The Future of Earth - Sun as a White Dwarf - Universe Sandbox 2

have you ever wondered what would happen to our planet Earth if our beautiful Sun that you see in a background has undergone a nova and changed into a white dwarf well today we're going to do that in universe sandbox 2 and find out what happens welcome to what the math and so for this video we're going to be using this climate simulation which allows us to see planet Earth without really any clouds without any atmosphere so that we can actually see what's happening on the surface now this is Earth at its prime basically this is you know what's happening right now we have winter in some parts of the world who have summer in some other parts of the world and essentially if you if you were to run this really really fast you would see that the climate changes with seasons obviously so here's winter in the Northern Hemisphere and now it's summer in the Northern Hemisphere and the opposite is happening on the other side of the planet on this in the sound on that hemisphere we have Antarctica ice shelf receding or increasing in size now so alright so let's let's see what happens if we suddenly experience and no one and obviously this is something that we don't expect to happen for the next five or six billion years but you never know maybe we miscalculated maybe something is not going well for our Sun and it suddenly becomes really really really old and starts getting older and older the temperature starts increasing and at some point undergoes a nova boom all right Sun Nova remnant when this happens what will happen to our Sun is actually it's going to turn into what's called a white dwarf now white dwarfs are really interesting because they're very very small first of all there are only about size of our planet Earth but the inside of them you get this really highly dense carbon oxygen material that is essentially at first it is very very very very hot right now this star is about 60,000 degrees Kelvin which is essentially close to being 60,000 degrees Celsius now we're going to go back to earth now and we're going to change its orbit back to where it was before because since the Sun is now a lot less massive the orbit of our planet Earth has changed dramatically and we're going to play around with this later but let's just for now change it back to what it was one strong local unit and almost no eccentricity so here is Earth orbiting as it was before and let's find out what happens to our planet Earth if the Sun you know changes into a white dwarf now if you were to stand on the surface of the planet and if you to try to look into the Sun you would see a very interesting kind of bright but very tiny blue / white spots in the sky and this is basically what's left of our Sun will be a very piercing light that will be very difficult to look at obviously because it's so hot and so bright but at the same time because it's so tiny its total luminosity would be very very low and the thing is when the white dwarf is just forming this in this case it's the Sun right there it is actually super hot and very very bright so it's about five times more bright that the Sun was in the beginning with meaning that our planet right now is going to be receiving a huge amount of light if I were to accelerate time a little bit if you were to look at this temperature right here you would see that it's actually increasing dramatically there's no more there's no more ice sheets left in the north and the south and ice sheets will also disappear very very very quickly essentially everything here will now start heating up and become ridiculously hot so you can kind of see the oceans that are actually already receding and a lot of the water on the surface is already being evaporated the greens and all of the vegetation has kind of started to disappear and our planet is now at a temperature of 120 degrees Celsius this is only a few months after the the Noah after the Sun has become white warf all of the oceans have now almost completely disappeared we now have a barren earth ridiculously hot very very unfriendly and possibly devoid of life now this temperature is currently very similar to the temperature of mercury and possibly even hotter than mercury and within a year will reach temperatures of possibly closer to Venus and this is of course going to destroy almost everything on the planet only some of the most extreme forms of life also known as extremophiles might be able to survive these really really hot temperatures but our planet for the most part will become barren of life and will reach total temperature of I think the maximum temperature was I kind of missed it but it was approximately 350 degrees Celsius just below the temperature of Venus now this of course will not last for a very long time because white works are interested in that they actually are they start super hot and then they get cooler and cooler and cooler with time and over time the luminosity and the heat will start dropping and our planet will start receiving even less sunlight I can actually show you this in more detail by changing this to let's say millions of years or actually let's start with a thousand years so after a thousand years the temperature will have already decreased there's a lot less light that's being produced and every few years this will decrease even further you can kind of see it slowly decreasing both surface temperature and luminosity of the white dwarf now it will take several million years for this to actually cool down to the point where our earth can become habitable again and we're going to simulate this in a second by doing the following I'm going to go into millions of years here change this to 1 million years and start increasing the age of the white dwarf and let's see after how many millions of years our planet will become habitable again and so within 6 millions of years you kind of see there's already liquid water again our planet is kind of habitable the temperature is decreasing it will probably