Hello. I'm Gill at www.engvid.com, and today's
lesson is on irregular past tenses. Okay? And in particular: "Irregular Past Participles"-okay?-of
irregular verbs. So, let me just show you some examples to make it
clearer what I mean. Okay. So what we're doing, we're looking at three
different tenses to show how the verb changes, so the present simple of the verb, then the
past simple, and then when we use the present perfect that's when you have to use the past
participle. And what happens is sometimes it's the same for both the past simple and
the present perfect, but with other verbs it's different. So I just have two examples
here to show you, one verb where it's the same and one verb where it's different just
to illustrate. And then in the second part of the lesson we will have a list of two separate
sets of verbs, and I will test you on your knowledge of the past participles of those and
they're listed under "same" and "different" just to clarify which ones stay the same,
which ones are different. Okay. So let's have a look at some examples, and then
it should all become clearer. So, first of all, this is the present simple:
"I catch a cold every winter." Every winter, achoo, I'm sneezing. Oh, terrible, every winter
I catch a cold. So for something that happens regularly, that is one way that we use the
present simple when something happens regularly. Every, every winter I catch a cold, so the
verb is "to catch", okay? So then if we put it into the past tense, the past simple and
we say: "Last month... I caught a cold last month." Okay? So: "caught" is the irregular
past simple form of the verb "to catch". "I caught a cold last month." I caught a cold
last month, but I'm much better now. That sort of idea. Okay. So then the third example
here is using the present perfect which involves using this word: "have" as an auxiliary, as
an extra verb. So: "I have caught another cold!" Oh dear, I only had a cold... I caught a
cold last month, and now I have caught another cold. That's one cold after another. So this is
in the more recent past, the present perfect using "have": "I have caught another cold."
Meaning just recently. So you can see here that "caught" stays the same, it's the same.
So it's an example where the past simple and the present perfect stay the same, but let's
have a look now at an example where there's a change and where
they're different. Okay? So, back to the present simple again and the
verb is "to write", which is an irregular verb, so: "I write to my cousin once a year."
I have a cousin who is not on email, and it makes it rather inconvenient to keep in touch
with her, so writing letters and putting them in the post I find a terrible job these days.
I'm so used to using email for everybody, but I have a cousin who's not on email and
she will not have a computer. So I have to write a letter to her. "I write to my cousin
once a year." Okay? So, again, that's using the present simple for a regular action. Once
a year is the regular action, I write. Okay, so then if we move to the past simple: "Last
week... I wrote to my cousin last week." So that's the past simple. So, the form there
for the past simple is "wrote", from "write" to "wrote", but then if we use the present
perfect using the auxiliary "have": "Today... I have written to my cousin today." So recent
past, it's a completed action. "I have written". Thank goodness I've got that letter written
and posted, and it's gone now, so that's a job done for the year. So: "I have written",
so you can see there that this form is not the same. They're the same here: "I caught",
"I have caught", but with "write": "I wrote", "I have written to my cousin today." So you
can see how past simple and present perfect with different verbs, sometimes they stay the
same, other times they're different. Okay. So let's move on to the second part of the
lesson, and we'll have a look at two lists of verbs, and I will test you on your
knowledge of the past participles. Okay, so let's have a look at these which are
the verbs which stay the same in the past simple and the present perfect, and I will
just write that form in, but just to give you an opportunity first to think what it
is. So: "to send", I send in the present. "Yesterday I sent", did you get that one? Okay,
so: "Yesterday I sent", it's always useful to think of some words like: "Yesterday"
or "Last week I" to help you to form the simple past tense. Okay. Right, so "make", the verb "to make".
"Yesterday I made", okay? So these
are all irregular, so they're not going to be with "ed" on the
end, they're going to be different. Sometimes it means that the consonant changes, like from
"make", "k" to "d", "d" to "t", sometimes a vowel will change from one
vowel letter to another. So, let's carry on: "I pay.
I pay. Yesterday I paid." So that changes from an "a" to
an "i" and then with a "d" added. Okay? Next one: "to say".
"Today I say, yesterday I said." So that's
pronounced "said", not "sayd". This is pronounced: "payd", but that's
not pronounced "sayd". "Paid", "said", so there's a different pronunciation there.
Okay, good. Next one: "to think".
"Today I think, yesterday I..."That's a funny one, isn't it?
"o-u-g-h-t" often appears in English words: "I thought",
"I thought", "I think, I thought". And, of course, with the present perfect you would
say: "I have sent, I have made, I have paid, I have said, I have thought", so it stays
the same in the present perfect. Okay? Let's carry on. "I stand". Today I stand
here in front of a camera. "Yesterday I stood". Did you get that one? So, from "a" to
double "o", and we lose the "n". "Stand", "stood", and: "I have stood
as well." Okay. "Buy". "Today I buy some
oranges, yesterday I bought", so it's a bit like "thought".
"Thought", "bought". Okay? Next one: "tell". "I tell... I tell my
friends something today. Yesterday I told". So the "e" changes to "o", two l's change to one
"l", and we add a "d". "Tell", "told", and also: "I have told". Just the same.
Okay? "Bring". "I bring.
Yesterday I..." Another one of those. "Brought".
