Subnet Saturday #10 : Route Summarization | Cisco CCNA 200-301

[Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] and welcome everybody to subnet Saturday it's a great here it's date here specific time 11 o'clock on a Saturday and I can't think of anywhere I'd rather be right now than spending a few minutes with you talking about route summarization if you are brand-new to the channel gosh darn it great to have you thank you very much for spending a few minutes with us today you can also check out the entire playlist for subnets Saturdays on the YouTube page so my name is Keith Barker if you're new to us my CCI number six seven eight three have been in CCA for a long time over 15 years have a CC enroute switch and security and our focus today is on route summarization now I'm anticipating a few things as we get started here number one I'm anticipating that you've seen some of the previous subnet Saturdays and that you're familiar with some of the basics like subnetting like what is a mask but is it how's it work IP addresses and so forth and if in the case you're watching this for the first time first time you're looking at straight wow I'm not quite ready for this yet stick around enjoy the time enjoy the fellowship in the community and we also have disc or channel you can join to to ask questions and make requests and so forth and then you can backfill with the playlist so Gus and Michael and many others who are in the queue and in the class answering questions and helping out thank you everybody for being here and to start off let's look at a topology and look at a potential problem and then look at a solution we can implement using route summarization in which point we'll identify what it is why it is and why it's so darn cool so let's use this topology right here and let me bring up this pin as well like that there we go and let's imagine that we have this network it's our enterprise network so life is good we have lots of routes and one of the things is this if if this router right here let's pick on the router 8 for a moment let me get a color that we can actually see let's pick on the router 8 for a moment if router 8 has 5000 routes that routing table is gonna be very very large and it's going to be more overhead and more CPU on that router to go ahead and process it all and so if we can summarize or let's go ahead and go to big camera for us again let's imagine that we have some relatives on the East Coast let's say we have a like 10 relatives on the east coast of whatever country you live in on the east side of the country and if we wanted to tell somebody about those relatives we could say yeah I've got 10 relatives they are so-and-so and so-and-so and Bob and Lois and Sally and Ben and Jeff and the rails and we list them all off in detail and that's a lot of data those 10 relatives or we could say hey we've got I've got 10 relatives they all live over on the the east coast that side of the country and if I ever need to reach them they're all over there on the east coast a summary is simply not having all the details for all the specific individuals in this example but rather knowing that those individuals exist or knowing how to reach them and in the case of routing instead of having 10,000 routes we could have a summary which somebody says hey that group of routes here's your single route for that whole range of networks and that way a router can have like one route or two routes instead of a thousand or 10,000 and that way it can lose it can simplify the routing table so in the router has to make a decision about routing to those remote networks it doesn't say okay let me see what the best matches from the routing table for these 10,000 routes it can just say oh I've got one route it matches the destination IP address it uses it and says next packet place instead of having a whole bunch of routes I dropped my pen let me grab it real quick and I felt it drop hmm it's down here somewhere there it is okay got it here's my my tablet pen today's all right so well I'd like to do is demonstrate how we could do a summarization and then even though in CCNA it doesn't involve on the blueprint ei GRP and it doesn't involve multiple area OSPF and some other techniques I'd like to share with you how we can do summarization and also give you a few examples you can take home with you and say okay I get it summarization is not only the idea of taking a bunch of routes and having one route instead of all the detailed routes but I can also show you some examples that you can take home and say yep I saw it in action and I could replicate this if I wanted to in my own environment by summarizing some networks so let's use this topology and we'll pick on r8 and I think a demonstration would be probably the best thing to do here now in this topology I'll bring up the lab here in a second if all these networks let's imagine up here in this part of the network it's the 10.0 networks dot and I use the router numbers so this is 10.12 and this network here is 10.30 for and then between R 3 and R 5 is 10.35 oh excuse me I slipped a couple bits that's going to be important because I want to give you the right information so this would be 10 dot 0.35 no over here on the left hand side it's 10 dot one dot and then the router numbers 35 oh gosh I'm so excited just wash my hands and I can't do a thing with them this is between our three and our four so that would be Network 34 there I'll slow down just a little bit and then here between our three and our five is ten dot 1.35 and over here are between our five and our seven is ten dot one dot and that continues over here so we're on the right hand side is network 10.2 and over here B between our for our six would be 46 and between our six and our eight it would be 68 so 10.2 dot so here's what I propose we do OSPF is fair game for the CCNA so let's put on OSPF on all of these routers and then take a look at all the routes that r8 has and this proceed to that point so I'd be good rehearsal on implementing OSPF and verifying those work in a single area so we won't do multiple area OSPF we'll do single area and we clear that off and let's bring up the lab all righty so I'm gonna use notepad because a lot of these commands are gonna be very repetitive so it's gonna go to notepad I'll make the font a little bigger so we can see it format font how about a 18 point font that'll do and let's go to configuration mode and no router OSPF one I currently these routers have some OSPF cooking on them I'm just going to get rid of it so from the ground up we can see exactly what the routing protocol is and then we'll do a router OSPF one and then a network statement like that which means any interfaces that have IP v4 interfaces on them on the router means they get to participate in area zero of OSPF and that would be a great start oh you know what let's also do this because the default auto cost reference bandwidth which we've talked about in previous videos as part of these live streams the auto cost reference bandwidth thinks the fastest interface is 100 megabits so we'll change that with auto - cost reference bandwidth the rest of that spelled out and we'll set it to a gig or a thousand megabits per second ok great that way we can have accurate information regarding the cost for OSPF okay so I'll copy that we'll go to r1 paste it in make sure that works great and then we'll go to our to r3 I just right clicking in each one of these and just pasting it in alright so in just a few moments they're gonna go through the whole neighboring state and they're gonna be many of these are gonna have fact all these directly connected neighbors can have full of Jason C's because there's nobody else on the network except those two on that segment so we're gonna go through the from down to in it to a X X start exchange loading and fault the IT elf we had a stream on how they form neighbor ships so here on our 8 how do we verify that we have OSPF running we need to show IP ospf neighbor that's one option so we have one they were the router idea of our neighbor is six-six six which is our sixes router ID and it is currently there we go so that's now up we just went from loading to full now to do a show IP ospf neighbor now we have a neighbor now because it says that our neighbor is the BDR and we are the only other device on this network segment that means we on this network segment are the dr we can verify that the show IP ospf interface brief and sure enough on that fast ethernet 4/1 we are the designated router and our six is the backup designated router and we have a follow Jason C great we've take a look at those concepts previously now let's take a look at the routing table if we do a show IP route and just gonna limit this output to OSPF learned route slow show IP route OSPF press enter and okay so we have quite a few routes in the in the 10 space here we have the 10 zeros and we have some 10 ones and a few 10 twos the reason we don't have as many 10 2's is because we're in that area where or that part of the network where it's 10.2 so directly connected networks intend to are not going to show up in this output because I said please just show me the OSPF learn routes so if we wanted to summarize one of the things we could do is we could summarize and not have this route or have to learn all about the tens I said we could have a summary route this says hey let's declare topology where could we do that that makes sense the place I think that it makes sense to do that would be right here on our floor and what our 4 could do say you know instead of having to learn all these tens I mean everything that's not here local it has to be forwarded through our 4 to get to the rest of network so our 4 can create a summary that says hey 210 to get 210 anything go ahead and forward it to me says our 4 and then you don't have to and I could also suppress says our four I could suppress all those other routes from being learned and that's the concept 10 is a summary route that would cover 10 dot 0 dot anything like ten dot 0 dot 12 let me back that up 10.0 at 12 0 and 10 dot 0 dot 34.0 and ten dot 0 dot 0 and the list goes on we basically not have to advertise this day on off of our for instead just advertise a summary saying hey to get to ten anything if you don't have a more exact route in your routing table because that's how they make their decisions go ahead and forward it my way says r4 and that would be an example of a summary so r8 could lose all those networks all those more detailed networks and not have to learn about all the routes for all the networks they could just have a summary advertised by our four no that's the good news in the bad news listen let's I'll tell you guys both it's good news that's bad news because in order to do that at that router r4 it has to be an area border router which is beyond the scope of CCNA but the way it works is and you'll see this in CC and P an area border router is a router that's connected to the backbone and an on backbone area and add an area border router we can do summaries like that with the range command so if r4 was convicted the backbone and connected the area are in this case area two maybe or everyone we could use an area command and our area range command in the router config and tell it to do a summary now unfortunately one of the rules about OSPF is that if it's all just one giant area which is it which is what it is here and in CCNA there's no area border routers so because everybody in the same area has the same LSA is the link state database that they all know exactly the picture of the network we can do some filtering about which routes make it to the routing table but generally speaking if we have 28 routers in one area they're all going to have the exact same picture of the network and we're not gonna do any route filtering