The Horrifying Story Of The Victorian Alcatraz | How The Victorians Built Britain | Absolute History

i'm alice loxton and i present documentaries over on history hit tv if you're passionate about all things history sign up to history hit tv it's like netflix but just for history we've got hours of ad-free documentaries about all aspects of the past you can get a huge discount from history hit tv make sure you check out the details below and use the code absolute history all one word when you sign up now on with the show in the long reign of a single queen britain changed the world and was itself utterly transformed queen victoria came to the throne in 1837 by the time she died in 1901 we had made the modern world it was a time of brilliant engineering pioneering innovation all of it driven by fearless men and women who dreamt big and shaped the country we live in today [Music] fast and effective new transport systems shrank the world you travel further faster the railways compress space and time startling innovations above and below ground saved lives we've grabbed the saw like this it's more like carpentry than surgery groundbreaking ideas nurtured our minds and souls it was feeling like you were dancing in one of the great european palaces and a revolution in law and order set us on course for the freedoms we take for granted today you're brought from the darkness of the prisons into this glory it's fantastic isn't it it is this is the story of how the victorians built britain in 1837 britain's new monarch gained more than a crown she inherited a crime wave people were pouring into the cities in search of a better life and making them a hunting ground for criminals but as the crime rate soared so did the official response from prisons to policing queen victoria's britain spearheaded a revolution in the justice system they were tough in one sense the metaphorical sense they didn't take any prisoners in the real sense they took lots of them [Music] right up to the victorian era we were a harsh and unforgiving lot under what was known as the bloody code just stealing a handkerchief could end up with the death penalty or at least a public whipping even a night on the tiles could end up with you in the stocks being pelted with rotten fruit during the 63 years victoria was on the throne huge strides were made building a more humane penal system but at the start of her reign crime was soaring the authorities were keen to get rid of undesirables from murderers and rapists to petty criminals the solution was to export them so they turned once again to the empire after all out of sight was out of mind the further the better soon they were transporting 4 000 british convicts a year to australia making it one of the most common forms of victorian punishment and before they set off on their perilous journey to the colonies many of them would have been held here on ireland's alcatraz [Music] originally the site of a 7th century monastery spike island in cork harbour on ireland's south coast eventually became a military fortress with ireland under british rule it was designed to stave off attack from napoleon in 1847 the fort was converted into a jail capable of holding up to 2 300 prisoners many were from mainland britain destined for transportation this is enormous is it the biggest prison in britain and ireland it is it's the largest ever prison in britain and ireland and during that 1850s period there is no record of a larger prison anywhere in the world anywhere in the world anywhere in the world how did it fit into the whole transportation story the prisons in britain and ireland were really full to bursting point at that stage you know so they needed a place to hold them in what was effectively a convict apple so a lot of the people who were brought here were then transported absolutely i mean cork harbor has over 40 000 recorded transportees going through its gates you know major major numbers and the population of australia today as many as twenty percent can trace their actual our origins right back here to clark harbour [Music] in total around 165 000 convicts were transported to australia they provided what amounted to slave labor the cost of transporting them was offset by the need to provide fewer prison places at home spike island was their final stop before the perilous 11 000 mile sailing why was the government so keen on transportation first of all i got rid of people that you didn't want it was an opportunity to ship that problem elsewhere they were a source of free labor as well and for an empire building nation as britain was at the time this was a way to build those places and what did you have to do to be transported there certainly were some serious offenders being sent out there but the majority really were for petty crimes so if stealing something just worth the shilling like a handkerchief or even stealing potatoes could get you seven years transportation overseas the opening of the jail on spike island coincided with the failure of the irish potato crop the great famine claimed around a million lives in desperation many more were driven to theft swelling prisoner numbers by night most were chained together in overcrowded dormitories by day forced into hard labor out of the light into the darkness absolutely it is an island but did anybody actually attempt to escape from here henry swears is a fantastic individual who came here apparently in the prime of his life and one of the strongest men you could meet he was described as an ox who could do the work of eight men during his time he constantly tried to escape by swimming away to the mainland and this actually happened so many times that they got special permission to tie him up in chains so when he left the cell he'd actually have chains swung over his shoulders a lock tied to prevent them from trying to escape off the island those who tried to escape were banished to the punishment block along with the most violent inmates this particular