The Deadly Job Of A Medieval Knight | Fight Club

[Music] only a fighter knows what goes through the Mind before a fight the preparations the rituals to mask the fear fear of these last moments of uncertainty before it's time to face the crowd it's the late 1400s in chuder England and the fight is on a knight is born and bred to fight today new research is uncovering the world of the medieval tournament and the fury of the the combat on foot exploring how the chuda Knight fought for money and Renown among his peers shedding light on a time when war and Sport were one and the same and the honor of a knight depended on his skill with weapons in the ultimate martial art of the Middle Ages a knight is taking on superhuman ability the disfigurement and scars were were terrible and obviously a sign of great experience they are wearing their arms and weapons of war and they and they're dying just as in [Music] [Music] battle [Music] throughout history men and women have faced one another in personal combat At Close Quarters one-on-one face to face they fought for honor to settle bitter disputes for prowess to prove courage and skill and for sport to win glory and respect from the pageantry of the medieval tournament ground through the deadly rituals of Duelists on the field of honor to the Savage Backstreet Arena of the bare knuckle prize ring it's these worlds that fight club [Music] [Music] explores the Tuda period in England began with Henry chuda's bloody victory at sto field in 1487 it brought to a close Decades of terrible civil war known as the wars of the roses and the new King was crowned Henry iith the tour or tournament was the ultimate martial arts competition throughout the medieval period it was confined to the upper levels of society the knights only wealthy Aristocrats could afford the vastly expensive armor weapons and retainers needed to take part a knight has huge cultural importance he's he's not just a warrior he's a Lord he's a leader of men he's a symbol uh he's a heroic symbol Ken watts is senior curator of European armor at the Royal armor is in leads she's one of the country's lead leading experts on the study and conservation of armor throughout history but it's the iconic medieval night that sparked her interest right from the start I grew up reading an awful lot of of accounts of chivalrous Deeds as a child and I was taken to the Tower of London and there they were these nights actually as though they'd stepped out of the pages of you know of all of these great sharc romances of and Arthurian Legend and so I connected with it they were actually men from the past right here in the present with me originally based at the Tower of London the Royal armories is Britain's oldest Museum and is among the oldest anywhere in the world it houses the UK's National Collection of arms and armor one of the largest in existence with more than 70,000 items well the amazing thing about armor is that that it is material culture it isn't it's so much better than just simple written archives that are descriptive and will give you a certain amount of information the objects talk and the whole thing that I am aiming to do is to get those objects to speak to me and they've traveled from the past they've had a history and then aside from that there's all the great Artistry of the object it's it's displaying the skills of those Craftsman in the past that we can visibly see and study now so it's sculpture in steel as well as as being a piece of bodily protection it's completely functional history hit is an award-winning streaming platform built by history fans for history fans enjoy our Rich library of documentaries covering key events and locations of the medieval period history hits medieval offering features leading historians such as Dan Jones Elena yanega and Cat jman not only that but we have a rich library of audio documentaries covering every period of History through our network of podcasts sign up now for a free trial and Chronicle fans get 50% off their first 3 months just be sure to use the code Chronicle at checkout Ivan Williams is a sculptor and artist he's been studying arms and armor for most of his life and he's fascinated by the skill and craftsmanship of the people hundreds of years ago who produced them it's an almost completely forgotten art as a design an artist the most inspiring thing in life you realize is nature everything around you is so much greater than anything we can ever make ourselves animals evolve to be certain things in certain environments to defend themselves to be about to move fly swim whatever armor evolved to protect people it's just like growing um a carapace over yourself and he made by another Craftsman to fit you it's tailor made it has to function it has to be also strong enough to stop penetration of sharp and pointed weapons and at the same time follow the fashion of the day Ivan Williams has come to the Royal armories to meet with Karen and find out more about the way armor was made and see for himself some of the most important surviving pieces in the world and here we are in store one the Royal Armory stores houses just some of the vast collection you have to remember that the armories isn't just a royal Armory collection but it's also an Arsenal yes so it's here that we have the repository of the armor and equipment for all the Royal soldiers so we have many many rows and and and types of the same thing it's where the armor can be studied and conserved as a sculptor working Stone and metal whatever I've just been so fascinated by by armor and by structure and the way it's been made I want to know more about the making of it uh understand the protective qualities and the deflection that sort of thing so it's it's it's mobile working art to me yeah absolutely if you're going to get killed you're going to get killed in the height of fashion what does that say to you it's a