so I thought to myself well Keith you can't just leave the class hanging right your gauge li was sitting here saying well summaries are great but you can't do in a single area OSPF I thought to myself how could we still demonstrate this in measurable terms and the answer is we could do a little bit of redistribution now let me explain what that is let's imagine that you have a family in some country doesn't matter some country and that family invites a foreign exchange student over so the foreign exchange student comes over to live with a host family for a week or a month or three months whatever it is and then when that family goes to a faith-based organization or they go to a dinner or they go to a dance at the local high school whatever is some grouping some some gathering they're gonna bring that foreign exchange student with them and the foreign exchange student may have different customs and different habits and may look or dress slightly differently but they'll still bring them now how does that relate to OSPF well in OSPF we have routes that are being shared and advertised by OSPF think of those like routes that belong to the family but a router in OSPF can invite a foreign exchange student to join and that's called an external route so we could have one of these routers and we have eight to play with we're gonna have one of these routers redistribute is what the command is is we could have them take routes that are not OSPF like static routes or routes from rip or routes from EA GRP or some other source and just like I don't plug them in to the OSPF family and when it does that those are considered external routes and they look a little different too I mean they don't have the same exact characteristics of a native OSPF or out like you did with the network statement but if we do this which is what I'd like to do for the demo if we take R 1 or R 7 or both and we take some static routes and we redistribute them into OSPF then we can do summaries on all those routes that they're bringing in so for a little education that you can use in ccnp a device like router one let me bring up the topology a device like router one that is redistributing routes so let's say we have 4 static routes on R 1 and if we take those 4 external they're not OSPF routes and we redistribute them into OSPF at that moment this router is called an EI SB our assembly means it's the host family that's inviting the foreign student into their home and into our community and in taller activities so an ASB R as an OSPF router that is taking external routes and just injecting them into OSPF so they can be shared and learned about by all the other OSPF speakers and routers and that device that does it is called an autonomous system boundary router and asbr so here is what I would like to do I think this would be so you're not a season a you don't have to remember that but it's not bad idea to be aware of that in the future because when we hit CCNP you'll need that alright so let's go to our one and also our seven and let's see if we have some static routes that we can redistribute into OSPF so here is our one and let's do this let's just show IP route static all this is going to show us is that hey mister r1 please show us any routes that you have that are static routes okay will do and it has these four routes so if we want to take these for foreign exchange routes we'll call them and they're called external route - no SPF and we redistribute them into OSPF the syntax to do that is we go to router configuration mode router OSPF one this is like the host family and then we say please welcome these external routes and lo you do that is with the command redistribute it's basically taking those routes and putting them into OSPF so redistribute and this as well what do you want me to redistribute and we in our case we're gonna redistribute the static routes because we have four of them I know it we just looked at them so we'll say redistribute static and then we have options regarding the metric so we'll save a larger discussion for encore and other courses about you know the metrics but by default it's gonna bring it in as a type two metric with OSPF which simply means an external type two which means the metric doesn't grow it's like the cost is like okay you're twenty and no matter where that route shows up in all of OSPF has the cost of twenty I personally don't like that I like the metric to grow as that route is propagated through the network so let's change the metric type instead of the default of two and we'll go ahead and use a metric type of one and let's also we could also set the initial metric as well but with the metric type of one it just means that that metric is gonna get larger and larger as OSPF routers take these external routes and they share them and they propagate them through the network and every has the LSA forum it simply makes the metric grow all right so oh and I also want subnets too otherwise I'm going to get class full redistribution so static subnets well I think the context-sensitive help for giving me that feedback okay so really prosthetic subnet symmetric type one and if we do this show IP ospf and press Enter check this out somewhere along here here we go it says hey because I'm redistributing some other routes into OSPF and for only that reason I am now an autonomous system boundary router or a SBR and it tells us exactly what we're doing we're redistributing external routes from static routes into OSPF now if we take a peek over at r8 now my hands will never leave my arms and so we know where r8 is r8 is down here so we just did the redistribution on r1 and OSPF it's pretty darn quick link-state updates the link state advertisements and the updates get propagated through the entire area if we go to our 8 now which we will and we hit the up-arrow command show IP route OSPF learned routes again and we hit the spacebar check this out we have those four external routes so the e code means OSPF he represents an external route and the one represents the type which is the one that where the metric grows as that route gets further and further away from the source from the asbr okay so we've learned a couple things about you know how to get routes into OSPF if we don't use a network statement or an interface command external routes they also have a special LSA type which is interesting is an LSA type five but that's above and beyond which you have to memorize for for the CCNA but it is true so I want to share that with you we'll be using that at CCNP level now we have these four routes and what I would like to do is talk about how we could summarize four routes like that and I'm going to bring that up a little bit I'm gonna bring up a pen and let's talk about creating one route sort of like Lord of the Rings one route one ring to rule them all if we wanted to create a summary route that said hey this one route represents these four routes it'd be it'd be simpler now this is an example of a summary of one static one summary route to four detail droughts but think of it on a bigger scale like maybe we have one route that points to a whole division of our network which could have thousands and thousands of routes the concept is the same we want to reduce the number of individual routes and still have a summary route in place so all right if he gets a packet to any these destinations can still go ahead and forward it so here is one method not the only method but here's one method of creating a summary it is identify how much of these these networks are the same it's a fun game let's do it so if we have 10 dot 11.11 dot I'm gonna use a different color - I'm going to mix this up a little bit make a little bit more visually attractive here let's say we have actually they're right here so I'll right now again 10 dot 11.11 dot 16 and these all have a 28 bit mask so if your need to catch up on that with the subnet Saturday playlist please feel free to do so so I'll say slash 28 for all of them and 10.11 dot 11.30 - and dot 48 and dot 64 with the 10.11 dot 11 10.11 dot 11 great ok so there's four routes how in the world do we go about making a summary or how do we even know what the correct summary would be and I've got some ideas here here's here's one idea well they all start with 10 we could just make a summary route that looks like this 10.0.0.0 slash 8 and that would cover it it would that would cover all these routes because they all start with 10 however this is what we would call a gross / summarization because it not only covers 10 dot 11.11 but it also covers 10.11 dot 12 and 10 11 13 and 10 - 11 of 14 and and probably yeah hundreds of thousands of other routes that could fall into that address space so when creating summaries we want to create a summary that's accurate for the routes that we're trying to summarize and not over summarize in fact you don't know what the ultimate summary is the ultimate summary is this and you're saying we'll keep that's a default route yeah that default route says I match everything and that's why we fall back to a default route from a routing table if we don't have a more specific match in the routing table it goes the default route which never misses the default mount route matches everything it's not very long so it's not gonna be the longest match and longest match matches get chosen first four outs and then the fallback is if we have a default route then go ahead and use that but it's the ultimate summary and so this this would be too much of a summary for these four networks it's too broad this would be too much of a summary for these four networks is too broad so here's an idea we could just say visually okay the first octet let's go ahead and circle or highlight use a color like let's use red let's circle our square off the ones that are the same so the first octet is the same for each one I think we all can agree on that and the second octet and the third octet are the same for all of them so we could do maybe 10 11.11 with a 24 bit mask and I would argue that that does indeed summarize all those networks it summarizes the 16 subnet 32 48 64 but it also summarizes the additional subnets in that range like the zero subnet and the subnet that is 64 plus 16 more which I guess would be 80 the 87 net and the 90s and looking at 96 7 I'm just taking the block size of my head and adding it so this summary right here would cover these but it's too broad still so how do we get like fairly accurate with a summary address that matches on these 4 subnets and the answer one of the answers is after you get more used to it you might be able to visually see where the Ally however for a person who is fairly new to this here's what I would do we'll take this table which we probably never seen before and when in doubt if you're not sure what to do to solve a problem write out this table it's just 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 7 8 I count them from because I in the heat of battle if ice if I skipped a digit there it's going to be terrible and also when you start doing your calculations they're not gonna come out right like what what so I just count them making sure I have all eight positions there and what we're looking at here is we're looking at this fourth octet so the other thing I do is I would say third goes that way and fourth goes this way and that way I can remember which octet I'm focusing on I want to see which bits which high order bits are the same for those so we take those addresses I will take 16 32 48 and 64 you're probably you're probably headed me on this already so not a great job and we'll just calculate the values of each of those so we can see which common bits are the same in that fourth octet so 16 is pretty easy that's on here and off everywhere else and I'm referring to the actual IP address that are the network ID