part was used for some of the worst offenders so they really they get some of the worst treatment imaginable the 28 isolation cells are around nine feet long and just seven feet wide so this is the ultimate in punishment show themselves absolutely i mean these were called the dark cells and they certainly live up to their name uh completely windowless completely furnitureless as well so once you were locked in here you were left on your own for up to 23 and a half hours a day in complete darkness and you were chained you watch into the wall that you'll actually see down here at the bottom a hole that actually directly shows where the chains came from so they were actually shackled by the neck held them by the arms and by the legs as well so it's unimaginable conditions how long did people spend typically in these cells as many as eight years we've heard we've heard reports of prisoners have been sent in here and serving their entire time in these dark cells so just unimaginable treatment and what was it like when they were finally released completely broken men most didn't last at all even if you're left in your 40s many of them would have passed away within a couple of years of having left these conditions because they were completely destroyed five minutes is nothing i mean it is in every sense chilling isn't it it is it absolutely is it's not a place you could imagine i think in our modern times [Music] spike island prison closed in 1883 by which time it had claimed the lives of over 1200 men and boys [Music] it's quite a relief to up out of the fort you get a sense of concentrated misery down there up here though if you look one way past the fort you see the very pretty town of cove and for them the past i suppose the places they'll never go to again the loved ones they'll never see and if you look this way out to sea you'll see their future being transported lucky if they survive to the other side of the world for a life of hard labor however the days of penal transportation would soon be numbered the colonies refused to carry on being britain's convict dumping ground the victorians needed to find somewhere to put the ever-growing number of criminals queen victoria's reign was a time of huge progress in fields such as science architecture and industry but living conditions for working class people were slow to improve the crowded cities were hotbeds of crime but the era of exporting britain's criminals was coming to an end [Music] times were changing for victorian villainy punishment by transportation to the colonies was officially ended in 1857 from now on british criminals had to be dealt with on home soil [Music] more jails were needed between 1842 and 1877 90 prisons were built or extended it was the greatest prison building program in british history even for those days costing millions and millions of pounds but these new prisons weren't just designed to lock criminals up the victorians were keen on moral improvement they were to be houses of reformation kremlin road jail in belfast which opened in 1846 was one of the first of the new victorian prisons it was built to house around 500 inmates in single cells the layout was the latest in prison architecture what's significant about the design of this place yeah well there are four wings in total and they fan off from the central area known as the circle it was modeled on london's pentonville prison which also consists of that radial cellular system this innovative design was based on the ideas of the penal reformer jeremy bentham he proposed building circular prisons a design dubbed the panopticon from the greek all-seeing so you've got the central area and you've got the cells in wings that are like spokes yeah they fan out from it in a d shape so what's the advantage of that jeremy bentham believed that it allows the prison guards to have the ability to view all of the prisoners without the prisoners knowing that they were actually being watched and it was also a lot more open and a lot brighter so it gave them just the better perspective of seeing down the wings [Music] the panopticon influence design proved both more efficient and more humane than older jails the idea was incorporated into over 50 other prisons but the victorian's approach to prison discipline was less enlightened the prison itself might have been in victorian terms modern and light and airy but what about the regime was it still as tough as it had been it was definitely the punishments were quite horrific um they still did flogging so a prisoner could have been whipped up to 36 times with birch rods or they could have been whipped with ropes and they put small bits of glass into the rope to open the skin faster and after that they would quite literally put salt into the prisoners wounds while prison was seen primarily as punishment the now widespread idea that many criminals can be reformed only gained acceptance during the victorian era however by today's standards the rehabilitation methods of the time amounted to mental torture prisoners were perpetually separated from each other they would have been essentially in solitary confinement in their cells they weren't allowed to meet or converse in fact when they're being moved from their cells they were chained and they had their heads covered with hoods and now the objective of that system was the hope that through silent reflection on one's actions and behavior that the prisoner would achieve penance and did it work um it didn't actually know a lot of the prisoners in here would have been re-offenders and the suicide rates among the prisoners were at their highest when that system was implemented and it wasn't just adults who suffered under the victorian prison regime children got similarly harsh treatment right up to the 1850s the youngest prisoner that was in this jail was 10 years of age children would have been arrested for things like stealing an apple stealing a gentleman's handkerchief so it was real oliver twist kind of