Because of his physical nature,
human has always been in a struggle to survive. Of course, his biggest struggle
was not against nature. He had to develop various new
tools to be sheltered, to be protected from
enemies and to be fed. And certainly the most important of these tools which have completely changed his destiny the bow and arrow! The bow and arrow primarily
gave humans the chance of hunting animals which
were faster than him, and then the ability of fighting
in groups from a distance. The target of the arrow had
also determined the destination of humanity. Many civilizations which
recognised the power of this weapon got in a race
to perfect it for survival. But the bow and arrow became
splendid in the hands of Turks, the powerful
warriors of the steppe. If you live in the middle of a
cruel steppe, your existence depends on catching
the opportunities instantly. The most important
thing is to be flexible. Ouch. I can’t feel my hands We are ready to measure. We need to separate
the tendon from the leg. Let’s start then. In this documentary, we will follow
the age-old journey of this weapon with mankind, and under its guidance, we will trace the Turkish
archers from Middle Asia to Europe. Ouch. It hurts to even think
something like that has been removed from my body. And of course we will explore
the power of this weapon through the amazing experiments
prepared by the expert team. The arrow is already off the bow! Get ready! Man had always felt the need for
a long-range weapon that he could throw forward for hunting
the animals which he could not get close to and he had filled
this gap with a spear until the invention of the bow. Janbi and his team will show
us the features of the spear which was the most
important range weapon until man discovered the bow. It can be surprising but the progenitor
of today’s 10,000 kilometres-range missiles was this spear. There is no doubt it was a
perfect hunting weapon in its era. It was easy to produce. By connecting a sharp stone
or a piece of bone to the end of a stick, you could have
had the longest-range weapon of that time. Here it is. Now I can try my primitive spear. With the help of sport sciences
Ferhat and his team, Janbi will showcase the
advantages and disadvantages of the spear that was the most
important range weapon of men. There is a projection of a
wild animal on the wall as the target in their simulation. On the front, there are
trenches that designate the closest distance Janbi can
approach the target without being noticed. The time between the start
of Janbi’s throwing action when he let's go of the spear off
his hand and the speed after
releasing it are very important. Because this time period
also indicates the duration for the prey to notice Janbi and escape. You won’t have the time
to throw the second spear. Don’t forget, you have just one
chance to not to starve. How are the results? Mustafa, could you please display
the results on the screen? It took 3 seconds for you to leave the
trench and throw your spear. The speed of your spear
was 10 meters per second. So it means you lost 5 seconds
total in a 20-meter distance. I guess we stay hungry today. Briefly, yes you do. So if I leave the trench
faster and make a shot, this may increase
the speed of my spear shot. But it is quite difficult to
presume the direction the prey will flee
to when it notices me. The big moves of your arm
and body that makes the prey notice you when you
show up to throw the spear, decreases your success rate. Even so, the spear was a
magnificent discovery and a great inspiration for
mankind on behalf of the long-range weapons. Even it has disadvantages, hunting
with a spear made them more successful
than hunting by hand. Especially, as planned group huntings increased the efficiency of this weapon. But humanity wouldn’t
have been contented with this. The next level was the
invention of the primitive bow. Bow and arrow The greatest discovery
of mankind after the fire. We don’t know when or
where this weapon first appeared. The time, when the drawings
in the caves in district of Levante, Spain had been
made, can be said as the beginning of the military archery. And that takes us to the years
18.000’s B.C. But the oldest sample of a bow that we
have is the 8500-years old ‘Holmegaard Bow’
that found in Denmark. Recently, in Yenikapı Istanbul
during the excavations for a subway construction, a 37 cm-long bow piece that is
dated to 7000’s BC was found. It can take place in the
literature of oldest known bows when its exact age is determined. So, what were the characteristics
of the extant first bows? Which advantages
superseded the spear? Bow master Ibrahim and Janbi will
try to find the answers to the question by making a
sample of the first bow used in the world. The mathematics of the first bows
used in world history was very simple. They used to carve a flexible
piece of wood and bind it with a rope. I choose oak for this bow. Because it is easy to process,
whereas it is durable and more importantly, it is flexible. Considering that the cutting
tools used in that era did not develop so much, it
makes sense for them to prefer such wood. Absolutely. The types of trees chosen
varied from region to region, but the reasons
for choosing them were the same. Durability, flexibility
