Inside The Disgusting Victorian Cesspits | How The Victorians Built Britain | Absolute History

i'm alice loxton and i present documentaries over on history hit tv if you're passionate about all things history sign up to history hit tv it's like netflix but just for history we've got hours of ad-free documentaries about all aspects of the past you can get a huge discount from history hit tv make sure you check out the details below and use the code absolute history all one word when you sign up now on with the show in the long reign of a single queen britain changed the world and was itself utterly transformed queen victoria came to the throne in 1837 by the time she died in 1901 we had made the modern world it was a time of brilliant engineering pioneering innovation all of it driven by fearless men and women who dreamt big and shaped the country we live in today [Music] fast and effective new transport systems shrank the world you travel further faster the railways compress space and time startling innovations above and below ground saved lives we've grabbed the saw like this it's more like carpentry than surgery groundbreaking ideas nurtured our minds and souls it was feeling like you were dancing in one of the great european palaces and a revolution in law and order set us on course for the freedoms we take for granted today you're brought from the darkness of the prisons into this glory it's fantastic isn't it it is this is the story of how the victorians built britain victorian london was the richest city on the planet with trade treasure and workers piling in from all over the empire but the aroma which arose from it was hardly the sweet smell of success this is our dirty secret this is something that people very seldom see it would fall to one man and his army to build a safer cleaner capital there was that kind of might of victorian ambition i think they could tell that this was going to be a game changer by embarking on the biggest construction project the city had ever seen britain's first super sewer [Music] when queen victoria came to the throne london had a primitive system of sewers designed only for rainwater the system was made up of a network of rivers and streams that all flowed into the thames as the population increased so did the amount of human waste and it all started in the home there's no running water so most people who relieve nature at home do so in their bedroom you'd have a chamber pot and that would be emptied either by yourself or by servants but for people who didn't have servants for poor people well in a slum tenement for example people tended to just use a corner of the room they might use the fireplace very very commonly they used the stairwell which of course was unlit so people going up and down would not know what they were going to tread in i get the picture but what about the cesspits that seem to mean everywhere in victorian london oh absolutely there would be probably a dozen of them in a street like this they were everywhere there were many thousands of them in fact the city was really floating on one giant cesspit [Music] if you know where to look you can still find evidence of our monumentally mucky past deep in the bowels of this london basement yes come and see well now mercifully clean it's one of the few surviving holes for household sewage in london when it was built it was for the exclusive use of the house's well-to-do residents but not the servants even the cesspits had a class system well it looks rather good now but i bet it didn't then how does it work well the waste comes down a shoot into the cesspit and liquid will seep through into the surrounding soil so the brickwork is meant to be porous yes solids will simply sit there for weeks a months like this would have been emptied three or four times a year [Music] it was a dirty job but somebody had to do it so they call for the night men to come and deal with this and not only allowed to start work before 10 o'clock at night they have to be finished by dawn [Music] there's one unfortunate called the whole man who actually has to go down there he's got to get up to his waist in it hasn't he absolutely a whole man is the most pitiable of the whole profession he has to shovel it out into wooden buckets which are then carted outside it must have stuck to high heaven was it actually dangerous yes all of this unpleasantness accumulating the fumes can be lethal it's not nice it is not nice then a new invention designed to make going to the toilet more civilized quite literally flooded the system the flush lavatory became a kind of must-have accessory in middle class homes and because everyone had one the sewers could not cope huge quantities of water now added to the excrement meant the cesspits were overflowing as a result some unscrupulous homeowners connected their new lose straight into the already inadequate sewer system there was a recipe for disaster to what extent was this approaching some real crisis point put it like this it was almost at the tipping point where this was no longer a matter of hygiene it was a matter of survival london wasn't just struggling under the weight of human waste the capital's animal population was also adding to the problem on market days the streets heaved with livestock leaving a messy smelly trail behind them it wasn't just the noise and the stink of the animals smithfield and all the other markets like lumber court in seven dials or claire market near the strand had slaughter houses hundreds of animals were slaughtered every week and with that of course came the gruesome byproducts blood guts of all kinds these beastly remains joined increasing amounts of industrial sludge plus the waste from the overflowing cesspits to wind their way down to london's main water source the thames had become a breeding ground