stuff so there was no distinction made about children no if it was their first offense they would have been brought in for a night or two as a scare tactic but if it was their second or third offense they would have been incarcerated for up to three months and their sentence included a flogging the victorians didn't worry about that in any way well it was only after one particular case that they did start to worry about it what happened so patrick mcgee he was here he was only 14 years of age he had stolen some clothes from a washer woman so he was placed in for three months and his sentence did include a flogging now there was a grown man being flogged just before him and he could hear his cries of pain echoing throughout the prison so out of fear he took his own life through hanging and what sort of impact did his death have on the victorian following year they actually passed an act so that meant all young offenders were then moved to reformatory schools [Music] in 1854 the reformatory schools act was passed children under the age of 16 could now be granted a pardon on the condition that they took up a school place reformatory schools were intended to instill the same kind of discipline as prisons but also to educate their young charges give them skills in the hope that it'll lead to future employment not future crime but the children still had to be punished so before they went to reformatory school they were sent to an adult prison for two weeks teach them a lesson the reformatory schools were the predecessors of today's young offenders institutions however the victorian era wasn't always marked by progress crime remained high and there was little evidence that criminals were being rehabilitated with the passing of the 1865 prisons act assistant director of prison sir edmund du kane pledged a new age of hard labor hard fare and hard board [Music] moral reformation had fallen out of fashion once again punishment was top of the agenda [Music] ripon prison in north yorkshire was typical of the new approach i've come to see what conditions were like in the cells so this is an average size yeah that's right so this would have taken one or two prisoners at a time what was the purpose what was the intent of hard labor it was designed to work the badness out of a prisoner which is why a lot of prisons were called houses of correction what sort of thing did they get them to do well there were two different types there was unproductive labor and productive labor unproductive labor had absolutely no point to it one of the most favored form that was turning the crank so what does the prisoner have to do they have to turn it well there's something in here that that creates a bit of resistance yeah so you return it how long 14 400 times in a day the jailers could increase the resistance of the crank to make it harder to turn this was known as turning the screw and why today prison guards are often referred to as screws but in the mid-1800s the victorians introduced productive labor putting inmates to work earn money for the prison one of the things that they would do is picking oachum so this is some coarse rope and the idea of picking open was that you would tease out into the individual fibers and then those would be sold into the shipbuilding industry this is old rope it's old rope yes and so this is where the phrase money for old rape [Music] prisoners teased out the rope fibers which were sold then mixed with tar to make ships watertight a process known as caulking the british shipbuilding industry was the envy of the world so demand for oakham was high i'm not very good at this how effective was hard labor did it work i don't think it did so we've got a criminal record sheet here for somebody called george smith he looks a bit of a villain he does look a bit of a villain but all of his offenses fall under the vagrancy act of 1824 so there's quite a few instances of begging he's sleeping out on the streets if we turn over the page we can see that actually he was convicted of these crimes 45 times in just 20 years so it's clearly not working in this case so a lot of the times victorian prisoners were committing crimes out of desperation so the root cause was poverty so putting them into a prison making them do hard labor it's not going to work because it doesn't solve the problem [Music] and it wasn't just vagrants that were being locked up in the first part of the 19th century more than half those behind bars weren't convicted criminals at all debtors prisons housed anyone who couldn't pay their rent taxes or debts this wall is all that remains of one of the most notorious debtors prisons marshall sea home for some time to the novelist charles dickens father charles dickens was just 12 years old when his father john was banged up at marshall sea for a debt he owed to his baker he was released after three months but young charles never forgot the experience of visiting him in prison his father's incarceration was so scarring to the 12 year old charles dickens that he used marshall c as the location for his 1855 novel little dorit whose heroine amy dorit was born and raised within the confines of the prison it wasn't to be the first time that charles dickens turned to pen and paper to take british law and order to task dickens was also critical of attitudes to capital punishment in the early 1800s over 200 crimes could earn you the death sentence from stealing to cutting down a tree executions in the early victorian period were huge public events they attracted spectators in their thousands their tens of thousands and had all the atmosphere of a fair or a festival the new holiday king thomas cook even ran excursions to the more popular ones which typically took place on market day so the children could go [Music] [Applause] in 1849 over 30 000 people attended the hanging of husband and wife frederick and maria mannings who had jointly plotted to murder her lover for his money in the crowd that day was charles