piece of armor to to protect someone it was a status symbol it says who you are where have you come from how much money you've got you know everything about it is so beautiful absolutely if you could afford to have your own armorer yeah you were at the very very top I don't think anyone realizes how hard it is to just do anything with a piece of Steel yeah and of course there is there is a very close relationship between the patron the man who's going to wear this and his armura this has to fit perfectly like a second Chell or a second skin but it isn't just him standing like this weing it because that's the trouble we have with these when I keep putting these on these these wooden mannequins they're all stiff you get the impression that you're walking like this cuz you can't move oras in fact you can run in a suit of armor you can leap onto a horse unated and all of this has to flex with the whole body Toby capwell is the curator of arms and armor at the Wallace collection in London he's been immersed in the life of the medieval Knight since learning to ride at the of 11 and competing in his first joust at 19 alongside his academic career he competes in medieval tournaments in Europe and America both jousting and in combat on foot over Decades of careful research and practical experience he's explored how a knight's armor worked as an integrated system the story of armor is as old as the story of Warriors and goes back probably all the way to the Stone Age but give us four or 5,000 years and we end up in the 15th century when the archetypal full plate armor had developed and this is not a simple thing covering the human body which moves dynamically in many different ways with plates of hardened steel and it took several hundred years to develop the perfect human exoskeleton essentially and you can study this in libraries and museums all you like but after a certain point to really understand it you need to get inside there are no manuals or Master armors to consult the only way to find out is to reproduce medieval armor to the most exacting standards possible and then try and make it work on the body well getting a full plate armor on is quite an involved process and it's not something you do in a hurry I mean if I really needed to I could get this armor on in about 1520 minutes but really I want to take my time I want to make sure every single piece is precisely right and if I'm taking my time putting an armor on from head to foot takes about an hour we always fixate on the metal bits CU that's the exciting part the obvious part of an armor but what's going on underneath is just as important uh you know the the the garments that you wear underneath the armor are absolutely crucial and the the dublet especially the the coat that I'm wearing uh is essentially a foundation garment it has it's very closely fitted it's got padding in all the right areas and it also has attachment points for each of the pieces of armor at the moment uh the leg armor is going on and there are attachment points at the base of the arming dublet to support the upper leg armor and as you go up everything has a place so you haven't got all the individual elements of the armor sliding around all over the place they click into place they strap on they tie on and are kind of mutually supported all Knights would be aware of the culture of chivalry that surrounds them as a warrior class and they'd all be aware of what was important what was thought of as being important um not only being a virtuoso fighter but also being elegant being graceful having manners and you know never for example showing that you're in pain this is fine-tuned stuff you have to have it tuned just perfectly you can see here you've got around the knee there's an articulated joint and that articulated joint moves perfectly with my articulated joint and if this plate is either slightly too high or slightly too low The Joint in the armor doesn't match up with the joint in Toby and it stops working well I start getting uncomfortable I start getting upset H it stops working as well as it should and the whole thing starts to fall apart look at this turning joint isn't that that is I mean and it doesn't look like a piece of tubing to do that with a hammer or or whatever tool they use and there's no Gap here this is cuz you're trying to avoid the blade catching on catching on anything so it swivels perfectly and the whole arm can fold in that's really nice and I mean when you bend that see hair that fits around that at no point does it lock up if you straighten that down it'll still move aren't it yes there you go yeah you know so to actually sort of work out how was metal to leave to do that roll over CU that goes right the way around and around the back from what I've seen of them and it's really quite chunky metal so to get that roll over which tapers as well it's a beautiful shape it's even both sides and then to put this rope forming the actual line there is difficult enough without sort of trying to put it in with a chisel or whatever and to get it on you see it's a twin line as well it's been cut in it's absolutely beautiful everywhere um this with admiration I just wish they knew how they did it the amount of time one spends in the armor depends on what one is doing uh if it's a tournament you might spend only an hour or two in it at your part of the tournament you put it on you fight you get off again in a in a military campaign you might be in the armor for days you might and and only have a chance perhaps at night to take your part of your body armor off but if it's a tense situation you don't know what's happening you could have to spend days in this in this uh equipment so it needs to fit if you're spending long you know serious amounts of time in it any little irritation is going to be uh uh magnified exponentially so if I've got a little bit of a lace it's just digging