for deadly disease in 1848 london was struck by an outbreak of cholera more than 14 000 people lost their lives it was the second epidemic of that deadly disease in less than two decades [Music] the common belief was that cholera was spread through bad air or miasma but some were beginning to question this theory dr jon snow believed water could have something to do with it medical historian and distant relative dr stephanie snow has invited me for a pint a bit odd though isn't it stephanie to be in a pub talking about water well in victorian london if you were drinking beer you might actually be better off than drinking water and that was because since the 1840s jon snow had been building up evidence that cholera could be spread through water but there was no traction for that idea at the time when another cholera epidemic broke out in london in 1854 snow grabbed his opportunity he recorded each victim as a black line on a map of the area and discovered every house affected collected their water from the same pump on broad street yet there was one group of men in the heart of the outbreak who escaped unscathed snow found a group of brewers that actually were not affected by the disease and it turned out that these brewers not only had beer as part of their wages so they were probably drinking that in the day but actually the brewery had its own well so they had a different supply of water he really had developed a compelling set of evidence snow convinced the council to close down the pump and the epidemic ended he now had concrete proof that cholera was water-borne what does jon snow's achievement tell us about the victorians snow is a really interesting example of victorian science at its best he's using the new ideas about producing evidence to make a case for how medical practice should happen and that is a real mark of how the new science was beginning to shape the way in which we think about health jon snow's research helped transform the victorian approach to sanitation [Music] but it would take one of the biggest construction projects the country had ever seen to rid london of its rising filth [Music] in the 1850s london was a land of opportunity for victorian britons the population had almost trebled since the turn of the century as workers arrived to make their fortunes in the capital city but rather than being paved with gold they found the streets decorated with something a lot less desirable [Music] the city was awash with waste every day 260 tons of raw sewage industrial rubbish and offal from the slaughterhouses ended up here the thames was the city's dumping ground it was also a major source of water for london's poor who were now drinking a potent brew of disease and death the government created the metropolitan board of works in 1855 its job was to provide the infrastructure to cope with london's growing population the sanitation problem was especially urgent pressure was building on the authorities to do something about it but instead of taking much needed action they commissioned a report until in the summer of 1858 old father thames himself kicked up a stink even the politicians couldn't ignore britain was in the grip of a heat wave the thames was solidifying was raw sewage pushing right up against the houses of parliament mps were desperate to escape the stench they well passed a motion to relocate to the countryside but they were told to stay put the palace of westminster had become a prison mps stuck it out until the foul fumes became unbearable they rushed from the building clasping handkerchieves over their mouths it became known as the great stink [Music] and with their own well-being now at stake parliament rushed a bill into law in just 18 days stumping up two and a half million pounds huge sum at the time for the metropolitan board of works to build a new super sewer [Music] london looked north for inspiration in 1848 engineer james newlands had begun work on britain's first modern sewer network in liverpool it's a perfect bit of brick work absolutely perfect yes even after what 150 160 years should we go and have a look yeah newland's new sewer design was shaped like an upside down egg dubbed self-cleansing these tunnels created the perfect conditions for sewage to flow freely away wow extraordinary [Music] newland's revolutionary system doubled life expectancy in the liverpool slums and laid the foundation for the nation's network of sewers [Music] in london the metropolitan board of works chief engineer was a man called joseph basil jet and he was ready with a radical proposal from the late 1840s right to the great stink of 1858 baselj is developing his plan he's modifying it really refining this idea of an intercepting sewer system rather than starting from scratch bazeljet wanted to unify the existing jumble of sewers and drains into one giant network he joined them up with a series of new tunnels that all fed into two giant outfall sewers on either side of the thames these outfall sewers which we see quite clearly on this map take the entire sewage of north and south london and transport it miles outside of the city limits so these very very large spaces it's said that in the northern outfall so which is the largest so you can drive a london bus through it it's so it's so wide it was an enormous undertaking 1100 miles of drains and 82 miles of new sewers were constructed even the thames had a facelift up until the 1860s when the embankment project was begun there were mud banks right throughout the centre of london basiljet's idea was to reclaim a big section of the river either side in order to house infrastructure so in this image you see the sewer here which basil jet planned but also the inclusion of tunnels for water pipes gas pipes also the burgeoning underground london has some of the longest embankments of