and that last octet is that 16 then 32 would be like this boom so I'm just taking the value boom 32 everything else would be a zero and then 48 would be 32 plus 16 so I be here and here and you could get longhand take your time doesn't matter just calculate you know what it what is 48 minus 32 at 16 so just put the values in and we've had sessions on binary to decimal and decimal to binary all that great stuff and then what we'll do is we'll take 64 which is on here so that's gonna be off and the rest these are gonna be off so we're gonna play the same game we did here like okay which octet Tsar complete match to each other the first three match and how many bits of that fourth octet match for each of the networks and let's let's do the same thing we did here with a circle um or put a square around them so this bit matches would you agree in all four subnets this high-order bit I'm sorry this low order bit this is the first bit that on in the mask um that's that's the first this is the first bit of the last octet and it matches and 6400 Oh bummer this doesn't match so what we could do is say well you know what up to this point right here everything matches and so the mask for that would be well if this is the 24-bit mark here plus one more bit that matches our mask for the summary is going to be a slash 25 which means the first twenty five bits match with this one this one this one this one that's what it means now the question is what do we put in for the third I bet for that last octet so it's gonna be something like this not something like this it's gonna be this ten dot 11.11 that's the first 24 bits and then whatever the value is in this 128 position it's zero and then you simply think you simply zero out everything to the right so because this high-order bit that matches is a zero I should say it's the first bit of that fourth octet which is the hundred twenty-eight position because it's the zero we just and there's zero after that you go ahead and put a zero with this last 25 and that is our summary that very very closely matches these four networks so if we are to create a summary and said hey instead of advertising 10 11 11 16 and 10 11 11 32 and 10 11 up forty eight and 10 11 11 64 just advertise this one summary and that'll give you the ability to go ahead and reduce everybody's routing table by three instead of having these four outs they just have this one that's the theory and in OSPF the reason I did it with an autonomous system boundary router is because we don't have a BRS in single area OSPF so there's no option to even show you if we have a single area OSPF with only internal routes so i created these four static routes on our one on our one and i injected them with redistribution so we can go back to our one the asbr and we can create this summary address and the syntax for creating that summary in OSPF is we simply go to router configuration mode here on r1 which we'll do here in a moment and in router config Wilson say summary address because it's an ASB are and then will specify this summary and what our one will do he'll say oh I get it I'm gonna just advertise the summary i'm not going to advertise the detailed routes and the entire network has just had their load lightened by three routes they don't need to know and the same concept applies if it was hundreds or possibly thousands of routes that were being advertised we can now summarize with one or you know a few routes instead of all the routes all the detailed routes so let me just hide this work we just did and let's confirm our address our routes here on our eight we'll do a show IP route OSPF just to make sure we're on the same sheet of music so currently we have these four external routes external type ones and we're about to reduce that on our one by going into router configuration mode and this is the asbr this is the guy bringing those routes to the party we're simply saying hey you know you have for foreign exchange students coming in let's go ahead and just as you present them to the network presenting as one a foreign exchange student with a slash twenty five instead of four routes with a slash what was it twenty eight so let's do that router OSPF one and we are going to do a question mark as i get my brain kicked in hold on a second ah i hit up arrow question I hate up there over context as I've helped again there it is right there so on an asbr if the command we're gonna use this summary address and router configuration mode so we'll say summary address and it says great what's the summary and this is going to apply those routes that are being redistributed in via the redistribute commands so the summary dress is gonna be ten dot 11.11 dot zero and the mask oh wait closing it okay as some of the commands for some realization you use the slash notation but it's gonna make me put in the 8-bits 16-bits 24 bits twenty-five bits so that's a twenty-five bit mask so there's our summary and we'll go check it out let's go down to our eight and a moment ago on our 8th we had these four external type ones because the asbr wasn't doing any summarization now that it's doing summarization and I am giving you a few seconds to converge now now that we're doing summarization we should have one route there and that should be this last 25 so I'll hit the up arrow key show IP route OSPF and there it is so we have that one route which is a summary route and the same concept holds true with other routers in fact let's repeat that process but now that we understand how it works let's do a little bit faster here on router 7 I also have some static routes they are 10 77 77 with 4 networks the same for networks we can use the same summary grant again same mask and if we go to our 7 the first thing we'd want to do is verify that we have those routes show IP route static there they are great and we'll do a config T router OSPF 1 and will they redistribute a static which will include all those bad boys and we'll say I'm gonna leave the default metric system which is a metric type 2 and also the metric type 2 doesn't change it just sticks it at 20 I believe is the default and that will be the metric will see way over on our 8 on the other side of the network so reduced attic and will include subnets because we don't want to just classical boundaries and it is done let's just go take a peek at our 8 for a moment so here on our 8 if we do a show IP route OSPF there they are so all these seven routes these 7777 are the routes that we learned via OSPF about the redistributed routes that good old our good buddy our 7 just brought to the table and then we'll go tell our 7 the autonomous system boundary router hey let's summarize those so we're still in router configuration mode for OSPF and the command is summary address and then we put in our summary so it's going to be 10 dot 7777 dot 0 same concept that we did with the other math on the other one and then we'll do a mask of 25 bits which is spelled like that 1:28 and then if we go so that information is being communicated via LSAs those LLC's have been synchronized from neighbor to neighbor to neighbor so our eight in the same area has the same information now and if we go to our eight and do a show IP route for OSPF it should now have a single summary for that route that are those set of routes that are seven brought to the table so that's an example of summarization with eat with OSPF and again we use the external routes because inside of OSPF with a single area there's no opportunity to do true route summarization without an ABR and that'll be coming up in CC and people talk more about that okay so that was one example I wanted to chat with you about the other one I thought maybe one more example because not every routing protocol summarizes the same way ei GRP the enhanced interior gateway routing protocol I've got a lot of requests for hey can you walk us through that and I have been reluctant to because II IG RP is not part of the blueprint for CCNA however it's important to know what the default ad is the administrative distance which is 90 for internal ei GRP routes and what we're about to see is hey what would be the administrative distance for an external ei GRP route which is different I believe it's 170 but we'll take a look here in a moment because it's going to come up there's one of the benefits of doing hands-on as well you can actually see those values as they come up to the interface so with eigrp and rip although I'm not going to demo rip we summarized at interface boundaries and it goes something like this if we are they bring it white topology and here it is thank you so if we wanted to listen as we have the same networks and we're gonna be running EA GRP here in a moment with EA GRP we pick an interface literally almost any interface you want let's pick this right here so we could after EA GRP is running we could go to this interface 3/1 and say hey you know what we'd like you to instead of eh erp is distance vector and it has some characteristics of leading state in that it forms a Jason sees with this neighbors and it cares about its neighbors but there's no link state database that's replicated across the whole area basically where EA GRP speakers believe what they're directly connected neighbors have said and they're going based on that so with our four if our four is learned about all these routes 10.0 this and ten one that and all these other networks we can actually do summarization at the interface and we can tell our four hey you know what as you start learning all these routes why not just don't bother sharing all that information with our six because he's just gonna tell our eight and how these routes down here why don't we create a summary and the summary with AI GRP is done on an interface by interface basis so think of the interface as the one that where the I'm gonna draw it like this it's where this summary is gonna be advertised to like a microphone or be amplified out that direction so that helps our six and our eight and other devices down here with only seeing the summaries and not seeing the more detailed routes so the concept is the same a summary route but the implementation with erp is done on the interface it's also done the same way with rip at the interface where you want to do the summarization so let's take this plan right here let's wiped out our OSPF we'll just lay in AI GRP i'll use notepad it won't be too painful and then we'll verify all the routes that we have in the enterprise and then we'll go to we'll go to our four will tell to do a summary at interface 3/1 and then as a result will see those routes drop off of our six and our eight and they'll just have the summary routes and they won't any longer have the marked detailed routes again this is an example of network summarization with ipv4 and the same concepts by the way work with other platforms too so the syntax and discussion we're having here is with cisco gear but summarization and summarizing multiple networks with one is a concept we're gonna use on multiple vendors platforms also when you think of subnetting we're making the mask longer and when we think of doing summarization we're making the masks shorter so a shorter mask a shorter network address that's representing more many addresses or networks beneath it like an umbrella so subnetting mask it's longer super netting it's another term for it super netting or summarization is another term for summer summarizing multiple networks so having said that let's go - lets go to this topology and I've got a little bit of work to do I'm not afraid I'm not afraid we can do it and here we go and I'm bringing up notepad so I'm going to say config T no router now I could we could leave OSPF running add e IG RP and whatever there's a conflict meaning OSPF and EIGRP both are advertising a network the one with the lowest