me in the back of the leg I can put up with that for an hour to joust and then go home but if I'm in this for a week on campaign I'm going to be really upset by the end of the first day and I'm going to be in agony by the next morning so everything's got to be absolutely perfect when we realize how carefully fitted the armor has to be in order to work as well as it possibly can we rapidly realize that the armor this master Craftsman this sculptor in steel is not just a metal worker he's also a kind of biomechanic he has to have an incredible subtle understanding of the way the human body works you know because it is a very subtle and complex thing it's not just a a simple is where the shoulders flex and where the elbows Bend there's all kinds of subtle twisting uh and expanding and Contracting of the joints and the muscles that he has to allow for in hardened steel not the most forgiving of metals look at the direction of overlap yeah they're overlapping onto this Central metat tassal plate all those flutes are all in line even when he flexed up the flutes still slide over perfectly gauntlets right now I brought this one up because it is actually one of my favorites although it's 15th century this is remarkable perfect now I you pick the tip up keep going keep going keep going goodness me that's that's oh that that curve around there that's and it's elegant and delicate as well isn't it as well as being strong and armored Is So Graceful the armor is also so complex that I couldn't possibly put it on by myself and just as I have someone to help me get my armor on he would then put his own armor on and I would have a group of bodyguards around me we would fight as a unit Knights never go anywhere by themselves you know they have to be individually very skilled but they also need to work as a team this is sort of 500 years of evolution for how best to armor the human form you know the human form the skeletal structure works in a very particular way but what is the best arrangement of plates and how does that break down in terms of the proportion of the skeletal structure is a is a really interesting question uh you know you know it's a kind of roll cage in a way and even if a high-powered weapon was to get through all of these layers of Steel it still has to travel a fairway through before it gets to me most weapons that hit me are just going to bounce off or slip off or they're not going to grab me and on the rare occasions that they do gain purchase you know there's there's 3 or 4 millim of Steel they need to go through before they get to me and they might then encounter a layer of male and then several layers of textile and uh you know by by then most of that energy is gone when you start to put on an armor like this and you realize what it can do you very rapidly understand that a KN is taking on superhuman abilities you know he he can survive terrible physical punishment that would kill an ordinary unprotected human being and with the power of his horse he certainly has strength and speed well beyond what an ordinary human has the armor can be configured for either Combat on Horseback or Combat on foot so I tend to be a Horseman most of the time so let's go with that first uh one of the most important pieces of equipment for a 15th century mounted Knight was his so-called Lance rest although it does support the weight of the ls quite effectively what it's really about is uh impact when you lock your Lance down onto this onto this arm uh it becomes much more secure and when you hit someone the force of the impact goes through your center of gravity rather than just through your grip so with a lance rest I suddenly can hit someone three or four times harder than I would be able to if I didn't have one fighting on Horseback is a very asymmetrical activity you've got your brains in one hand and you've got your weapons in the other hand so you know it's you're the left and right side of your body are doing very different things so that leads to inherent asymmetries in an armor heavily weighted towards fighting on Horseback you really need to wear the strongest visor available uh and that of course takes down your ability to see and to breathe and to communicate but the protection is really essential those are sacrifices I'm quite happy to make when people are hitting me in the head with lances armor protects you completely so why on Earth did anybody ever get hurt or killed in battle Henry II dies at a French tournament because he lifts his visor up to breathe and of course he doesn't close it properly and he gets a splinter full of Lance shards into his eye and dies horribly 3 days later do you think that'll fit me it might do but then oh great there we go with a blade I'm not going to be able to lift any of these plates up because you're fully fully protected but you've still got Vision holes here Vision slits so that enables you to see properly yeah uh and breathing holes and breathing holes on either side I can't see any of the metal now I'm not aware of this grid because this grid is so close to my eyes it's like a fencing mask it actually accentuates my eyes I Can See Clearly the other thing I surpris that is the peripheral vision I can see right the way around if I bring my hands around I can now see my left hand my right hand that move in my head inside that's pretty good which is impressive because you would be in battle formation with with a a a team of knights next to you so you can actually see your fellow Knights but you can also have the breth of vision to see the knights coming towards you in a in a torny or a mock battle because you can actually Encompass everybody coming towards you and then focus in on the one that you're going to charge at with your Lance if I want to fight on foot with the paax or the long sword I need to wear the armor in a slightly different way the beauty the beautiful thing of about