dickens it was so appalled by what he saw that he memorialized it in a letter to the times i believe that a site so inconceivably awful as the wickedness and levity of the immense crowd collected at that execution could be imagined by no man growing opposition to the death penalty from reformers like dickens meant in 1861 a law was passed reducing the number of capital offenses to four [Music] and the 1868 prisons act ended public hangings back in belfast crumbling road jail the authorities would have to move with the times so the executions then would have moved from outside inside so this is it this is this is the condemned cell it is for criminal road jail yeah gosh it's awful being in here well it's just the thought you know that you know you're here and you're just thinking of the individuals who had their last day here yeah what what would have happened on that last day the executions generally took place um around 8 a.m so the prisoner might be attended to by their clergyman they might be dressed in anticipation of the execution sometimes in a shroud and gloves hats and four people who were executed at crumbling road to jail it's actually just in here just next door exactly would the prisoner have been aware that the place of execution was actually only a few yards away they wouldn't and here we are and it's chilling stuff isn't it absolutely yeah so here at from the road to jail there would be the trap door and the lever would be pulled and to release that trapdoor [Music] over the years a dozen prisoners were executed in this very room [Music] what do you think kremlin wrote jail and the wider business of how they changed the way they treated prisoners what does that tell us about the victorians do you think when somebody comes into prison they want to to either cure them of their criminal tendencies through reform through education through religious instruction or for those who are deemed to be too far gone or their crimes are just too severe to receive any of that and then they would be executed under the victorians penal servitude became the foundation of the british justice system and while victorian methods of dealing with prisoners may have died out many of the buildings that contained them remain not as disused monuments but as working active prisons a living legacy of victorian law and order [Music] from pentonville in london to manchester and liverpool prisons victorian jails still formed the backbone of the british penal system but the victorian era didn't just witness a revolution in how britain housed its criminals it also saw the emergence of a full-time professional police force as we know them today up to the 1800s the responsibility for reporting and solving a crime even catching the culprits usually lay with the victim if there was any support it was the local constable a much maligned figure who was frequently lambasted in the press for his ineptitude and habitual drunkenness or the night watchman whose reputation if anything was even worse during queen victoria's reign though professional police forces were rolled out across britain glasgow is home to some of britain's finest victorian architecture but back at the beginning of the 19th century the country's first professional police force was set up here nearly 30 years before sir robert peel and his peelers in london i've come to glasgow to retrace one of the very first police beats what was going on in glasgow at that time that meant they felt they needed something new to deal with law and order issues well they had a crime in poverty really in the city and it was such a level that the magistrates wanted a police force to help them and the glasgow police act of 1800 that gave them power to set up the police force so what is significant about this particular corner of glasgow well the glasgow police took over the church here and that was glasgow's first police office [Music] glasgow's police force proved highly effective in 1856 the law was passed to compel every county in england and wales to follow suit but care was taken to reassure the victorian public these new offices of the law would protect rather than oppress them so when they were kitting out this first police force what sort of considerations did they have well they wanted to make them look like a civilians with police powers they didn't want them to look like soldiers so they chose the top hat to give them status and they also chose the cut away court to give impression of a servant so although they were with police powers they were the servants of the people and when he had to call for help uh he actually had what looks to me like an old football rattle well the rattle and the clappers were the two different ways they could summon assistance and that's the origin of run like the clappers yes that's it that's the original one it was an emergency signal initially the main role of a victorian police constable was to act as a visible deterrent on the streets [Music] but in 1842 the notorious case of the so-called roehampton monster daniel good ushered in a whole new branch of policing good was suspected of stealing some trousers from a pawn broker the search of the stables where he worked led to a gruesome discovery a headless female torso later identified as jane jones a woman he'd been living with over the next week nine separate divisions of the metropolitan police were involved in the hunt for daniel good but he continually avoided capture by moving from borough to borough in and out of the various police jurisdictions good was only caught by chance when he was recognized in a pub from the description that had been circulated in the press daniel goode was tried found guilty and hanged outside newgate prison on may 23 1842 justice was done but the good case highlighted a real weakness in the system of local police forces three months later the metropolitan police set up its first detective branch in the old scotland yard [Music] the detective became a mainstay of the