and easy to processing. These are the three golden rules
of the bow technology at that period. A slender-bodied tree or branch
with these characteristics would be cut along
lengthways to make its physical
strength most efficient. After a series of sanding it down, the wood whichtook the form of a bow, was bonded by a simple rope
called “string”. Deer bowel, plant fibre or rawhide
was used for making the strings of simple bows. They were attaching the
prepared string to the two notched edges. People didn’t have
big nails or sharp teeth. But they had the imagination
that could have covered up their deficiency. They invented a tool which
could have totally changed their destiny by combining
a wood stick and plant fibre. Now with a simple bow, I will
repeat the similar test I did with the spear. I will use bone-tipped arrows
in the test to be able to represent that era precisely. Up until today I had the chances
to make shots with a lot of different types of bows but
this is my first try with the forerunner of bows. Frankly I don’t know
how successful I will be. We will witness this
together in the testing. Janbi will shoot his
shot into a ballistic gel. The most compelling factor is the
animal hide that we placed in front of it. This way we will see the real
power of the weapon during the hunting. Are you ready? I am ready. My arrow succeeded to penetrate
the hide and got stuck in the gel. Well, is this enough to kill my prey? The destruction it made cannot be
compared to a spear of course. But ancient people found a
solution for this by poisoning
the head of the arrow. I can have a feast
tonight then (laughter) Janbi lost five seconds while
he was shooting with spear. And that caused the
prey to notice him and escape. The arrow he shot from
the same distance took only 2 seconds to reach its target. As you see the bow increased
the distance between you and your prey beyond the
imagination of the people at that time. Test results show us that spear
cannot compete against the bow. That’s just because the bow has become
man’s most important long-range weapon. And also because it uses less muscular force. The bow allowed people to
reach more food and naturally increased their population
after its introduction into their lives. These developments would
have caused significant breaks in world history. The first people to hunt with a
bow probably thought like this. Why don’t we use this effective
weapon against our enemies? This thought would
change the history of war and the world radically. The bow and arrow would
become a crucial factor in the rise and fall of civilisations. However, the idea of using
the bow against enemies became concrete after people
had adopted a sedentary life. Because the concept of ownership
was part of the lives of people defending their regions. Ownership would bring another concept: War! Mankind would now have
to protect himself from the wildest creature in nature. Namely from himself. Now it was a start of a period
in which those who could make more powerful weapons
and marshall could survive. Beyond any doubt, the bow
would be the weapon affected the most by this development. The only result people wanted
to achieve when improving the bow was throwing the
arrow farthest in the most effective way. Whoever could accomplish
this on the battlefield would force his enemy into
indispensable manoeuvres and gain an advantage The development of the
bow would of course be occur after long practices. The first thing to do was to
increase the speed and range of their simple bow. The bow is the first invention
that stores energy while bending with the
muscular force of the man. When the archer releases
the string he has stretched, the arrow goes forward at
great speed due to the release of stored energy. It means the more the bow
stretches, farther the arrow would go. The most important detail here
is that the body of the bow is resistant to maximum tension. Now Ibrahim and Janbi will
together to test the first bow in world history which they produced
according to the references for the maximum
tension force that the bow can resist. Thus, they will have the
opportunity to follow the development of the
bow technology step by step. I am coming 1 kilo We have reached 5 kilos I am sure it will break
if we push a little more. But I am curious to know
how much force it can resist. The force of the simple bow that
we produced is nearly 7 kilograms. That means we don’t have
an effective range-weapon. People began to lengthen the
bow to increase the effective range of the simple bows
which resisted a force of 7 kilograms. Thus they maintained
more energy storage on it. But they would need a new
technological revolution if they wanted to
have a powerful weapon. The highest technology achievement that could be
reached for the simple bows was this. Now the bows had reached a
human height, and producing longer bows meant
having an impractical weapon. So the engineers of
the time needed a new idea. We can see that Assyrian
engineers revolutionised bow technology thanks to
the wall paintings from the Assyrians who ruled in the early ages. The most important detail in the
paintings is the shortening of the bow length. So, how was the bow, which
was still made of wood more useful
and more powerful? Based on the old paintings,