an armor like this is that it is really quite adaptable and it can serve several different fighting functions I don't need the same level of asymmetry in the equipment that I have on Horseback fighting on foot is a much more symmetrical activity I might be fighting with my right hand I might be fighting with my left hand I might be switching all the way through the battle doing different things so I need more symmetry in the armor I also need more mobility and less weight on the upper body I need to be able to jump around my body is carrying all of this weight I haven't got a horse to help me so bringing the weight down bringing the protection down to a certain extent but raising the mobility becomes much more important on foot so we can use the same helmet for foot combat but to optimize the the uh my fighting ability we're going to put a different visor on that is specially conceived for fighting on on foot in particular so it's giving much better visibility uh it's covering uh it's covering the face in quite a different way I can breathe much better in this helmet cuz I'm going to be breathing harder jumping around on foot men change when they wear armor there's something about the way that they suddenly will stand and hold themselves there's certain immense belief in their invincibility you can't be a knight in armor unless you are immensely aggressive and have immense self-confidence immense physical strength and the knowledge of how to use that physical strength to its fullest capacity they will have been trained from the from the age of seven onwards in how to wear the armor and move in the armor because you can do all movements in armor but you do have to learn how to roll your shoulder around so that you don't lock your your shoulder defense inside your breastplate you have to learn that the breastplate is pressing against your chest so you need to breathe deep in the diaphragm you're overheating so you have to learn how to take a number of controlled breaths all the time you're in this steel shell is in on the one hand protecting you but on the other hand is constricting you they have have to know how to overcome all that and believe and know precisely how they can move and fight with the armor working as an efficient system it's time for the next stage Tobe has to be able to fight in it the sword has many advantages it's a powerful cutting weapon but as soon as you have people clad entirely in hardened steel cuts are no longer going to do anything the sort of of attacks that I would use if my opponent was uh unarmored or wearing minimal armor cuts to the face cuts to the body are not really going to do anything against him at all and a sword can be adapted for fighting in armor but it has to be used in a very different way very often you you read about what was called half swording technique where actually you're shortening a long sword like this and G ging much more close very specific control of the point and the reason to do this is so that you can get in the gaps of the armor into the face into the underarms getting prizing between the plates rather than trying to pierce them uh themselves you know the center of a knight's armor certainly in an Italian armor like this is crossbow proof it's Longbow proof and it's very frequently firearm proof so you're not going to get the point of a sword through it when you're considering the gaps that might present themselves in an opponent's armor uh sometimes the armor responds in some quite interesting ways for example if I was going to try and get between the plates of on Dom's chest and his neck if I'm trying to go underneath there I hit the stop rib that's been applied to the breastplate they're expecting weapons to be sliding up and they get caught on this applied plate played under there so at the last minute the armor has saved him from a lethal thrust into his throat even if this stop rib were to fail he still got a couple layers of mail under there as a last ditch attempt before I get to him that were different weapons used in the combat on foot swords sometimes Spears or javelins the most fearsome form of combat in the tournaments involved the poaces or more correctly the poxes it's important to say something about the the word itself this is Paul ax p o l l axe or ax um not pole it's not a Pole weapon it's a Paul Weapon It's a heada axe what that term actually means is probably somewhat debatable it's been explained by saying well it's a weapon for cracking people's heads but actually you do a lot of other things with it uh it could be uh explain simply because it's a very long axe as opposed to a wood axe or something it should be as high as your head so maybe that's the derivation of the word it's hard to say and a lot of different uh heads can be uh integrated into a weapon like this this one for example has an axe blade combined with a long sharp fluke on the back and of course the top Spike it's a it's a strange kind of multi-tool in a way whereas another very common variant flourished it often depended on the king under the warike Edward I first Hammer of the Scots T became extremely popular the tournament was good training for war These Are Marshall games and the way that war is fought is with mounted Knights on Horseback with their lances couched under their arm passed over their horses neck and you pass left side to left side and it's a team it's it became a team sport because war is lines of mounted Knights charging against each other certain Knights would gain in power and Dominion through their reputation on the tournament field William Marshall did that he was a minor Knight who became one of the most powerful men in in in England because he was successful on the tournament circuit but right at the beginning they are wearing their armors and weapons of war and they and they're dying just as in battle so they're banned and prohibited there's a