drop closer to 0 degrees now and all the oceans that were on our planet including the ice Peaks are slowly returning back here so this is within several millions of years after the white dwarf formation and the temperature will now actually start dropping even lower as a matter of fact after that point every single year will start losing temperature and within a few million years this is what our planet will transform into it's going to slowly become an ice world it's going to become what's called a snowball earth you can kind of see the ice sheets forming starting to north and it's probably some coming from the south as well and this will actually happen as soon as our son has lived it's main-sequence life and become a white dwarf and then as soon as the white water starts cooling down this is essential it's going to happen now this is within about five to six million years after the white dwarf formation and it will never return to being worm or habitable ever again so the only possibility for life now would be underneath this ice sheet in the parts of liquid water that is still underneath which will actually eventually freeze over as well but for now this is essentially it so this would be the end of life on our planet Earth and this would happen within about five to six billion years from now and then about six million years after the white dwarf has been formed now as I keep advancing time here the temperature will decrease even further and at some point billions of years into the future which unfortunately we can't really simulate this very well in the game but what will happen to this interesting white dwarf is that it's going to eventually cool down to the point where it becomes known as the black dwarf now black dwarfs are very radical because even though we have white words out there it just takes very very very very long for black dwarfs to form and we don't really know at least we think that they don't actually yet exist yet in our universe because of the amount of time it takes to form one we don't really know how long exactly it takes but yeah we definitely haven't seen them will definitely not see them for a very long time and they probably still don't exist there are very very theoretical but they kind of look like this I'm going to show you one that's already pre-made in the game so here is actually a black dwarf in the simulation called supernova I think it's actually right here it's called supernova close up in real time so this is an example of what a black dwarf would look like would be basically a very very very dark star that emits almost no light and is essentially as dark as they come and inside of this star you would basically find a lot of carbon oxygen and possibly some other heavier elements that basically gets stuck there forever now the thing is for this simulation we've actually changed the orbit of Earth to make it more circular but in reality when the Sun does undergo Nova when it actually becomes a white dwarf it's going to lose a lot of its mass meaning that our planet Earth is going to get kicked out into the our solar system and let's see what happens with our climate in that case so we're going to go back here again and change this to 11 billion years boom it's going to go Nova and change into a white dwarf and as soon as this happens our earth will now have acquired a much much much stranger and eccentric orbit so as a matter of fact if I were to go out here and show you the orbit this is what it's like now it's this really really long ellipse that goes all the way to where Jupiter used to be and then it's going to come back here again and all of these planets all the planets in our solar system will actually acquire a very strange orbit so there's going to be a lot of reshuffling sub planets might actually get kicked out completely out of our solar system some planets might reestablish orbits closer to the star but in case of Earth it's at first actually it's going to travel farther away and let's let's check out how the temperature will be affected by this so because our orbit will not be so eccentric it's very likely that we'll have very strange seasons one of the seasons will actually be very tolerable one when we're only outskirts at the epilepsies of our orbit farthest point of our orbit will be very far away from the Sun and at this point it's actually going to be relatively nice here you know the temperature here is going to be what about 20 degrees maybe a little bit lower let's find out how cool it is going to get but yeah so at this point right here this is when you can kind of survive on our planet you might even get colder look at that getting to the point of below zero you might actually change into a snowball here but then as you can guess we're going to approach really close to the Sun and that's when things will not get so comfortable anymore things as a matter of fact will get very uncomfortable there will be a lot of really hot temperatures right now with like minus 60 degrees Celsius this is essentially temperature you find Antarctica except the entire earth is going to be like that that's because we're so so far away from our Sun right now from the Sun remains I guess and look at that it's minus 100 degrees that is actually a lot less than I expected but now as soon as we pass that point of apoapsis of the farthest point in our orbit we're going to start approaching this our Sun and as soon as that happens the temperature will start going up again and so surviving on this planet might be actually very very difficult because the temperature differences will be so high very very high as a matter of fact and let's see how how much it's going to warm up in this time that it spans near close close to the Sun and I think because we spend so little time in our periapsis or the closest part of our orbit we might not even have enough time to warm up and to melt all of this ice so it's possible that after the after Sun Goes Nova and becomes a white dwarf even though it's it is super