administrative distance is going to win which in this case with EA GRP for internal routes it's going to be 90 it would be tout OSPF the reason i'm going to take it off though is because once we get a summary from EA GRP those more detailed routes don't show up anymore and then OSPF says hey i get to go to the routing table and then they flood in with OSPF learned routes so just from the perspective of learning and at the NA level I'm gonna just remove OSPF so that we don't have the more detailed routes automatically showing up as OSPF learned routes when we have the summary that's hiding those in the ARP because it'll be cleaner and easier to learn so nope router OSPF one that'll do it and then router EA GRP this is the autonomous system every router running EA GRP in the same domain needs to match on that autonomous system number that has to match so OSPF it's a process ID doesn't have to match yeah GRP it's an autonomous system number it does have to match and then we'll see you know Auto summary on current versions of iOS Auto summary I believe is turned off by default if it's not this one if it is this won't harm anything I just don't want it summarizing to classical boundaries which is a real pain in the rear and then we'll do a network of everything which is spelled like this and there's more than one way to put this in however that wildcard mask in EIGRP means the same thing as the wild-card mask and OSPF says hey any interface is running IP version 4 you're in and we'll test this on one router and make sure make sure it works and then we'll pump it into the other so I will right click and copy that that's give me important could r1 and watch our neighbor ships blow up boom boom because I just took off OSPF off this guy and our two same thing looks good I'm just going down the horn now EIG RP is pretty darn fast even though it doesn't have a full picture of the entire network the convergence is pretty darn quick so if we did a show IP route for EIG our peeler and brows impress dinner eeew GRP oh excuse me had a little glitch it might get along here it's totally just me so show IP route PRP there's our AI GRP learned routes so now our 8 has all these routes if we wanted to summarize Oh huh so we could once again if we wanted to we could redistribute routes into eigrp and even get more but I think we could summarize like lots of these so let's let's pick on some and summarize some of them now we could just say ten anything and that would be an 8 bit summary and that would catch all these but it'd be a gross over a summarization because we'd be catching a whole bunch of networks that also don't apply so let's let's make a plan together you and I a plan that's gonna require us to exercise our summarization skills and let's summarize let's summarize these these four routes now when you're doing summarization if it's not designed and doesn't halt in clean boundaries you might pick up additional networks that you didn't intend to but let's let's create as an exercise the tightest summary we can for these four networks and then we'll implement it and that will help us verify that it's working so if these network 12 13 24 34 great so let's bring up our table here 1 2 4 8 Oh am i hiding that with my face I am let me back that up so you can actually see it that might be helpful all right 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 looking at my feedback monitor okay we can see this that's going to be helpful and what we're after is we're after matching on how many how much of these four networks match now I know that the first octet matches in the second octet matches 100% so we know the new mass gives me at least 16 and the address is going to be the summaries give me 10.0 dot and now we have to figure out in that third octet how many bits starting from left to right are in common between them so let's do this let's make sure we're on the right octet this is the third octet going this way second octet going that way which is already consumed 16 bits and let's write it out so we have and use a slightly different color here so we have 12 13 24 and 34 all right so in doing this 12 would be 8 plus 4 8 9 10 11 12 just why make sure my math is correct everything else would be zeros so that's 12 done and 13 would be 8 plus 4 plus 1 more and then everything else would be zeros and if you haven't yet joined us for binary to decimal decimal to binary those are two rip-roarin videos that you want to catch and then 24 it wouldn't be 32 so to be 24 I'm just going to math on this 24 is that in my no good 24 - is 16 we just gave away carry the one IV eight and eight okay so eight left over so that's this guy right there and then boom boom boom one two three four five six one two three four five six great great and 34 which would be one of these thirty-two plus two more that one and I'm just going over this as if we've already covered the binary to decimal decimal to binary and with that in place is our third octet now let's find out which one's match and here's what I'm thinking I'm thinking this bit matches in all of them so does this one so oh but this one doesn't I'm gonna grab that hold on one second alright I'm nursing a coal but it's not a it's not a virus not that virus all right so these two bits match in all these and there's the dividing line so our new mask would be the existing sixteen from these first two octets and then two more 17 18 so our new mask before the summary would be 18 the first two octets would be 10.0 and then what we do is we take the value if any from these first two bits and check them out they're all zeros so that means for that third octet it's not going to be 128 it's not going to be 64 it's not going to be 192 the sum of them because they're all zeros we take that value and then we zero out everything to the far right and that would be our summary and what that should catch is it should catch these four networks 18 and it's also it's also gonna capture these four too and that's just the fact of the matter is that one two three and four are all going to have these same high order bits so this summary of 1000 18 is not only gonna capture those four we intended which is the tightest match we can just for those four networks it's also going to capture these I just wanted to point that out before we put it in because these networks 1001 1002 1003 they have this the same com 18 bits that they lead with all right so that's the mask that's the summary we're gonna put in and the way we put in a summary with AI GRP is I go ahead and hide that for a moment is we do this we go to the interface we're gonna go to interface gig 3/1 turn on r4 and we are going to specify that we're going to use an IP summary address on the interface with that mask and with that IP address with that subnet and what should do it should on our ate all those routes that we saw a few moments ago and I think eight routes to in total should no longer be present because well it'll be replaced by the summary that's my thinking let's go ahead and do it so on our eight just before we do the summary let's just do a comparison here's our eat here's our AI GRP learned routes great and it includes all these routes which are about to be summarized by the summary we're about to create and and let's go implement it on our four so on our four will show IP interface brief and I this is my own back-end stuff I caused that myself all right let's do a show IP interface brief and a show CDP neighbor I just want to verify what interface we're gonna do this on so we are going to do this on serial 3/1 that's our four is interface connecting down to our six so whatever we advertise down to our six off this interface will include our summary any more detailed routes that are our three are our four hazardous routing table from EA GRP will be restricted not advertised it'll just advertise the summary and withhold those other now eight routes the eight detailed routes so to do this we'll go into configuration mode interface serial 3/1 and the command IP summary yeah he shoots he scores so in OSPF with with extra an autonomous system boundary router it was summary address no IP in front of it it was in router config this is an interface config so our summary address is going to be for EIG RP regarding the routes for summarizing na trip and then we're gonna specify the autonomous system number it's a s1 we could verify that with the show IP protocols by the way to verify that and then the summary and I didn't erase this because I wanted to look at it okay so our summary is gonna be 10000 with an 18-bit mask that's the summary we're gonna add so we'll put in 10.0.0.0 with an 18-bit mask Oh check this out Wow it's party time at the CLI we could do a slash notation and that's exactly what I'm gonna do so instead of doing in dotted decimal which we have the option to we could also go ahead and just do it with a slash and I'm so excited down idling look 18 all right so slash 18 that uh all right so we send a little notification to our neighbor saying hey things have changed and now if we go down to our 8 just as a visual err our 4 on this serial 3/1 interface now is summarizing any routes that any detailed routes that fall into that summary it created it's only gonna advertise the summary and let's take a look so going down to our 8 already Marta there okay so it'll just show IP route survey says look at that bad boy right there there's our 10000 slash 18 which is summarizing all those other routes that start with 10 0 including the dot 1.2.3.4 I think it was plus the 4 that we did the calculations for they all fell into that range now one of the challenge is one of the challenges this what if a router does a summary think of our 4 then measure that you and I are our six or our eight and we're hearing about this summary for the 10000 slash 18 I imagine we have a packet for 1000 some network that isn't anywhere in our enterprise but it falls in that summary we're gonna we're gonna believe we can reach it we're gonna forward based on that matching route in our routing table this slash 18 even if that route doesn't exist so we forwarded up to our four here's what Cisco did for us with AARP when we created that summary it not only advertised that summary down to its neighbors off that interface but it also it also created a static route to null zero which means that if we have a packet that got forwarded to us says r4 and we don't have a more specific route in our routing table meaning that that network doesn't exist we are gonna go ahead and send it to the static route which goes to null 0 null zero is a fancy way of saying the bit bucket the end of the road kill the packet and we should be able to see that on our 4 with a show IP route so let's verify that as well so here on our 4 if we go back to our 4 and with a show I'll bring that mic over show IP route static all this says is please show me the static routes that you currently have oh maybe I apologize maybe it's an e IG RP route for that null address I think that's gonna be the case so IP route let's just do the whole thing show IP route and there it is right there so it didn't put in as a static route it put it in at so with NAT when you do the a drought command it has a static route so with EA GRP when we did the summary for the 1000 18 it also created a an e IG RP route that shows up on the router us ei GRP learned going to null zero and that's just to catch strays so if we don't have say a packet goes to 10 zero let's say the 1000 8 Network a host on 1000 8 the router when it gets it would say I don't have a more detailed route for that so as a result that falls into my summary that match for the 1000 18 I'm gonna sent to the bit bucket instead of sending it on over to a default gateway or some other next router who also won't know how to reach it so that's what happens by