We have: "thought", "bought", "brought". Okay? Right, next column: "lose". "I lose... I
lose my keys all the time. Yesterday I lost", and then: "I have lost. I have lost my keys again".
"I lost", "I have lost", stays the same. Okay. "To have". "Today I have something. I
have a bottle of water. Yesterday I had". And also, with the present perfect: "I have had", "have
had", so the verb "to have" appears twice like that. "I have", "I
had", "I have had". Okay. "To sell". "Today I sell my car.
Yesterday I... I sold", and then a
week later I might say to a friend: "I have
sold my car." Okay? "Meet". "Today I
meet, yesterday I met". So, one "e" rather than two.
"Yesterday I met somebody famous", and then I can say: "I have
met that famous person. I have met", okay? "Sit". "Today I sit, yesterday I sat". So from "i" to "a": "I sat".
And also: "I have sat." Okay? "Find". "Today I find my keys. I lost
them, now I find them. Yesterday I found", found them in a strange place. In the fridge. What
were they doing in the fridge? I found my keys in the fridge, and I said: "Look, I have
found my keys." Okay? So: "find", "found", "have found". "Leave". "I leave. I leave.
Yesterday I left", "left", okay?
And: "I have left". Next one here: "I hear something. I hear
something. What do I hear? Yesterday I heard", so the vowel sound changes: "ear",
"er": "hear", "heard", it's spelt "h-e-a-r" plus a "d", but the vowel sound changes.
"I hear", "I heard", and: "I have heard". Right, and finally for this one before we
move on to the different ones: "Teach". "I teach English. Yesterday I... I taught. I taught French
yesterday." I didn't really, but today I teach English, yesterday I taught
French. I have taught English for many years. Okay? "Teach", "taught", "have taught". Okay,
so those are all the ones that stay the same, and now let's have a look at the ones
that change in the past participle. Okay, so let's have a look at the verbs that
change from the past simple to the present perfect using "have". So here are some examples.
So: "forget". "Today I forget. Yesterday I forgot", so "e" changes to "o". "I forgot".
And: "Oh dear, I have... I have forgotten". "Forgotten", okay? So that's where
it changes in the present perfect: "I have forgotten". All right. Next one: "I give". "Today
I give, yesterday I gave" with an "a", "i" to "a".
"I gave yesterday." And: "I have given", so it's back to "give"
with an "n" on the end. "I gave", "I have given". Right. Next one: "to know". "Today
I know, yesterday I... I knew", so "o" to "e".
"I knew". "Yesterday I knew". And: "I have..." If you're thinking
of a friend you met 20 years ago: "I have _____ my friend for 20 years. I have known",
so it's back to "know" with an "n" on the end: "I have known my
friend for 20 years." Okay? Next one: "sing". "Today
I sing, yesterday I sang", "i" to "a", and: "I have sung", so it goes from "i" to "a" to "u".
"I sing", "I sang", "I have sung". Next one: "eat". "I eat bread every day.
Yesterday I ate", this is a funny
one, the way it's pronounced. "I ate" or some people say "ate",
it could be either. "Eat", "ate" or "ate", and: "I have", it's a bit like this again, but
with a bit of extra added. "Eaten", "eaten", "I have eaten something and it's made me
feel ill". So: "eat", "ate", "eaten". Next one, the verb... The important verb: "to
be". "Today I am", of course this is going to change depending on the person you're using,
but: "I am", "Yesterday I was", or "we were", and: "I" or "we have been", so it's back to "be" with
another "en" on the end, so that's quite different: "was", "were", "been",
"I have been", "We have been". Okay? The verb "to do", "I do.
Yesterday I did", and: "I have done", so back to the "o" again. "Do", "did", "done", "I have done".
Right. Next one: "take". "Today
I take, yesterday I took", and: "I have",
back to "take" again: "taken". So often this one goes back to looking
more similar to the first one: "take", "took", "taken". "Ring", "Today I
ring, yesterday I rang my friend," and: "I have rung". "Ring",
"rang", "rung", "I have rung". Okay, next one: "drive". "Today
I drive to work, yesterday I drove to work. I drove", and: "I have driven", back again to the "i", "drive",
"driven". "Drive", "drove", "have driven". Okay, next one: "break".
"I break, yesterday I broke", and: "I have", this
time it stays very similar: "I have broken", "broken",
with an "n" on the end. Okay? Next one: "I speak, yesterday I spoke, I have spoken". Again, similar
to "break", "broken", "speak", "spoke", "spoken". Some of them are
very similar. You can see similarities in the way they change. Okay. Okay: "run", "I run
every day, yesterday I ran", and: "I have run". So: "run", it's back to the same here: "I have run". Okay, next one: "see".
"I see, yesterday I saw", it's a bit
different, "a-w", "saw". And: "I have seen". So it's back to
"see" with an "n" added. And then finally: "drink".
"I drink, yesterday I drank" with an "a", and: "I have drunk".
"Drink", "drank", "drunk". Okay? Right, so I hope that's been a useful overview
of these different verbs, irregular verbs and how some of them change in the past participle
when combined with "have", and some of them don't change, they stay the same. So, if you'd
like to go to the website, www.engvid.com and do the quiz there to test your knowledge
on this, and thank you for watching and see you again soon.
Okay, bye for now.