super hot there might not be enough time for us to actually melt the water so the planet might actually stay as a snowball after all so as soon as Sun becomes a white dwarf it is very very likely that the planet Earth will actually become a snowball for good now let's see if this is going to be real what what I expected to happen so we're about to reach the pre APS's I think actually now we've already passed the periapsis we've definitely passed the periapsis but it looks like our orbit has changed a little bit as well so the thing is the planetary orbits will start to reestablish circularity with with time but it will take many many millions of years of orbiting the Sun for for this to actually happen so right now I'm not exactly sure what's happening on earth but it looks like it's still frozen so let's actually run this for a few thousands of years and find out what happens to our beautiful planet sometime in the future within thousands of years of the formation of the white dwarf and the Sun and I've actually changed the graph here a little bit so you can kind of see the progression with time and looks like the planet is slow warming up it's actually kind of going up the temperature is now closer to like -15 degrees Celsius on average and I think within about hundreds of years and by the way one year now it takes a few years I think it actually takes 22 years one year on earth is not twenty-two years long and so it's a little bit obviously a little bit colder here but it's also our summers are obviously going to be a little bit longer as well and so looks like with that with time mostly because of the changes in orbit and because we're still trying to restabilized orbits it looks like our planet Earth might actually get a little bit warmer after all and looks like we've established a repeating pattern here so our winter on the new earth is about minus 50 degrees Celsius and our summer on planet Earth is about minus six degrees Celsius it's still a snowball as you can see it's covered in ice but there is a little uncertainty with what our orbit we're actually crossing the orbit of Jupiter and it's very likely that at some point if we cross to drip or approach Jupiter close enough we might get a new orbit entirely and it might happen right now yeah look at that Jupiter has now kicked us out of the old orbit and we've changed orbit yet again and this might actually happen a few times as different planets approach to our newly created Earth we might experience a lot of seasonal changes again so so just to summarize what will happen to our solar system when our son becomes the white dwarf well first of all obviously the earth will freeze over and second of all all of the planets will actually acquire new and very unpredictable orbits a lot of them will become very eccentric some of them will be once again affected by Jupiter and it's very likely that it's Jupiter and Saturn that will actually help other planets reestablish newly formed orbits and will either kick them out of our solar system entirely or will possibly cause all of the planets here to acquire a new circular orbit around the Sun but in its a completely different area so it's very likely that earth might actually then get kicked out to the outskirts and have a new orbit somewhere else in the solar system and just before we finish this video let's actually take a visit to other planets in our solar system and find out how they're doing as well so Mars is obviously also very very cold it has a very very eccentric orbit and it's very likely that it is going to get kicked out of the solar system at some point as well then we have mercury which is very very close to our Sun and it's still there it's just in a soil a different orbit it's temperature has increased about 220 degrees Celsius and it basically is higher than it used to be and lastly we'll have Venus here and it seems to have a really interesting pattern so right now at the apoapsis is the fall at this point of its orbit it's temperatures about 100 degrees Celsius so it's a little bit more manageable but then Venus approaches the Sun and at its closest to the Sun its temperature increases - whoa okay 700 degrees Celsius is where it actually heats up and even lights up other planets like Saturn and Jupiter and Neptune and Uranus are still obviously gas giants and they're not particularly interesting because we won't be able to settle in them anyway but it looks like everything in the solar system has actually become either very eccentric or has completely left the solar system and has gone somewhere else in the universe well I think that's all I wanted to talk about in this video and hopefully you'll learn something from it and hopefully now you know what will happen to our solar system and to our planet Earth when one day our Sun undergoes a nova and becomes a white dwarf thank you so much for watching if you've enjoyed this video don't forget to share it don't forget to like it and possibly even leave a comment below letting me know what you think about the future of our planet Earth and our solar system if you still haven't subscribed don't forget to subscribe and if you would like to help this channel grow don't forget there's a patreon page that helps me a lot with purchasing new equipment to make better high quality videos in the future anyway thank you so much for watching guys I really appreciate all your support and all of your awesome comments I'll see in the next video game you later and as always bye bye

Channel: Anton Petrov

Views: 954,639

Keywords: earth science, astronomy, anton petrov, what da math, space science, white dwarf, when sun becomes a white dwarf, sun as a white dwarf, white dwarf sun, future of the sun, earth orbiting white dwarf, earth and white dwarf, white dwarf earth, future of earth, future of our planet, earth in the future, future earth, what will happen to earth, what will happen to earth in the future

Id: g6cXc_m6XAw

Length: 18min 14sec (1094 seconds)

Published: Fri May 13 2016