default so what we cover in this video and in this demonstration we've taken a look at summarization and think of summarization as the idea of not having to know all the details like maybe we're an employee at work and we have a manager and the manager may have a better picture of the whole organization and maybe we don't but again maybe we don't need it so maybe the manager is sharing with us a limited amount of information like here are some key data points here's your primary responsibilities here's how you add value to the company thank you for doing a good job and at the same time that same manager isn't sharing with us all the details the profit loss statements and everything else for the entire organization but rather he's just giving us a summary saying hey we're doing well and here's your responsibilities and so when we're taking a look at summarization the ultimate summary is a default route says hey this matches everything and then when we start creating summaries on purpose we want to make sure we're creating summaries that are accurate for the network's that we're going to summarize and then depending on the type of routing we're using whether it's OSPF external routes EA GRP and so forth there's different ways we demonstrated two of them of implementing that summarization on the router itself in the case of OSPF it's well in case by OSPF we did a summarization of the autonomous system boundary router in OSPF if we had multiple areas with ABR's we'd use the area range command on an ABR so it's still possible if you have multiple areas in OSPF and you can summarize out those areas in the case of eigrp and rip we summarized at the actual interfaces and then we demonstrated that as well so the takeaway summarization allows the network to advertise a single route that is covering or covers the address space of multiple other detailed routes so that not every router has to have all of that data in their routing tables which can make cleaner routing and also check this out here's a huge benefit let's go back to let's go back to the screen for a second imagine we're on our 7 and we just show IP route for EA GRP learned well let me make sure I'm in the right place so yeah r7 which is on the left-hand side of our topology it's way over here on the left-hand side currently there's no filtering happening for him he knows about all these routes what happens if the 10.2 dot have to know about that our 7f step days routing table our 7 has to make a little bit extra work to go ahead and process that what happens if the 10.1 got 35 network goes away the interface goes down it's no longer available the whole network needs to find out this router has to change its routing table once again like oh my gosh it was there it's not there and with Yeji arp we have a thing called acting active for route where if a router had a route and it loses it it then goes active saying hey buddy my net neighbors I'm looking for this route I used to have it now I don't it's not good so one of the other benefits of doing summarization is that if r7 was getting summaries for all the 10 networks which we could do we could go to our for an hour three in our topology and we can say our three please summarize everything at 10 and just advertise a 10 summary down to our 5 and our 7 then if the detailed routes go away our 7 could care less it's got that summary route for the 10 anything it knows how to forward for that and it doesn't have to be bothered every time there's a topology change or routing change at the detailed network level it just has the summaries and for large networks that's important because if we have a corporate network and we have two or three routes for a hundred rails that change and we have branch offices it's a probably a good bet we don't want those branch offices to have to go ahead and process all that oh no this detailed route went away this branch office is really only need a summary or the ultimate summary which is a default route saying hey you're not sure what to do send them that way or a summary that covers all the routes at headquarters and all the other locations so the router has like one route for setting everything to ten going to headquarters and that's the benefit another benefit of summaries and network summarization which will get apply to multiple platforms not just Cisco okay lots of great comment I've seen over here in my peripheral vision as always action is to talk about a topic and in subnet Saturday here the topic was network summarization to talk about why it would be beneficial provide a few examples of it kind of like a relaxed session about here's how it works I think we've accomplished that and then the second part is to put you on a quick pause and go grab a sip of water and then we'll come back for Q&A and what I would love to do for QA is I'd like to focus on I know we covered ei GRP in this as an example of how we could do summarization and with OSPF we did external route redistribution so we could have an example of summarization but it for the QA I would love it if you have any questions that are focused at the CCNA level regarding any of the topics we've covered today and if yesterday and beyond what we cover today but that's in the blueprint please feel free to ask that as well I would ask you that just do it at Keith Barker and the QA and that way from starting now going down I can see it because I know Michael and Gus and a lot of other people are answering questions for other people I don't want to jump in the middle of a conversation so if you have a question for me just do at Keith Barker and then your question and I will grab those going forward all right another great day oh my gosh if you haven't already subscribed please do so don't miss a single session I love having people in the room when I talk it sounds kind of vain but no it's it's a little better there's over 200 people right now and every one of you is here for a reason there are some are here for entertainment value awesome there's some here to pick up tips awesome there's some here studying strong for your CCNA again excellent and there's other people here who have their CCNA who are here to serve you and help you in your journey by answering questions give you insight on how it works and why it works and my my gratitude for your time for all of you is system s so thank you very much so I'm gonna take a quick sip of water less than 30 seconds and we'll be right back to go ahead and go directly into Q&A thanks everyone [Music] life is a winding road no telling where it goes driving through days and nights won't stop for traffic light all right and we are back okay lots of great comments let me start picking up with a that has my name on it alright how H a.m. zi X is asking hey mr. Keith I have a question about something out of cease ab c-- snape but i have an exam on it how about bgp router get bgp routes in adjacent okay so for anything outside of the topics for CCNA if you put them in discord what I've discovered on the discord server we held up we have a section for other and there's been a lot of help for people who are answering those questions you can also do an @ OD of ite on discord you need my attention there as well so as far as the CCNA content here I'm primary focused on CCNA whenever possible I really want to make sure that I want to make sure our channel is synonymous with hey if you're studying for your CCNA you want to have some fun this is a great way to learn things to reinforce things see things in a different light and you know check out the master playlist on on the channel and it's keith Barker on youtube the URL I think is sloth the reason I chose og ite online slash sloth is because when I could easily remember also sloths my mascot hey mister sloth he's back there he's always consistent just right there all the time great guy alright moving down looking for my name alright another question hi Keith is it possible for eigrp to farm labor relations if it's one-sided / 22 connects to us last 29 that's a great question I don't know there ever I don't know that I've tried that recently so with OSPF because i'm currently like all over that like slobber on a baby I would be able to tell you no it won't take that how's the adjacency won't work but here's what I recommend if you're curious if we have my guesses they wouldn't like it they have to be the same network but to verify that just grab packet tracer lav it up put two neighbors together put a different put the mask on first the correct one have them agree and then change the mask and see if the neighbor ship blows up and if it does you'll know your answer that's that's exactly you know what gosh golly I've got a CLI and I'm not afraid to use it let's do it because this is the coaching I would give to you and since I've got the gear right here why not do it my guess is they won't form neighbor ships or won't like it so currently I've got in this topology eag ARP is running and I've got our six and our eight there are ten dot let's just check them out let's see what they are okay so our seven I am on the wrong side and network so here is our eight we'll do a show IP interface brief and show IP route that's gonna show us the masks oh hold on second show IP route connected that's one way of seeing the masks and everything in one fell swoop the L routes so I've got the off of Fast Ethernet 4/1 I've got the ten dot two dots sixty eight dot zero and it has the last octet abate so if I just change that by one that'll do it so config T interface fastethernet 4/1 oh my gosh okay here we go do show IP yeah ARP neighbors so so I'm sure every neighbor ship okay so I currently have a neighbor ship life is good and on that interface I'm gonna do it IP address 10.2 dot dot eight and I'll put on 255 dot 255 dot 255 dot 128 I'm just going to mess up the mask by one bit yeah oh wow look at that show IP EIGRP neighbor look at that I wouldn't have guessed that I would have guessed they would have barked but let me just do a double check here show IP interface for FA 4/1 so only the details so yeah it's got a 25 bit mask and those ei GRP neighbors are still up I'm so glad I love that up all right there you go Oh SPF it wouldn't tolerate that for one nanosecond I'm gonna keep an eye on this while we chat but it looked like they dropped the neighbour ship reestablish the neighbour ship and they're okay with that and if he did a show CD yeah and our six for sure has a slash 24-bit mask alright good good to know wow that's fantastic thanks for that exercise yeah I wouldn't have guessed that that would not have been my guess with the eigrp fantastic alright so that goes out to who was that that was Omar thank you so the answer is at least with a 24 and a 25 bit mask which is different there okay so maybe so now I'm curious maybe in the negotiation they're looking each other's IP address but they don't send the mask information and as a result that works so that's something that we could dive into and look at if you're not for CCNA but just out of curiosity because I'm curious all right next question thank you for that after this is Himanshu asking after ccnp routes which should i do Palo Alto or CCNA security so all the CCNA s all the CCNA is except for the one final CCNA that got replaced in February 24 2020 that's the only CCNA so as far as CCNA security or CCNA wireless or CCNA data center or CCNA cloud or CCNA whatever those are all gone you can't test on those anymore so if you get your after you get your CC and p4 out switch if you want to start pursuing security at the professional level that would be an idea or checkpoint or Palo Alto or whatever vendor you feel would be most valuable to you in your career where you are in the world so if I was looking at jobs and every one of them said you need Palo Alto experience I would probably focus