example of Ostrogoth building which seems to have popped out of nowhere and that's just the outside wait till you see the inside Theodoric died in five to six AD and was buried here in this huge sarcophagus shaped like a Roman bath I find this such a spooky space and it's absolutely unique that roof is made from a single piece of Istrian stone it's a metre thick 33 metres wide and weighs 300 tonnes to get it here from Istria which is roughly where modern Croatia is they had to load it onto an enormous raft and sail it across the Adriatic can you imagine and cross up above that's original - and it used to be silver stars all around it so when you looked up in here it was like looking up at the sky of night there are some exciting stories about Theodoric's death some say he went mad after seeing one of his victims inside the head of a fish others say he was thrown from a volcano one thing certain the Ostrogoth empire he created collapsed quickly after his death justinian reclaimed Ravenna the Ostrogoth era was over so that's the end of the Ostrogoths but what about the Visigoths or Western Goths the Goths in Spain over here what happened to them you might be thinking and what did they achieve well rather a lot as it happens this is Palencia in Spain and what you're looking at is the oldest surviving Spanish church built in the seventh century by the Visigoths the Visigoths ruled Spain from around 500 AD to around 700 AD that's 200 years but you hardly ever hear about them you hear about the Romans in Spain you hear about the Muslims in Spain but you don't hear about the Visigoths one cruel wag has christened them the in Visigoths which is very unfair if you hunt around in Spain you'll find plenty of evidence of Visigoths Eve mminton like this rustic Annunciation carved into an emerald and sometimes you don't have to look hard at all to see the Visigoths showing off their Dark Age skills like these superb Visigoths crowns with the name of the king who commissioned them spelled out helpfully for the hard of remembering aren't they magnificent those Visigoths crowns are not for wearing on your head they're what's called votive crowns and they are for hanging above an altar there a church like the Ostrogoths the Visigoths were originally Aryans but here in Spain they were surrounded by Roman Catholics and quickly adopted the romantic version of Christianity and that's when they built these exciting and inventive Visigoths churches this is the Church of st. John the Baptist in Palencia it's been remodeled here and there but most of what you see is Visigoths the story goes that the Visigoths King wretches veinte built this church to thank God for curing him of liver disease he washed himself just out here the holy waters of palencia and was suddenly cured Rich's vin toe was on his way north to fight the Basques so he was particularly grateful for his miraculous cure and even put up a plaque with the date the church was finished January the 3rd 661 a.d riches vin toes plaque is surrounded by typically vigorous bits of Visigoths decoration so energetic and busy completely unlike anything the romans came up with I really like this Visigoths Church decoration when I look at it I feel as if I can hear the sculptor whistling there's something so boisterous about it something real and untutored it's as if for the first time in art we're hearing from the common man this wasn't made by an artiste this was made by a bloke someone with big hands who's speaking to us across the ages [Music] the sheer inventiveness of these Visigoths is so invigorating I mean look at these arches they're special right why are they special because they look like one of these I don't know how much you know about arches but if you're any sort of student at all you'll know that horseshoe arches are remarkable your bog-standard arch certainly wasn't shaped like this before the Visigoths invented these arches was semicircular they came round like that and that's it but these horseshoe arches they come down to here and they have a very different effect [Music] horseshoe arches look wider area taller more elegant as if a sale has been unfurled and filled with wind they're more playful - less Stern this is architecture doing more than has been asked to it this isn't just holding something up this is having fun and looking good so the Visigoths invented these elegant horseshoe arches and these were a brilliant barbarian invention but although the Visigoths invented them they didn't perfect them it was someone else who did that [Music] the perfectors of the horseshoe arch are the subject of the next film when we look at the art of Islam in the hands of Islamic artists the horseshoe arch would create architecture of spine-tingling beauty it's yet another of the great achievements of the dark ages you

Channel: Timeline - World History Documentaries

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Id: 7QXmPKJKVOY

Length: 59min 39sec (3579 seconds)

Published: Fri Dec 15 2017