victorian police and the popular imagination arthur conan doyle's stories of fictional super sleuth sherlock holmes were hugely popular meanwhile victorian advances in technology were helping to make detective work more efficient the new art form of photography took off in the 1840s but it was the victorian detective who turned it into a science how long was it before the police cottoned onto the idea that this new technology would be useful in catching criminals by the early 1850s birmingham police had started taking its first mug shots and we were the first police force in the uk to start doing mug shots the steelhouse lane lockup was home to birmingham police's first ever photographic unit but its first mug shots were taken at a nearby commercial photography premises the prisoners would probably be pushed past the paying customers who were possibly spending their life savings on the only family portrait they're ever going to have put in a chair or stood by the potted plant and they're posing they're wearing nice outfits the only real difference that you can sometimes tell is the little glint of a silver bracelet in the corner of the picture and eventually towards the end of the victorian period this actual place right here was where eventually they used to take these pictures absolutely and we would have had a white backdrop that was hung exactly here how many of these have you still got we're very lucky we've got around about 30 of these images left this is a young lady by the name of catherine corcoran who was sentenced to five years in a reformatory for stealing from children well she's a child herself she does look like a child herself but you can see the background that's a photographic studio she's posing nicely with her arm gown she's got there's a potted plant in the background there in 1866 1866 yeah in 1871 the prevention of crime act made it compulsory for the police to photograph anyone convicted of an offense the photographs were stored in ledgers a few very rare examples of which still survive to this day [Music] this is our oldest prisoner ledger it dates back throughout the 1870s you can see the names the ages the heights the offenses and the sentences that they received when you're looking through these are there any that are well famous we have some pictures from the 1890s which is when the real-life peaky blinders started to be more prolific and we do have some of the individuals in our collection their photographs were taken right here the peaky blinders now immortalized in the popular tv drama were a violent organized crime gang made up of mostly young working-class men from birmingham now how are the police using these mug shots prisoners very commonly use alternative details they use aliases to try and hide their real identity so what better than a photographic likeness to be able to identify that person the next time they come into custody when you leaf through these old ledges and see these criminals what goes through your mind some of them are really really sad some of the eyes are really haunting and almost telling the story of the hardship the struggles the poverty a lot of these people are children aged 10 11 12 sentenced for minor theft offences and it would almost seem like theft was their only option they had really hard lives you reckon these are ledges of sadness apart from anything else they really are it tells of the personal struggles that were going on at the same time detectives also started to use photography to record crime scenes a technique still in use around the world today another investigation technique pioneered by the victorians was based on the novel discovery that everyone has a unique fingerprint i'd put the ink on and then we would work our way through with all of your fingers on there so who first came up with the idea so the gentleman called dr henry folds he was actually doing archaeological dig in japan in the 1870s and recovering bits of pottery out of the ground and it was at that time that he realized that the potter's marks their fingerprints were still on fragments of these pots so he actually set about making a study of fingerprints themselves to see how unique they were but there was a break-in at his lab and two of the workers were actually suspected of actually committing that offence so he set about comparing their fingerprints to the marks that were left at the scene and he was actually able to exonerate the members of staff and they became free as a result of that so it's quite ironic that we think of fingerprints as making convictions but maybe the first example in the criminal case was actually clearing this clearing somebody falls had proved the potential of fingerprinting but it took the dogged determination of a visionary detective for the technique to gain widespread acceptance in 1891 an inspector steadman from scotland yard police he set up the first fingerprint bureau and he threw himself into it completely he went around different stations different courts different prisons educating police officers and courts and prison officers alike on the importance of taking fingerprints and what was the first case where fingerprints were conclusive it was actually only in 1902 as a harry jackson had stolen some billiard balls but at the scene on the windowsill which was freshly painted was a thumbprint and they were able to identify who was responsible for that crime and that became the first conviction in the uk for fingerprint use so harry jackson stealing billiard balls he made history he did make history yes he did make history in fact while police used the latest scientific discoveries to identify suspects during much of the era the courts treated people as guilty unless they could prove their innocence britain's justice system was about to undergo one of the most radical overhauls in its history [Music] the british belief in the rule of law is the envy of the world today around a third of the planet's population lives under legal systems