on Palo Alto if that's where I wanted to be or if they wanted firepower experience which is Cisco's product I'd focus on that so I'd say it depends on what you are interested in and also if you're at a company if you're currently working and they currently have gear like firepower or checkpoint or Palo Alto maybe tackle those first because you have something in house that can help you or give you insights and you can actually have questions that you can ask because you have the product that's really there I've discovered that if I study something really hard which I often do for like 45 to 60 days at a time and then I go on to the next topic I forget a lot I do I forget a lot of haven't touched a technology in like a year or two or three or four years like HP I used to be a master certified HP person and I used to really know HP and the different models and the different differences between the differences between the various CLI is based on where they came from who wrote the code for the HP platform and it's been some of the years I'd have to refresh on that before I worked on it again so if you can work on something or study something that you're likely to use it's always better than if you're studying something that you probably won't touch for many many years okay Dan hey welcome back down and it rails great to have you here how did I run this lab - just curious what - okay so in the last session we did packet tracer and I use packet tracer for many things including Wireless other gear I also use viral I have a license for viral that I use personally when I want to lab up something that's going to require more oomph and more features and then gns3 I grew up on gns3 over the last 12 however long it's been now eight ten years big kind of genius weeks that's the problem the problem with gns3 is that you have to be like an expert in genus threes like I'm trying to merge this to the outside world and Microsoft changes their firewall default behavior on a Windows machine and that won't connect and this won't connect this service doesn't come up and then people are getting iOS images that are iffy or laden with malware now the actual images themselves that in their searches to try to find that software so and even G is another solution as well I would say if you are a Cisco if you're going for CCNP when the new viral which is going viral too now it's in beta people have the beta I'm aware of people who have the beta when it comes out I'm sure it's gonna be a lot more streamlined to use it's $200 a year that's a Cisco license I would recommend that for anybody at the professional level and on and then for the automation and some of those things the dev net sandbox and D cloud are going to be very helpful as well so you don't have to buy Nixa switches and so forth although there is quite a bit of support a little bit support for many of those things inside a viral so I would encourage a brand new person if your CCNA get packet tracer I'm gonna do several more videos and also troubleshooting labs with packet tracer because I want you to feel comfortable in logging on lobbying end up using it now just as a heads up for summarization I thought to myself self this is last night doing a live stream tomorrow so I might will announce that to everybody so I haven't been feeling great I feel good I feel pretty good right now so I I finally did my announcement on social media about this live stream and thank you forever who's here and I thought to myself what if I lab this all up in packet tracer and then I supplied that packet tracer file and then they could actually do the summarization and I discovered that a lot of the summarization commands for ASPRS and interfaces with ei GRP don't exist so they're not really focused on summarization and implement in various topologies everywhere it's possible to do on real gear and packet raisers so I bendin that idea and I excused this demo instead because I wanted to get the concept of it and in the blueprint for CCA there is no heavy I don't recall any heavy lifting or even strong knowledge regarding summarization that you have to be responsible for but for the real world you need to know it and part of our subnet Saturdays I wanted to include it hopefully that's your question your question Dan and also Dan I appreciate all the support and feedback and ideas you've had on discard as well you rock all right a few other questions so 1:27 this is from darshan a 127 address is so a Class A B and C address Class A goes through one through 127 if you look at the binary 127 anything is reserved as a local loopback or a loopback not like a loopback interface which is a layer 3 interface but rather a loopback address that cannot be routed so if you have like a computer if you said ping one 2700 anything it thinks it's itself oh it's me it's me and an ipv6 it's colon colon 1 that's what a loopback is and - you're regarding your LS VP route you can put that in the other section if you would I like your persistence that duction is great I'm gonna ask one more about something outside the scope of CCNA and see if Keith goes for it I do appreciate yeah I do i do I do alright um let's see I like the tenacity I watched Fight Club yesterday I I wasn't feeling great so I just like took a sick day from work and I watched Fight Club and it's a trippy movie and not sure why I just thought of it something in that comment triggered that for Fight Club I also watched Robocop the original Robocop and the animation they had is from like a long long long time ago it's kind of fun to watch alright Dan is back on topic dan is asking can you please get our hands dirty can you do one more example a PT of how you did yeah dan absolutely asking Dan's asking can we do more on packet tracer and giving you content you can download or set up set up from the ground up either way and I will I was gonna do today but the summarization and the asbr and some of those features just didn't come through didn't work and so I said ok it's time to change gears and go to something but I will whenever it's possible mm-hmm whenever it makes the best sense for learning and where I can demo what I want to teach I will I will start incorporating packet tracer more and more thank you very much all right can you play dan is asking about access points with out of controller so some access points will work in lightweight access mode where machines they need a controller and other access points can be configured as a this access points and I when I did this in fact I show you something from the from the what you call it time machine hold on this little box is labeled network devices and these are devices that don't use all the time but I've got a that's an AI say that's a Palo Alto PA 200 just a little guy here we go here we go anyone a moment never throw anything away it's not great advice but keeping stuff that you might need some day is so these are some access points that I purchased back used like four five years ago when I did the CCNA Wireless course at CBT Nuggets it's still in the library so the way that library works it's a paid subscription it's not free but people have a paid membership they get full access to the entire library so as VMware Cisco Palo Alto check boring all that cool stuff and this when I did the wireless CCNA Wireless I bought these I used the virtual controller so I downloaded that I think it was an eval from Cisco so I had a virtual controller running in VMware and then I had three of these guys oh yeah here's his name you can see that it's the focuses in cooperating with me this is access point one a p1 and this is an old one this is a la P 11 31 a G it's ancient so but this one the reason I got this one at the time it was like 15 20 dollars on eBay because it was used but it supports lightweight access point mode where it works with like with a controller our boots up gets the IP address from a DHCP server of the wireless LAN controller connects downloads downloads a config if he had TFTP in a way it goes STF TB anyway you can also wipe this out and can connect to it directly and I still remember what I did so here's the has the port for power and then the report for the Ethernet cable and then there's also you can do power over ethernet so I had a power over ethernet switch as well and I still remember what I did to configure when these an answer to from Dan is ice went to the online dock I went to the online dock for this model and it just walked me through it and here's how you put this as a standalone autonomous access point and here's how you configure the DHCP server to go ahead and make it managed by a controller and then during this during the videos what I did is I had to somehow simulate degradation from one ap to another so that the client would connect to the strongest signal so I had pots in pan I didn't have a Faraday cage Faraday cage is a device that busy traps all the Wi-Fi signals and doesn't let them escape I didn't have a Faraday cage so I used a pot and I got out of the kitchen a big pot I still you put it on top of it and I raised it up a little bit so be very hard because metal it doesn't conduct doesn't allow radio frequency to go through it very well there's a lot of fun so that's what I would do I would take the access point you're interested in and go the Cisco online dock for that model and not everyone will support lightweight access mode or autonomous mode so you'd want to do the research this is the k9 so I think the k9 means Enterprise or has encryption anyway I don't remember now but I looked it up and then I went forward same thing I do with most technologies tides you today's just cozy online doc from Cisco how they clinic want me to configure it is there a command-line option what is it how do I clear the config so documentation is amazing and then once you do it two or three times you become very good at it and I haven't done that for like four years so I don't remember off the top of my head but that model it's possible alright moving forward all right Hamm's X welcome you're asking why do you why don't you do streams and vids on advanced networking and security wireless wireless security is it cetera so I've been on YouTube since 2009 which means I've been here a while I'm 55 I look a little younger sometimes but I am 55 my birthday's coming up oh by the way by the way that's my birthday is on the 26th no no gifts but so my birthday's in like 12 days and I am very close we are very close to a hundred thousand subscribers so I believe based on the current rate there's like maybe three or two to three thousand people a month that are joining us here for training so the words getting out I appreciate you putting the word out and letting people know hey if you're getting your CCNA you don't want to check out this free playlist from Keith so that's great getting back to this network Chuck who's fantastic he works with I work with him at CBT Nuggets he says he works with me but now I say I work with him he's great and I've learned a lot of tips as I've gotten better and better I got a better camera and I've gone to 19 1080p for the live stream because it's better for many environments and I've also left I made I make changes almost every week little changes based on feedback to make this a better experience and fun and make it useful and one of the things that I think is really important and if you're going into YouTube or you're going into streaming this isn't my career right my career is CBT Nuggets I do this because I want to give something back and want make it useful and I want the world to change one person at a time talking to you one person at a time commit scheduled a time make a difference pass it off so I want to make a difference and as far as focus a lot of things I've learned this I've study I look at these people who are making the differences