Ibrahim and Janbi will try to show us the
traces of this revolution. Assyrians propped up the bow
body with different materials. Therefore, the lengths of
bows would get shorter and its impact power would
be higher than ever. Probably there were
similar developments in bow technology in different geographies. But of course the wall paintings
that have survived from the Assyrians give clearer
information on these developments. So this gives us the opportunity
to make a similar Assyrian bow of that period. Let’s explore the secrets
of the Assyrian bow together. The first material used to
develop the bows was the animal tendon. The back of the bow bodies
was covered with this material and ‘nerve-backed
bows’ were produced. In the following periods, the stronger
‘composite bows’ were produced by attaching a
horn to the belly of the bow. The Assyrians were able to
have short and strong bows thanks to these components. By using this ancient knowledge
which was left by Assyrians, Ibrahim and Janbi will produce
a composite bow with the same techniques. But they should be very
careful during this process. Because the slightest mistake
can make the bow weak and have it break during the shot. All components of the bows to be
produced from that time in history were now brought together. With the latest developments,
the bow has become a very important weapon. This would make it the
mos murderous weapon in the history of war. In order to better understand
the development of the bows it is important
to get to know the armour developed for defence purposes. Because defence equipment
developed parallel to the attack weapons. This was the unchanging
cycle of war technology. When you look at the reliefs
in the Ishtar Temple in the Babylonian Empire, you can see a detail that draws
attention on the clothes of the soldiers. Short sleeve bronze armour. It seems the Babylonians,
who were at war with the Assyrians, had developed
their defences against composite bows. Janbi will test the impact
power of the Assyrian bow with the set up prepared by Ferhat. Let’s see if the Babylonians’
armour can protect them from the Assyrian bow, one of the world’s
first composite bows. The set up we prepared
in order to evaluate Janbi’s new bow the target is an armoured
Babylonian soldier. We will also try to revive a
real moment of battle as much as possible by shooting
from two different distances. Yes, what about the results? I see your shots at
close-range yielded were better. Mustafa, could you please display
the results on the screen? The speed of the close-range shot
is 162 kilometres per hour. And as I can see from here it
pierced the armour and made a deep wound in the gel. Let’s have a look closer. I want to see the
effects of the other shots. Come on let’s see. First, let’s observe the blue
arrows that you shoot from the first shooting point. Two of my arrows
succeeded to pierce the armour. Yes, it definitely caused a fatal wound. So there is no way for this
soldier to continue in the battle. There is even the possibility
of dying of blood loss on the battlefield depending on where
the arrow is stuck. Janbi succeeded to pierce
the Babylonian armour with the two blue
arrows shot from a 15 meters distance. One of them even made a
5-cm wound in the ballistic gel. What about the red arrows? The red arrows, one of them
was stuck deep in the gel and caused a fatal wound. So all four of
arrows succeeded to pierce the armour. Indeed a soldier on the attacking
side at the battlefield is likely to be hit
by 4 arrows in the body. Meaning, this test reflects
almost exactly what a soldier would encounter while attacking
against an archer unit. At first view, we may think that
bronze armour failed against the Assyrian bow. But it is very important
not to forget this detail. This armour was
developed at a time when the arrows easily travelled 150
meters, the bows could only be fatal at
distances of 30 meters. The bronze armour was still
vital in the face of shots from 150-200 meters. Although these armours
did not provide 100% protection, it was a significant
improvement in defence. But bow technology
was still one step ahead. We can say Assyrians had one of the
longest-range weapons of that age. With the help of this weapon,
they managed to establish a great empire. The Assyrians, who turned
the bow into a more efficient weapon were followed by
horse-drawn archers of the Hittite civilization. In the year 500’s AC,
the Romans made a big change in the accurate
shooting of the target by developing the technique of
pulling the bow towards the eye, rather than the shoulder. Well, who was the
one made the bow perfect? There is a fact accepted
by the whole world the most enhanced version of
the bow and arrow was the product of the
Central Asian Turkish tribes. As Ibn Khaldun said,
‘Geography is destiny‘. In order to survive under
the conditions of Central Asia, the Turks chose the
bow and arrow as a friend. These skills and techniques of
the Turks, the nomads of the steppe, made them dominant
in Asia, and at the same made their fame
spread to large territories. Scythians, the first tribe
that comes to mind when talking about Turkish archery lived between the 8th century BC to 3rd century BC in the east of Europe and in the