any city in the world [Music] this was civil engineering on an epic scale as the sewer's current conservation manager henry badman knows every inch of every tunnel you've spent time in these sewers just give me an idea of actually what they're like weirdly they are beautiful structures so beautiful you'll have sewers coming in at different angles chambers upon chambers in some areas of it really beautiful design and whilst technology's moved on we actually don't have the skill that the bricklayers had at the time to do it and i i find that really amazing it's a scale that takes your breath away isn't it there were armies of navis weren't there yeah thousands of men working on it over 300 million bricks were used in the construction in total the price of bricks went up 50 navi's got a 20 pay increase because they were in such demand at the time it was an unusual building site for many reasons not least because basil jet wasn't shy of rolling up his shirt sleeves and getting stuck in there's a famous tale that he was such a stickler for design that he would check every single batch of cement before it was laid before the bricks were put in he used portland cement which at the time was was quite a new material to be building with and the benefit was it dried really strong and was was water resistant as well basil jet's gamble paid off over 150 years later london's sewers are still standing there was that kind of might of victorian ambition with it i think they could tell that this was going to be a game changer for the city of london joseph bazaret did his designs when london had a population of just over 2 million but had the foresight to double the capacity of the network that he was building now we're up beyond the 8 million mark and we're still using it we wouldn't have had that if he hadn't over engineered and had that foresight and that vision baseljet's new network was able to rid london of 2 billion litres of sewage a day the system used gravity to keep the sludge flowing downhill but with a drop of around half a meter a mile by the time the pipes reached the end of the line around 15 miles out of town what had gone down needed to come up again [Music] basiljet's answer was one of victorian grandeur oh my goodness [Music] crossness pumping station in southeast london was the jewel in basiljet's crown it's like coming up into pharaoh's palace these columns and these arches the columns over the top there have got all this decoration created to house eight large sewage pumps the building is pure drama it's like the classiest of western theaters and all in our place where only the workers are really ever likely to see them it's just fantastic it is it's the most majestic house in the world mike jones is in charge of keeping this victorian masterpiece going this isn't a sewage pumping station it's it's a work of art isn't it i think so it's certainly known locally as the cathedral on the marsh it's way beyond a functional building although that's what it's here for it it's purely to get the sewage up from the main sewer below us about 30 feet below us to a point where you could either dump in the river or if the tide was coming in it would be diverted into a holding reservoir and held there until the tide turned the idea of moving to cross nests is that if you dump here there was less chance of sewage going back up river into the city the station was run by four dependable beam engines naturally named after members of the royal family the four engines can move just under 600 tons of sewage in one minute that's shoveling an awful lot of it is and did it work it worked very well and certainly brought about a cleaner river and a much better environment for londoners it needed to work 24 hours because the pumps can't stop that 17 people would have been working here on each shift and quite a community around here the community in fact lived on top of the reservoir there were three rows of workers houses and in fact there was also a school on site they mustn't have had to keen a sense of smell bad there is a room where they grew very good tomatoes here how much of a hoo-ha was it when when this place opened it was a fairly big occasion on the day it opened on the 4th of april 1865 300 mps 17 lords the archbishops of york and canterbury came down the river by barge and had a meal in one of the other buildings here as part of the process of opening the marvelous banquet in the sewage and of course it was opened by the prince of wales so it was really releasing as a very big occasion do you think there's any kind of message in the in the decoration obviously the metropolitan board of works and so on but what about the rest of it well as far as i understand it the decoration on the columns incorporates both figs and cenopods both of which are linked to keeping the body regular they're both laxatives yeah so there's a message there but there's no reason for the decoration there's no reason for the colours but it's just the way the victorians did things everything is done to a high quality it's built to last and i think what basiljet did for the victorians in the 1860s is still the backbone of london's sewer system this was a victorian engineering achievement on an epic scale basiljet cleaned up a city he saved thousands and thousands of lives with works that we still rely on today and on top of that he made it beautiful [Music] things may have been looking rosy but at the seat of power problems were backing up once again the solution will be found in extraordinary victorian engineering [Music] victorian london was cleaning up her act by 1875 joseph basiljet sewers were complete cholera was dying out and the world was taking note cities as far flung as sydney and calcutta were building their own london inspired sewage systems but back in london there were some early