is that they are very focused they know their audience and so this audience involves a lot of people who already have their CCA's I get that and I love it I'm so glad you're back to you know hang out and to help moderate discord and help answer questions and so forth it's fantastic but there are also a lot of people and the number is growing by thousands every month who are working on their CCNA they want to know hey how does this work and in this format we have the opportunity to help move them forward in their careers and get them past the CCNA or and they expect everybody using multiple sources like maybe some paid content somewhere or maybe paid book somewhere a few different YouTube channels that work for them and I find that a lot of people find it based on feedback like ah the light just went off the light bulb just went off went on sorry Freudian slip now it's dark no the light bulbs just went on and it makes sense and there's the chance to discuss it and articulate and think about this and see it from a different angle and here's somebody who's been in the business for 20 years with Cisco talking about their perspective of it and if Keith can do it anybody can do all those things and the focal point is in successful with the channel like this it needs to be very very focused so if people as for right I'll tell you what so I you could do this on your own if you bring up a browser and you bring up in like incognito mode or where it doesn't have all your cookies in history and you do a search on YouTube for 200 - 300 1 we come up we come up in the top four or five hits of that and that is my goal I want to make sure that people can find us they know what we're doing where they know we're here to help we're not monetizing anything we are here to help them succeed and so by having that focus it's just as clear people other individuals even though I'm fairly new at this whole streaming game and getting better all the time with your feedback thank you very much and all your help I get a questions out okay what do I need to do differently or what wish I would I wish I start doing and one of my first questions is if somebody was to look at like five of your videos your current ones like my old videos I am all over the board with technology like private VLANs VPNs MPLS layer whole it's just so going back a few years it's just a smattering of technologies including a lot of security but in the last year and focusing now going forward I want to make sure this is CCNA so I've asked them if so I saw your channel and they watched five or ten of your videos back-to-back and they looked at it what would they think your channel is about and if they say I don't know I'd say well that's that's part of the problem we're sitting at a clear message on this channel CCNA we want to help CCNA we want to get better and even as a CCIE when i watch other people CCNA content i still do i watched live streams I read books I often learn something brand new or something that I've forgotten that makes my fundamental skills even better so alright that's me getting off my soapbox Oh off alright scrolling up think thanks for the question alright hey Mon C's asking how come on she's asking welcome help how many hours do you work every day on learning great question I am a little bit of a procrastinator as many people have been at points in their life not you now hopefully but like I have Cisco live coming up if it still happens based on the Corona thing but it's scheduled for June and as part of that I have a deadline I'm teaching two workshops that both involve Sdn so I've been spending two or three hours a week not a day but two or three hours a week studying Sdn and how Network automation network programming and so forth to get better and better at it so I would say that maybe when I was studying for my first CCIE back in like to 2004 CC I was in 2001 when I got it I studied almost eight months four to five days a week and about four hours a day that was a long side of a full-time job so it depends on where you're at what you're learning the key is set a goal measure that goal and okay one of the things that really helps me is to make a commitment like I've committed to this channel that I'm taking my dev net associate which is the really the question one for me the CCNA exam I'm not worried about but the dev net I have to keep studying to make sure I can pass that and understand it that's my goal is to understand it first and then to pass the exam demonstrating my knowledge and I've committed to both of those before Cisco live whether it happens or not whatever that week that we can in June is I mean it's the first week in June my commitment is to get it done so committing that to a few people a friend or two like you is helpful and makes me on the spot gives me a little bit of added pressure to get that stuff done also last year I had a goal to get to 15 percent body fat by the end our by what we call trainer Plews at CBT Nuggets we all get together we gather in Oregon and have a great time and you know we talked about things how's it going what can we do better we motivate each other and basically it's a team-building exercise for all the trainers at CBT Nuggets quite a hoot Jeremy Chara Network Chuck Knox Hutchinson Jeff Kish Jacob and the rest they're all great Simona they're all great so mmm my my commitment from last year and I'm running that time it is March 14th right now was to get to 10 percent body fat by trainer Palooza which is by second week of June which effectively means before Cisco live as well ten percent so I have a couple months of illness I'm not not steady illness but I've had a little bit of illness and then thinking right now there's no time left it's not I'm not gonna wait until the end of May to say oh no I better start cramming now with diet and exercise and tracking what I eat and doing those things which I know I need to do I can't cram those just like we shouldn't try to cram a CCNA it's just not good steady as she goes so what I'm doing now is I have a food tracker not fun but I do it because I know it's gonna be in my best interest I track everything that goes in this body food wise and then I also am tracking my exercise my cardio and my strength training I'm 55 I'm not lifting the house I'm lifting very moderate weights but I got to do it and I got to do it now so the fact this right here let me see if I can get you a shot of that all right that necklace is a quarter from Oregon I was up for a trainer thing in CBT Nuggets where we were headquarters in Eugene Oregon and there at the fair as open market rather they had these quarters that they carve out different things cats and dinosaurs and whatever but and there's this necklace it says to it twice it's a round to it and my challenge for you my call to action for each one of us is let's identify something in our life that we need to do something that we know we should do it would be better for us if we did it and let's get around to it and get it done and part of the secret is I read a book probably twice a year same book called atomic habits by James clear great book about consistent he's not all about the end goal he's about systems like if if you're not reaching your goals you're very likely your systems are terrible like okay what am I gonna do if I'm in this situation what's your system for getting out of that or what's your system if you feel like plopping down this is me talking to myself what is my system if I feel like plopping down on my recliner my lazy boy which is my hypnosis chair by the way I'm a certified hypnotist for many of you know that already anyway if I what's my strategy if I want to plop down the hypnosis chair with a bunch of food and just what binge watch mindless TV what's my strategy and if I don't have a strategy and at the end of the day if I'm tired that could happen not saying it does all the time but I'm saying it's happened before so having strategies on small goals like don't maybe don't focus on I'm getting at my CCIE by 2022 but rather I'm going to focus studied effort for at least two days a week half hour a day then measure those goals are you doing it commit to others let other people know so my goal for June is still 10% body fat which is now I've committed it I've talked to people about that before now you know and it's up to me to get it done so this is this is another another day with no hair product for me I got in the shower 15 minutes before I wanted you know I look nice for you so I got the shower 15 minutes before the livestream then knowing had that time pressure it's like I gotta get back here and hit the button to start the live stream so I'm glad you're here and they're still numbers going up so glad you're here Oh Murray thanks for asking Murray's asking how's the cat the cat the OP the procedure was a neutering operation for this cat and his name is Sparky he seems like he could care less I don't need those so he's he didn't even I mean we thought to really have him jump around stuff first first couple days but he's just a go-getter he likes being held we have three cats we have two black cats and one Sparky his name is Spartacus but we call him Sparky for short and this cat likes being held likes playing meets me at the door all the other cats are like hey the garage door is opening let's hide so Sparky is doing great Murray thanks for asking all right another question doing a quick time check we have plenty of time all right all right h jf e r ey 2:55 is stating in my job we often have to do we often have to have our customers do summarization because for ipsec they cannot have multiple encryption domains SP is security parameter indexes so that okay you're welcome awesome Lou's just to thank you you're very very welcome I'm glad you're here tell your friends about the CCNA Master playlist if there looking at in you know getting into Cisco and learning the networks of networking fundamentals would be great all right Murray responded said I'm using one of my wireless network a ARL ap 1131 a GE canines has a wireless access point awesome thank you thank you thank you and I just lost my place hold on second okay there we go there's a Dinesh she's asking about LS VP routes if you put that in the discord server I'd be happy to elaborate on there for you all right Abraham and I apologize if my my pronunciation isn't as good as it should be I am so glad that everyone's here even if my pronunciation is lacking that's totally on me ibrehem is asking what about network address increment many things so Ibrahim if you have we have a one of our videos in the subnet Saturday's playlist I mean a separate playlist just for subnetting and from the ground up and one of those is on block size with increments and as you go through those you'll hit that one and if you still have a question about block size that that would probably answer it for you and then after you work more with IP addresses and you see a bunch of networks mm-hmm sometimes you can eyeball it and say oh those are all probably in the 64 block of addresses and that can help you get quicker to your summarization I want to make sure that anybody could take it to binary identify where the the D mark is for summarised route so you could do it if you had to on an exam or if you had to answer a question about that you could do it but it it becomes easier more the more you practice all right darling you are very welcome and adriennes didn't sing happy birthday thank you very much 56 yeah I went to the store this morning and it was at one of those warehouse type stores and there was a few things that were out but most things were in and also people were calm and it's good to have a little bit of measured you know washing people's hands washing our hands were used you know often and not touching our faces and we washed our hands