based on english common law for the victorians a fair society depended on everyone having access to justice so new grand courtrooms were built [Music] on march 23 1887 queen victoria made her first public appearance on what was her golden jubilee year the occasion laying the foundation stone of the new victoria law courts here in birmingham [Music] the new court building in the gothic style was designed by architects webb and bell who went on to design the victoria and albert museum in london its grandeur was testament to the victorians belief in the power of the judicial system this is unbelievable isn't it it's really wonderful isn't it i've been in a lot of cathedrals that don't look anything like this [Music] this was all made in tamworth in staffordshire bought here by rail to a field it was then checked and bought down here by horse and cart and erected and it fitted it all worked you know all in a kit yeah but it's dominated by queen victoria this building she's up there in the stained glass yeah she's behind us in the stained glass she's over the front door of the building why did birmingham think it needed a court at all let alone something as unbelievably grand as this well you got a city of 500 000 people what's a city without a great law court the majesty of the law has to be in a city you've been chairman of the bench yeah can you put yourself in the position perhaps of a victorian uh criminal or somebody suspected of a crime being brought here uh to face trial is overalls in terms of modern justice we wouldn't do it like that but if you came up in these courts it must have been a mighty frightening experience defendants would make their way into court from the steelhouse lane lockup next door via an underground tunnel goodness it's a rather steep climb isn't it it is well you wouldn't want to be a defendant would you you wouldn't want to come up here and all this in front of you what's been awe-inspiring terrifying you know you've come up those very dark steps from your cell you've probably had a lovely breakfast of gruel and dried bread and you are faced with the judges and you're faced with the crime that you have committed what sort of cases would have been heard here the worst cases say for example murder or quite complex crimes how much of a change was it uh from what courts have been like in pre-victorian times at the beginning of the 19th century if you'd committed a crime often you just end up in the local justice of the peace parlor and you just stand in front of him and he'd sort of say right okay you know i'm going to sentence you to this the law was very much on the side of the prosecution so often there was no sort of innocent until proven guilty it was like well if you didn't do it you proved that you didn't do it and that was very difficult especially for those you know that that didn't have a lot of money the odds stacked against the defenders absolutely how and when did this start to change in 1879 we introduced what we call public prosecutions this was a real change because this was for the first time it meant that the state was going to prosecute you rather than individuals the new system was designed to be fairer people were less likely to be falsely accused and victims of crimes who couldn't afford a prosecutor were more likely to get justice do you see in this then the beginnings of a much more equitable system of justice under the victorians they gave us a sort of structured court system and we have a fairer court system i mean this court room is you know still in use it's still an active court um so it definitely paved the way to the system that that we have today any famous cases the peaky blinders stephen hickey was quite a famous peaky blinder he was up here he actually stole six pounds worth of good from a draper shop on his road the peaky blinders were often prosecuted for minor offenses the violent beatings they were notorious for proved harder to bring to court often their victims were too scared to go to the police they would have took their beating and sort of you know had that as a warning to not do whatever they'd done again the most celebrated trial of the era though took place at reading crown court and involved queen victoria herself on march the 2nd 1882 a man called roderick mclean tried to assassinate the queen by shooting her with a pistol his motive well apparently he'd sent her some poems and she hadn't replied mclean was prosecuted for treason if convicted he faced the death penalty but the jury found him not guilty due to insanity queen victoria was most displeased so the trial of the lunatics act was brought in in 1883 this allowed the insane to be found guilty a law which remained in place until the 1960s society changed out of all recognition in the 64 years of victoria's reign the fledgling police service became a crime-fighting force to be reckoned with the law courts made justice transparent and open for everybody not just for the wealthy and the new prisons offered a more humane alternative treatment for convicted criminals the victorians pulled law and order into a 20th century that was to be infinitely fairer than the one it had inherited and its legacy is the cornerstone of our justice and of the freedoms we take for granted today next time i unearth the sordid secret of victorian london city was floating on one giant cesspit experience the engineering marvel of the age it's a scale that takes your breath away isn't it london's sewer system it was the envy of the world and get blown away by a vision of victorian sanitation it's the most majestic house in the world

Channel: Absolute History

Views: 111,563

Rating: 4.9150066 out of 5

Keywords: history documentaries, absolute history, world history, ridiculous history, quirky history, victorian, victorian workhouse, victorian alcatraz, victorian prisons, alcatraz, australian prison documentary, prison colony

Id: Ol9d-5z3N4E

Length: 43min 10sec (2590 seconds)

Published: Tue Sep 14 2021