teething problems the new sewers provided basiljet and his engineers with a not so fresh new challenge left unchecked the methane gas from the waste flowing under london streets could build up and explode with devastating consequences the answer was to be found here in a street that became affectionately known as farting lane [Music] birmingham-based engineer joseph webb came up with a brand new specialized type of street light the sewer gas destruction lamp and this is london's last remaining victorian sewage lamp it sits right on top of one of the tunnels and is designed to blend in with all the other lights but its innocent exterior hides a dirty secret but it's really just a metal straw stuck into the sewer that sucks off the gas and burns it safely to light the streets of london clever [Music] but the design had a major flaw when the supply of gas dipped the lamps went out until they were re-lit gas built up again and was released into the air filling the streets with the smell of rotten eggs webb's answer was to make the lamps dual powered harnessing the town gas supply to keep the flow constant and it worked each lamp was able to vent three quarters of a mile of sewer and save the city money on its fuel bill at the same time elsewhere tall stink pipes would do a similar job releasing the gas high enough that the victorians below wouldn't get a whiff of it the whole sewer system with its miles and miles of tunnels and its grand pumping stations was one of the great triumphs of victorian ingenuity and ambition the british government was chuffed their investment had paid off and london was regular once more but there was one major blockage in the system and it came from the outdated parliamentary crappers the ballots of westminster have been largely rebuilt after a catastrophic fire in 1834 the lu situation then for mps and lords was pretty primitive they just flushed the stuff straight into the thames but now that basil jet had built this marvelous new sewerage system the nation's rulers decided they should be plugged into the mains so basil jets engineers knocked through into the greater network job done but before long an all too familiar stench began creeping along the corridors of westminster this time it wasn't coming from the thames but from the bowels of the palace itself when it was rebuilt engineers installed a super duper new ventilation system in the building the elizabeth tower big ben to you and me has what was essentially a giant hidden exhaust pipe that sucked up all the bad smells and spewed it out high up in the sky but this didn't work terribly well next officials banned horses and carriages from stopping in the courtyard so the manure wouldn't add to the odor despite these efforts the problem only got worse by 1886 parliament found himself up the proverbial creek looking for a paddle during a debate one member decided he'd had enough i do not rise he said to take part in the discussion but to call attention to the abominable atmosphere in which we are sitting it seems to me that the air of this house is not only disagreeable but that we are really sitting here at the risk of our lives i've been given exclusive access to the houses of parliament to get to the bottom so to speak of the second parliamentary stink so what was causing this stink well they decided to investigate it and they set up a committee to do that and one intrepid member mr isaacs went from one end to the other and the whole thing is about 900 feet long and he found he was knee-deep in sewage towards one end of it it was nearly five feet deep but he was also a sanitary engineer so he was used to walking through sewers and he came out and declared that it was indeed in a mess and something must be done how could this be joseph basiljet built this amazing system the hazard parliament were plumbed into it why wasn't it working well basil jets sewer was actually slightly too high from our point of view so our sewage didn't flow out so what did they do about it well i'll take you down i'll show you in this room beneath the corridors of power engineer isaac shone plumbed in his pneumatic sewage ejector the system used compressed air powered by compact engines to blow sewage out and special non-return valves to prevent it flooding back in [Music] so this is your dirty secret this is our dirty secret this is something that people very seldom see and with 11 and a half meters below ground level here and this amazing chamber built especially for this equipment so how does it work well it's really very simple the sewage comes in through the lower pipe here at the back and then it fills up these vessels and as they fill up there's a float valve on top like a ball pop basically on your toilet yeah exactly and it and it rises up with the sewage and you can hear it now in fact you can hear that now it comes up to the top it releases compressed air in through the blue pipes at the top here and it pushes all the sewage out around there and up through this higher pipe and then it goes out and it dumps it into the sewer at higher level dead easy so it's actually just shooting it out it's just compressed and shoots it up the compressor it's it's really really simple and did it solve the problem it solved the problem it's been working here since 1896 [Music] which means shown sewage shifter has been involved in the dealings of every british prime minister ever since i've been trying to do the math it's extraordinary isn't it that this is still keeping parliament sweet 130 over over 130 years later isn't that incredible this system is still being produced in america under license isn't that extraordinary that we're still producing it still using it keeping parliament fragrant thanks to shown victorian order had been restored and parliament properly plugged into the mains but this