Tien Shan territory of Central Asia. The reason for this existence
and fame for five centuries was undoubtedly that
they were the best archers of that time. This depiction of the Scythian
warrior shooting arrows backwards in this Greek vase,
tells us a lot about their fame. If we take into account
that only great heroism and unforgettable events
were recorded at that time, we would understand
better why the Greeks were so impressed by the Scythians. Because the Scythians
broke new ground in this area. Although the debate continues
on whether the Scythians are Turks or not, many
historians agree that they are a mixed archer
tribe including Turks. We also consider the Scythians
as our starting point when researching Turkish history. To be the best in the
archery requires very hard work. For this reason, each
Scythian man and woman without exception would start training from
the moment they were born and continued
until they used the bow as a part of their body. But being masters of archery
was not the only skill of the Scythians. They had designed
their own excellent bow. But what distinguishes this bow
from other composite ones? Historian Koray Şerbetçi
will help Janbi and Ibrahim to trace the Scythian bow. Look, this is the plate on
which the Greeks depict the famous Scythian archer. This is the oldest drawing of the
Scythian bow that we have. The M-shape is probably
a signature of the Scythian bow masters. Well, was this the greatest
innovation the Scythians had added to the bow
technology at that time? We can say so. The opposing curves are the
output of a fantastic imagination. It's also a marvel of engineering. Through the curves, they
created the maximum tension force in the bow and increased
the arrow range to over 300 meters. They achieved almost three
times the range the Assyrians did. They totally deserve
to be drawn here. But what I really want to show
you and what excited me is this photograph. Why is this so important? Because this is a photograph
of a 3000-year-old Scythian bow found in a
monumental tomb in Xinjiang, China. The Scythian bow in the grave
and the Greek plate drawing are exactly the same. The plate drawing of the
Greeks we were only informed about the shape of the bow. But thanks to the monumental
tomb, we had the chance to analys all the materials
that the bow was made of. We are now 100% sure what
kind of bows our ancestors used. The Scythians believed that
their dead would need their bows to fight in the afterlife. Because they were sure
that with their bows they could now easily eliminate the
obstacles that they would face in the world of the dead
by repeating the best thing they knew. Therefore, the bows they used
in wars were buried with them. Thanks to these tombs, we
again have the weapons that the Scythians had improved
by inheriting from father to son. Think about that, we can
reproduce a weapon used by our ancestors 3000 years ago in the same way. This is an amazing fact, that
few civilisations can do today. Ibrahim and Janbi have continued
to work on the photographs and notes left by historian
Koray Şerbetçi and have begun to rediscover the ancient.
secrets of the Scythians who revolutionized bow
technology with their designs. There was a different feature
of the Scythian bow in the photographs we looked at. While the horns were placed
on the outer part of the bows used in that time, the Scythians divided the bow body
into two and place the horn between them. Well, what about these materials? There is a different feature in
the parts of the frame that differentiates the
Scythians bows from others. When we examine the Assyrian
bow, if you pay attention, the main core material consists
of a single piece, the Scythians split
the spring body into 3 pieces. While even a single-frame
bow sometimes can be broken, How is it possible that such
a bow does not break with the force it encounters? The answer of
that question is the glue. At that time, the Scythians used a glue
obtained from the air sac of the Sturgeon. In addition, the tamarisk in the main body
that forms the frame of the Scythian bow had the ability to absorb more
glue than other trees. So everything is excellent. Excellent materials
brings out an excellent bow. In fact, the Scythian bow had to
be kept in a dry environment for 1 year after the
manufacturing stage in order to function. In this short period I was only able
to show Janbi the manufacturing stages So today Janbi is going to test
the Scythian bow I made earlier. The simple bow could withstand
a force of 7 kilograms and the Assyrian bow, one of
the first Composite bows in history could withstand
a force of 25 kilograms. Well, were Scythian bows,
which led to a major revolution in bow technology, as powerful as described? Yes I opened it It came Okay. I am summing up 5 kilos 8 kilos Nearly reaching
10 kilos and I and still going on. Literally 35 kilos
and still one piece If I hadn’t seen it with my bare
eyes, nobody would have convinced me that this bow was
made of 3 different pieces. It is really a very strong bow. When archaeologists open a
grave, they know whether the dead
was an archer or not according to the difference
between its arms. The main reason for this was
that the Scythian bow was very strong. A good composite Scythian
bow could be used for exactly 200 years. Each Scythian father taught