number of edicts that are Led Out by Kings and popes Banning tournaments however the French carry on fighting with in the same way and having tournaments and it's noted that they are actually braver in battle and more successful so at this point this is where we begin to see that tournaments began to be licensed under Richard I first for example and rules and regulations are brought in of what equipment that you're going to wear what weapons you're going to use gradually they bring in more and more rules and more and more protective clothing and that is to say protective armor so they wear their armor for war and then they start wearing reinforces on top top of it to give that extra added protection former surgeon Mick crumplin is an expert on medical techniques throughout history he's researched the injuries inflicted by different types of historical combat I would love to have done a postmortem on a lifetime soldier in medieval times I think you would probably find a lot of healed broken bones of the arm and and wrist and even the the hand hands and obviously injuries around the head and neck if you're hit by a blade or or anything on the face there was no accurate suturing so the disfigurement and scars were were terrible and obviously a sign of great experience no doubt a spike would go through plate armor it would with sufficient Force I'm sure but a lot of um metal protection presumably dented and you got enormous contusion injuries inside and in the head that would be a problem because uh although you can um not have a skull fracture you can inflict enormous damage on the soft jelly like brain because in normal consistency the brain is very soft and if it gets shaken about and Jarred what we call Contra cou injury in other words you get hit on one side and the Brain Rams against the other side of the skull you get tremendous internal disruption uh on a microscopic level which impairs function there are certainly records of people getting broken bones which I think is the most common when plates and lames can be prized apart on arms and legs which is often the case then there are some very severe limb injuries are the most common the woundman is quite remarkable uh it's Unique in showing the various types of ghastly wounds that can be inflicted on both military and civil people and it underpins the kind of basic teaching that surgeons had of the kind of wounds they had to treat because obviously the effects of each type of wound were different on the sufferer so you had uh contused wounds which really means bruising and soft tissue damage but the tissue surface remaining intact then you have lacerated wounds where for instance uh a cannonball or a shot will pass through your tissues and leave bits hanging around and it's torn into you and then you have punctured wounds which are inflicted by sharp pointed weapons such as the long sword and then you have the slashing wounds which inevitably mainly fall around the head and neck so these are the four types of wounds that we're familiar with in combat in the early years of the 16th century tournament fighting was on the Wayne yet the arrival of King Henry VII in 1509 turned its fortunes around physically strong and athletic Henry was the epitome of the fighting Monarch he trained in the nightly martial arts all his life and was himself a keen competitor at tournaments yet he also knew their usefulness politically in cementing alliances and displaying Prestige and power to would be rivals in Europe the era of medieval T reached its Zenith under Henry VII in 1520 he staged the greatest ever known for a few days a quiet area of rural northern France was transformed incredibly glorious wonderful spectacular tournaments were held all the time and had been from The 14th Century through to the 16th Cent Century we have a very interesting and tight diplomatic and political situation you have got Charles the 5 as Holy Roman Emperor inheriting directly from his grandfather Maximillian here France is the first in France and you have Henry VII in England now Henry VII is married to Katherine of aragan who is Charles the Fifth's Aunt so he's already made that political political link there but you have these three powers who are looking closely at each other and Henry is trying to form an alliance with France so he holds this glorious tournament in carefully constructed neutral ground so Henry the E travels to the padal which is of course part of England and stays there France is the first remains in France and in their two towns of arrangin between them is a neutral area it's just Fields it's nothing but fields to begin with then they start dressing it so a whole Palace is built it's got glass it's got statues and sculptures all the way around it um there are wonderful tilt yards are made of tree of honor is constructed symbolically and politically entwining the two great um trees symbolizing England and France on which were hung the shields for the combat such was the opulence of the rich Pavilions and Banners that it became known as the field of the cloth of gold it was far more than just a tournament Henry was determined to impress the tournament ground itself was the size of a small town as well as the combat Arenas there were hundreds of tents and Marquees fully fitted with apartments and Chambers for their Royal residents painted to look like they were made of stone there were even silver fountains which flowed with red and white wine an amazing amount of luxury was dispensed on just this incredible scene setting and you think well this is all about play acting this is all about Pomp and diplomacy wonderful parades and processions as the as each King enters every day as the Queens are there they break off each Sunday for special masses and it's all done with glorious pump and Circumstance but the one thing you have to remember is that these two kings genuinely loved fighting