was more than a sewage system basiljet had created an underground city with districts that took on distinct characters of their own in 1862 a journalist called john hollingshead decided he wanted to visit these new sewers he was offered a tour with a sewer inspector and a rather delightful menu of options not just sewers full of human waste but blood sewers from under the slaughterhouses and boiling sewers from the bakeries nice hollingshead chose to do an official underground tour of the west end ending at one point underneath buckingham palace ever the patriot he led his sewer guides in a rousing rendition of the national anthem but the journalists and his guides weren't the only people exploring this underground city the poorest londoners depended on the waste of the wealthy to earn their crust from the people who traded street manure for money to the mud larks on the thames who sifted through the foreshore sludge for anything they could find to sell the new sewers created a new breed of scavenger the tosha they were mainly men and they worked in gangs and they had uh names like a lanky bill and short on jack and and you know they they were almost like pirates of the foreshore they were looking for anything that dropped down the drains or been flushed down the toilets anything that they could sell to earn a living how did they go about it so at low tide they'd crawl in and then they had access to this labyrinth of tunnels under london the tasha's had a distinctive almost dandyish uniform velvetine jackets eight-foot long hoes and lamps to help guide them through the maze of sewer tunnels but they had to be careful to cover the light when they walked under a grate the fear they'd be seen by passers-by or the police on the streets above toshing was illegal and like real pirates each man had a bounty on his head anybody spotting a tosha down in in the sewers could get themselves a five pound reward for dubbing them in snitches weren't the only danger the men faced there were noxious gases that could poison them there were hideous pits of of of sludge and sewage they could fall into and packs of rats a bite from a rat it could prove fatal and they did tell stories of tasha's fighting off hordes of rats and their poles with their poles and being overcome by them and uh and tales of of the skeletons being gnawed down to the bone appearing at the end of the tunnels back out into the river despite the dangers the toshas made a lucrative living they found around 20 000 pounds worth of treasures between them every year and that's just over a million quid in today's money the problem with the toshas was that as soon as they got their money they took it straight to the pub have you got any examples of what what they would have found we've got uh coins the coins um the tasha knew where to look for the coins they'd catch between the bricks where the mortar had worn away so they could delve their hands down and sometimes pull up you know even a crown gosh look at that it's a big one isn't it but there's victoria herself she is yeah yeah it's a good amount of money yeah there's a young victoria there oh no that's rarer these are rather good oh you found all these all on the foreshore yeah the ones the tasha's missed while natasha's were cleaning up in the new sewers the poor downstream were now complaining about the stink from their part of the thames and at the river near crossness trouble was brewing the 3rd of september 1878 was a perfect late summer evening a pleasure steamer called the princess alice was loaded with 700 londoners returning from a day out in graves end on deck the band was in full swing the sound of children playing could be heard as it chugged its way up river it was heading into a swell of sewage it was high tide and the pumping stations at cross nest and abbey mill on either side of the river opened their sluice gates 75 million gallons of raw waste gushed into the thames at 7 40 pm disaster struck as she rounded a corner into sight of the pumping stations the princess alice drifted off course right into the path of a huge iron coal ship at four times the size of the tiny wooden princess alice the coal ship sliced straight through her smashing her into two plunging hundreds of terrified passengers into the putrid waters it took four minutes for the boat to sink no time to launch the lifeboats no time to rescue the passengers trapped below decks those lucky enough to jump free of the sinking ship were swimming and drowning in tons of untreated sewage lifeboats were launched crew from the coal ship desperately threw the struggling passengers planks of wood even a chicken coop to hang onto but for many the combination of the thick heavy victorian clothing and the choking toxic sewage was to prove fatal the exact number of people on board isn't known but it's thought 640 people died it remains britain's worst waterway disaster although the sewage being pumped into the thames didn't cause the disaster nor was the main culprit in the loss of so many lives it did lead to significant changes in london sanitation the authorities learned their lesson they ruled that all sewage must be cleaned two treatment works were built at bechten and crosness which today have been modernized but are still doing the same job that they did back in the 19th century and rather than being dumped straight into the thames the treated sewage was transported in boats out to sea london's sewage problem was finally over but that was only half the issue the city's deadly drinking water also needed cleaning up by the middle of queen victoria's reign groundbreaking engineering was saving the lives of millions of people london's mighty new sewer system was up and running the next big step was to be able to provide londoners with a glass of water that didn't stand a fair chance