his son or daughter how to make this bow. From the type of wood to the production of glue he would convey all
the secrets he knew and help him to make his own bow. Now Janbi will test the Scythian
bow produced according to this tradition. We’ve always given Janbi
the opportunity to shoot when he was top
physically condition. Since the bow he brought for
this test is very strong, let’s see how his firing ability
will change as he gets tired. Janbi, you will make continuous
shots with the Scythian bow. In the meantime, we will
measure both pulse changes and other variables at the time of the shot. Let’s see how many arrows
you can shoot while a Scythian archer shot between 150
and 200 arrows during the battle. So you’re gonna put a 50-kg
load on my arm each time. That’s okay. Mustafa, is everything ready? Almost done. We will be
ready till Janbi takes his position. Remember Janbi, for the test to work, you should not rest between the shots Roger. This time Janbi will have a
challenging experience with the Scythian bow which he admired
for his design and strength. Meantime Ferhat and İbrahim
will closely monitor Janbi's physical performance. He is getting tired. His body temperature increased
and his pulse began to rise. I can’t feel my arm. I give up. If I lived in that time, I
wouldn't even be able to compete with Scythian children. How are the results? When we compare your first
and last shots, we can make
a general conclusion. The speed of the arrow reached
183 kilometres per hour in your first shot. You stretched
the bow for 67 centimetres. The temperature of your arm
muscle is 37.4 degrees Celsius. These results belong to the
shot you made at the most favourable conditions. And you've already hit the target. Now can we see the last attempts? I’m preparing the results right now. Your stretching distance
of the bow has fallen to 60 centimeters and the speed of the arrow to
156 kilometres with the effect of fatigue. Your arm muscle’s temperature
increased by 1.5 degrees compared to the first shot. And you have missed the target. Apparently, it looks like my bow
has been pretty rough on you. Indeed. Here you can take your bow. This adventure with Scythian bow
is enough to last me a lifetime. Especially in the last shots, my
arm muscles burned so much that it was impossible to stretch
the bow because of the pain I felt. I also felt a burning sensation on my back
and back muscles and arms. And I couldn’t focus on my target. I can’t feel my arm. I give up. I now understand why Scythians
began training from childhood. The bow influenced every
area of the daily life of the Scythians. By this means, using the
Scythian bow was far more exhausting. The only purpose of these
activities was not to strengthen the arm muscles. They improved their bow’s
strength, arrow’s strength and even new shooting
styles through their training. We can think of the training
grounds as research and development laboratories. No matter how strong your bow
is, if you don’t have good arrows the yield you
get from it will decrease. The Scythians produced the most influential
arrows of the period with this in mind. Starting from the 800s BC,
for nearly 500 years, there was no nation which processed mines better than them. This advantage brought
Scythians to the top in the production of arrowheads. What were the ingenious ideas
of these inventor warriors for their arrowheads? And how efficient
were these ideas in the field? Janbi and Ibrahim will
together examine the images obtained from the historical ruins
and try to reproduce the ancient Scythian arrowheads. Although it was the Iron
Age, iron was an expensive ore because it had not
yet been produced sufficiently. Therefore, utilisation
of it was not widespread. But the Scythians was also
aware that this new mineral was more durable than bronze
and they knew if they used iron in their weapons,
they would gain an advantage over their enemies. For this reason, they preferred
to have a certain part of the arrowheads made of
iron and cover them with bronze. Yes, arrowheads are ready. Although this was not done at that time,
I also shaped the back part so that it doesn’t lose any
energy due to friction and we get a much
better stroke result. Good idea. I am curious
about this hooked one. Is it a standard
arrowhead of that time? This was the most
preferred arrowhead then. So when we compare these two,
we can see whether the arrowhead designed by the
Scythians was successful or not. Absolutely. Janbi and his team will now
observe the advantages the Scythians have achieved
through the arrowheads they have designed. We have prepared a ballistic
gel to see the maximum damage the arrowheads can do. This time Ibrahim will
also shoot with Janbi. Janbi will shoot the hooked
arrowhead and Ibrahim will shoot the classic one. Let’s have a look
at your arrow, Ibrahim. Let’s have a look
at your arrow, 10 centimetres in. Janbi, yours is exactly 7 centimetres in. Apparently the Scythians
suffered a loss in the impact of their arrows with this design. In fact, what I wanted to seein this test
was not how deep the arrows were stuck. Guys, can we get
the gel on the table? You see, when you pull out
the normal arrowhead it does not cause
huge damage to the gel, whereas the hooked arrow almost