they had never met each other before they were curious about each other they were curious about each other's physicality Henry commissioned a special suit of armor in which to compete in the combat on foot it can still be seen in the Royal armories today complete with Telltale mistakes in its decorations brought about when the armor had to be modified to suit last minute changes in tournament rules Henry VII founds his Royal workshop at Greenwich and he has as his master armorer Martin Van Roy and Martin Van Roy creates for Henry VII a magnificent fully articulating steel armor where every piece locks into every other if you look at it the helmet locks into the collar that locks down the into the thighs that lock down into the into the feet the arm are all locked place this is an armor that doesn't have any chinks in it no chinks in this armor whatsoever it's a glorious fitting armor all the way around him is a magnificent feat three months before the tournament the French changed the rules now they were entitled to do this and they specified a different weapon now this means that they're now going to use the big two-handed sword they're not going to use the pox they don't need this fully articulated armor this armor is almost ready it's still black from the hammer and the last piece is waiting to be put on it which is the standing neck guard for the shoulder and today we can just see the holes where it would have been and they have to go in and they have to cancel it and Martin Van royan has now got three months to come up with an armor with a skirt well he couldn't make an armor from scratch in three months so they had to look around for pieces that Henry already had and adapt it so the great bassinet helmet one of the most crucial elements has got Italian Armor's marks on the back so it is clearly being an Italian piece that the king already had and it's been placed on him you know they've then created that fully symmetrical armor symmetrical arm defenses leg defenses and this big skirt which they've then decorated hurriedly they start off very well and they run out of time to do the to do the decoration they have managed to put put a virgin and child on one side of the helmet and on the shoulder and a St George on the dragon on the other helmet and shoulder and the collar of the order of the G around the neck they don't quite finish doing all the decoration at the back but the French looks fine and best of all the gter itself is etched around the knee so they they've imitated that as well so they have given the king Tuda and English symbolism and particularly of the famous order of the G the great order of chivalry so it is most definitely decorated and he would have appreciated that it would have been decorated with all the emblems that described himself both Kings would have fought each other except that at the field of cloth of gold it was carefully arranged that neither king would fight each other they would fight knights from each other's court because they would have gone for it for real one king would have would have lost and they'd been an immense loss of face but both of them were competing for real and both of them are paying very close attention to how the other is performing and on one day Henry VII takes part in the archery because Longbow archery is regarded as an admirable skill for a man not only just a yman of England but also for a king but for the French it isn't so Francis the first takes little or no part and Henry the does very well boyed by this wonderful Elon success he then challenges Francis the first a wrestling match which Francis agrees to instantly and this shows how much the two of them actually want the combat despite all of the diplomacy and you can imagine all the courties going no so the two kings wrestle and unfortunately Henry VII is quickly thrown by the French King who is extremely good at this particular Sport and Henry slopes away in some anger nobody has ever asked me who won the field of Club of gold it was deemed that each many individual Knights had done extremely well particularly the Kings I mean genuinely the those two of Kings did joust and fight extremely well there's no doubt about it it went down in history as the most magnificent tournament ever held the great spectacular marked the beginning of the end of the era of the medieval toury tournaments continued after Henry's Reign even into the early 17th century yet none was ever as memorable as the glittering field of the cloth of gold this was because it came at the end of many tournaments that famed and renowned starting from the 15th century in France in Germany in burgundy especially and in England and they had each been known for one thing or another thing and stories were told and somehow in everybody's mind the best ever was the field of cloth of gold that became the epitome of all tournaments and was was recounted and told and Edward Hall produced a Chronicle in which he described everything in lavish glorious detail all the costumes what the horses were the feathers the wine every single detail and people talked about it and recounted it for not just the few years that passed but for decades that passed for this next Century that passed and extraordinary thing is that it still holds sway today as the era of gunpowder took hold the role of the armored Knight on the battlefield diminished and so in turn the tournament of arms now hundreds of years later the medieval Knight armed with sword or Lance remains a symbol of the far-flung times of the reign of [Music] chivalry [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] y [Music] yes

Channel: Chronicle - Medieval History Documentaries

Views: 41,282

Keywords: history documentary, medieval history documentary, middle ages, medieval history, the middle ages, the dark ages

Id: eSIxm0CDE-Y

Length: 46min 46sec (2806 seconds)

Published: Wed Apr 03 2024