of killing them [Music] the victorians went on a building spree to harness fresh water feats of audacious engineering created dams and reservoirs up and down britain such as the five mile long varunwe in north wales a man-made lake built to supply the city of liverpool in the midlands the elan valley aqueducts were part of a 73 mile long system of bridges transporting water to birmingham and down in london work began on the biggest fresh water reservoirs the city had ever seen here in walthamstow because what was this area before victorian times so this was all marshland so you've got the river lee running down there and essentially it was a flood plain so why did they come here to build these reservoirs up here in the upper lee you were seeing cleaner water less industry so it was better to bring it from here than to take it out of the river further down where it was more polluted it was the perfect place absolutely [Music] in 1852 the east london waterworks company embarked on the mammoth task of turning a marshland into a freshwater oasis gusty how are these wonderful reservoirs actually built so these were dug by hundreds and hundreds of navies with their spade and digging them by hand just with spades yes in those days that's how you built a reservoir you dug down to the london clay and that held the water and there you go a victorian navi could shovel up to 20 tons of earth a day but the last reservoir to be built in 1897 was the biggest challenge yet excavating a 30 hectare area to a depth of eight feet took the labor of over 1200 men and 50 horses plus the help of steam-driven victorian heavy machinery in total 10 enormous reservoirs were created how did it actually work the water comes in from the river leave and it would have filled the three reservoirs that you can see in front of you there then would have put the water through filter beds so that's just a layer of sand essentially and lets the water filter through it just cleans it a little bit like a giant sieve and then that was all pumped through pipes that were laid back into london to move the 20 million gallons a day needed to supply the homes and businesses of east london the engineers at walthamstow installed one of the largest steam driven pumps ever built and named it you guessed it victoria you saw that it could pump vast quantities of water it was at the forefront of engineering at the time what an incredible project it is absolutely astonishing [Music] the walthamstow reservoirs and the pumping technology they employed prove to both london and the rest of britain that it was possible to supply huge quantities of fresh water how much difference did it make to people it made a huge difference so the water that was taken in london it was dirty it was filthy full of sewage it was horrible stuff so to get water taken up from the river lee where it's a lot cleaner made a huge difference to london to what extent are people now benefiting from what the victorians did here so these reservoirs are still operational for thames water and they serve 3.5 million customers with clean drinking water every day so all those present-day customers have the victorians to thank for their clean water they certainly do by the late 1800s the east london waterworks company and other water suppliers had ensured residents could enjoy safe drinking water there was seen to be a side benefit in bringing plentiful supplies of clean water to london the metropolitan free drinking association had been campaigning for free public fountains not just so that people could quench their thirst but also in the hope that they would bring less booze for centuries the brits had been boozing on a daily basis for the sake of their health the brewing process killed off deadly diseases and made the water more palatable but now the water was safe temperance movements were keen to get brits off the bottle within 11 years of the metropolitan free drinking association being founded 140 fountains have been installed across london many were near public houses to encourage drinkers to forgo their daily pint [Music] one of the most notable examples is this architectural beauty here in the east end's victoria park this terribly grand really ornate temple almost must be one of the most extraordinary fountains ever built it was put up by angela berdick cootes heiress to the coot's banking family who was nicknamed the queen of the poor she spent around five thousand pounds on it which is around three hundred thousand pounds in today's money for centuries city dwellers had struggled to access any water at all but finally fresh clean water had become part of daily life londoners around here used to get their water from filthy lakes and now they could drink it out of silver-plated cups on on chains of course what a what a difference it would have made what an extraordinary emblem symbol of the age [Music] in the course of one queen's long reign the victorians transformed their capital city it went from being a giant cesspit of foul waste a toxic river of disease to one flowing with clean safe water not just for the rich but for everyone today the thames is the cleanest metropolitan river in the world made possible by the extraordinary engineering minds of victorian britain next time wow i discover how the victorians made the modern museum blue whale now an entire blue whale unearth the secrets of britain's explorers and scientists she went to places that now you wouldn't be able to get to and celebrate a new era of culture for all the grandeur of the scale and the ambition of it all

Channel: Absolute History

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Keywords: history documentaries, absolute history, world history, ridiculous history, quirky history

Id: KySHxTRNoJ0

Length: 43min 16sec (2596 seconds)

Published: Tue Sep 21 2021