completely smashes that part. It hurts me to even think of something like
that has been removed from my body. Obviously your chance of
survival was very low when you were hit by a hooked
arrow on the battlefield. Someone hit with a hooked arrow
would have hit a dead end. It was not possible to treat the wound
without removing the arrow from the body. But when the arrow was
pulled out, it left a bigger wound in his body In other words, the Scythians
were determined not to let the enemy leave
the battlefield alive. The Turks had become
an unstoppable force on the battlefields with the innovations
they brought to the bows they chose their comrades in Central Asia. But they would
not be satisfied with this. They would add another
piece to the equation to become the invincible
warrior of the steppes. If you live in the middle of a
cruel steppe, your existence depends on catching
the opportunities instantly. Because every missed
opportunity is a fatal defeat against the steppe. Every living creature that loses
its awareness and loses its mobility becomes a prey
in this environment. So, the Scythians put horses
in the game, which maximised their mobility. I want to start with the
biggest question I have. What was that greatest advantage
the horse brought into the battlefield? Speed and manoeuvrability. The superiority of a warrior on a
horse upon an infantry is unquestionable. So, what did this condition
change in the battlefield? And that is the main question! The use of mounted archers
provided profundity to the battle strategies. We cannot speak of a complicated tactic
or strategy in a battle with infantry alone. We can only compare
this to playing chess with pawns. You’re in a land far away from
the rook and here you can't find a bishop. Indeed this is
a very good example. If you don’t have a commander
with a good at strategy and elements that made a
difference, the war would have ended quickly
in favour of the outnumbered. But the war history of our
ancestors is full of stories that prove otherwise. Absolutely. If there were Turkish warriors
who were born on horses and who became legends
of archery in your army, the quantitative advantage for
the enemy might not make a difference. While you could have an effect
on the long-lasting combat habits even with a small
innovation that you added to the battefielf steppe tribes
would change war history radically by putting horses in the game. The Turks dedicated themselves
to their horses and bows. This dedication
naturally brought along very important inventions. The stirrup and the saddle
would bring the harmony between the rider and
the horse to a whole new level. Janbi will tell us about the importance
of the invention of the stirrup in war history and the development of mounted archery in the track prepared by mounted archery tutor Ercan. You know Janbi, the invention
of stirrup has started a new era in the war history. And it helped a in
shooting arrows while on the horse. Yes, the warrior’s balance
on the horse became even steadier with the discovery of stirrup. In this way, they began
to use swords and spears easily. But most importantly, the accuracy
of shooting arrow sharpened. So are you ready to try our
test to see that difference? I am ready. Janbi will shoot at three
different points of the 50-meter track on a bareback horse. He will then complete
the same track with his full-harness horse. Now I truly understand that the stirrup
and saddle are wonderful inventions. Without this equipment,
I struggled to keep my balance while galloping. When it came to aiming, I
was so troubled that I couldn’t
even get it to the second target. Frankly, I didn’t even know
if I’d hit the third target or not while I was
shooting the third target. The difference that I felt after
placing my foot in the stirrups was incredible. I was very comfortable and
my shots were very stable. And yet my hit rate was high. The trick to shooting arrows on
the horse was catching the moment when the horse four feet
were in the air. However, both aiming and shooting
the arrow was quite a challenge at this moment
which took less than 1 second. This was actually an easy
activity for Turkish tribes who spent their whole lives on horses,
but they had to work hard. Janbi was able to catch the
moment when all four feet of the horse were in the air and
shot his arrows at the target. Moreover, he controlled his
horse more easily with stirrups this time. The invention of the stirrup and saddle
has started an irreversible era in history. This technology which is
considered by some experts as one of the most important
developments in the history of mankind increased the
effectiveness of the cavalry in battles and brought the Turkish tribes
to a very important place in history. The Turkish mounted archers
would turn into a nightmare for the rooted states
with the new discoveries. These impeccable warriors,
with the appearance of the Huns on the history stage,
would enable the Turks to spread to a wide
geography from Asia to Europe. In the next episode we will
examine the success of the best mounted archers in the
world, Hun Turks, while examining the process
of Turks becoming a state. And of course, we will untie the
mysteries of the whistling arrow of Mete Han. Until then, keep your eye on the target!