all those things are good ideas but thank you for the happy birthdays Rodrigo thank you for those comments as well all right Demetria is stating thank you so much for your insight how could we switch from router to router and packet tracer what you used to change and make selection for a different router so quick great so in packet tracer when you click on our I don't know how to open up the moment but when you click on the device it brings up that window for it and as you click on additional windows it brings all those up separately so if you look at your taskbar at least in Windows it'll have separate items for each one of those entries so if you have eight routers you can just click on the bottom link and just router one router tear out of three what I'm using here is called it's free it's put I think it's MT putty now so putty is a free terminal emulator it supports a lot of things including SSH and telnet and serial connections and it's my go-to for a free terminal emulator and this MT putty is just a shell free that lets you put multiple tabs on one screen so if there is an option and I haven't looked into this if there's an option to use an external terminal emulator to connect into packet tracer you could use something like MT putty and have all the tabs lined up what I did in this case is I spent weeks in building lab environments for CBT Nuggets so that when a student is learning about whatever it is we're teaching they could focus on the actual commands and syntax as opposed to jumping around having to go oh where's this one where's that one I wanted to reduce the friction as much as possible to make it easy for people to learn so I'm using MT putty in this environment here that's talking to all those devices and that can be true for emulators like Eve ng genus 3 you can do that with Viral is used or built in console I don't have anything external set up for viral but you can integrate viral with the real world as well okay Angelo saying I tried in pack a tracer to associate SSID for each VLAN created but I could not is it required for CCNA first of all two thumbs way way up for looking at the you know technology labbing it up and taking the efforts and steps to actually learn it so if you got to the part where you're trying to map a VLAN to an individual SSID which is a real you know real thing maybe have a guest feel and I guess wireless network and you want a map it to a certain VLAN just for guests that would be important like at the blueprint so section 2.2 X in the blueprint says this is 2.9 configure the components of a wireless LAN access for client connectivity using the GUI only huh interesting such as wireless LAN creation security settings QoS profiles and advanced wireless LAN settings those represent those 4 tabs under the profile for the wireless network so if packet tracer doesn't support the actual mapping of a VLAN to an individual SSID or profile I would say that you could probably do a quick Google search just look at that at where it's done or look at the documentation say yeah I get how I would do that but based on what that blueprint says I don't think the individual mapping again I have not seen the exam yet that's coming up for me but I would think that the mapping from an SSID to an individual VLAN probably beyond the scope of but I haven't seen at night I don't know but I would say if you're interesting that just look at the official doc for the wireless LAN controller and look at those steps and then you'll know how to do it even if packet tracer doesn't support it you'll be most of the way there oh and Murray has a similar issue with the SS IDs I'll take another look to you by the way I'll take you another look and see if I can't oh if I had two people that try that wasn't there probably just not supported all right dan is asking how did you start working at CBT Nuggets so Jeremy Chara and I have been working so C 'its for it seems like 15 years 18 years we worked together at a place called mastering computers or maybe it was knowledge net way long long long time ago so we've known each other for a long time and about 10 years ago they taught chatted with me about creating some content forum I was at the time I had a top secret clearance I don't anymore and I know nothing don't blackmail me for anything I have no knowledge no accessing so top secret clearance says happy with my work and I was initially in pursuing teaching at that time full-time I just I'd already started making videos for YouTube that was like 2009 ish 2010 and then they came back to me about a year to later and said hey we're doing these things called micro Nuggets they're like five minutes long we'll pay you X dollars for each micro nugget it won't take away from your full-time job so I said yeah I'll do it I got permission from my boss at the time who said yeah go ahead so I made those and then they said well you know we had this other network plus course back then I was like there's like eight years nine years ago and they said we had a network plus course you think you could do that as a contractor so I talked to my boss he said oh no I said well if you don't let me do it I need to move on and so I goes yeah yeah you can do it at work so I created that content network plus before I worked full-time and then about half I think it was either halfway through it my mind gets little fuzzy at that point halfway through that they had what was called at that time they didn't have full time trainers they had people that work for CBT Nuggets but they weren't full-time employees and they wanted to start that process and so I was in Oregon they flew me up for meeting the company we're like 50 to 60 people at that time now we're much larger and just chatted with them had a good time met with the teams talked with them really great culture great atmosphere the interest is hearts in the right place they want the best thing for the learner having a flat model of our subscription-based but access to the whole catalog we need our content to be really good and effective so um about an hour before I supposed to catch my flight the owner met with me and said hey yeah how do you like CBT Nuggets I said it's great what a great come Fay I'm so happy to work here as a contractor and make some videos and then he just made me an offer that I took that was it so he made me the offer and I said well I've got all these other things going maybe this offer and I said I need to check with my wife which I did which is always a good idea by the way give you time to think and also to check with your significant other whoever that may be and yeah I called him back I think the next day I said I would love nothing more and they had like a month of contract work that I was doing with my previous company so we had to finish those contracts and make sure they were all done and buttoned up also at the same time I was doing some videos for Cisco that's why they the nuts and bolts of networking came from I they flew me out and I was like this was 2011 and I filmed and they did a camera crew and I taught IP networking and the fun they called the bits and the nuts and bolts of networking is what we called it anyway so I took the full job full-time job in 2012 August with CBT Nuggets and never looked back it's been great so they've encouraged us to keep our social presence up and over the last ten years I've been you know really seeing a few videos and some micro nuggets but I really with Chuck Keith motivation like how well he's doing and changing people and helping people uh Chuck Heath Network Chuck I I think I could do better and that's what I've done it's just upping my game a little bit and promoting content from CBT Nuggets as I guess not really as a commercial but people know I mean people know they can find me at CBT Nuggets so everything here on YouTube is geared to be on topic a little longer then our CBT Nuggets it's really 5 to 15 minutes each and focused here on YouTube focus be free so anybody can improve and change and grow so Dan thanks for that question that's my short history of me and CBT Nuggets then Marie's saying I remember a commit a comment I made some time ago saying to build a network that your family uses and then you have to make it work I don't know if I said another that sounds that sounds great that sounds like if you if you have a family and they they require internet access and you're building a network at the house and then you put it in or you change over that might have been me actually I think I think that's when I was learning Palo Alto I swapped in the Palo Alto PA 200 firewall instead of the generic home router our home fire home router so the PA is doing firewall services application layer services I had a license for it at the time so right now it's not licensed anymore it's just a box until I license it again but oh yeah yeah I had to basically go in and all these firewall rules they aren't working why not so I had a gamer in the house at the time and my games not working ok I'll figure it out so that was a crash course on application layer services so thanks for remembering that I'd forgotten that but that's certainly what do you call it baptism by fire type of thing where you got to make it work okay going down and this is a ham six again thank you for your help I'm still learning from you and many others but I wanted to say the CCNA is the first step and everyone here should have more advanced knowledge yes CCNA is a baseline it is a baseline that's okay so the first the next goal that we have might be to others a stepping stone and I remember when I got my CCI my first CC I mean Aegean as we studied together for like eight months and he was in Arizona I was in Nevada we studied we're study buddies we had racks of equipment each of us and we motivated and pushed each other on we both passed on our first attempt on the two-day lab back in 2001 January 6th I think so my those right plaques bunt done everything I wanted this for routes which ones for security and yeah so here's back to that point so when I got my CCIE I was really happy right like euphoric edginess and I was hugging him outside crying like a baby cuz like all that work right all that time and we did it I mean there's like 12 people to walked in and like 3 or 4 people that walked out passing and he and I were two of us and so I remember though that that next week I realized what I didn't know because once you start learning a topic like let's say it's biology or some aspect of science and you start studying that area you start to realize oh there's all these other things that I have no knowledge about and that's what I felt my first week of after being a CCI super-happy don't get that wrong but then I started realizing there's so much more I don't know and the same thing is for CCNA it's a stepping stone and so as the CCI CCIE is not a end goal in itself it's a goal to learn at a certain level an expert level about some some fixed technologies with whether it's Enterprise routing and switching or security or whatever those focuses for your ie and then it's to start to use those and get better and better and keep on learning that's what Cisco wants us to do to they wants to keep on learning yep so hammocks I'm totally agree with you stepping stones and you take one stepping stone and just keep on going and keep on going and keep on going all right looking for my name still okay so my playlist for CCNA on YouTube is let me just post it excuse the side of the head for a moment as I copy this let's gonna paste it into the chats so that's the full YouTube playlist of and so here's how that works I create live stream we create live streams and I'm leaving on the Q&A at the end now I used to cut those off like so they're usually an hour or more of Q&A like this afterwards and people found them now people gave me good feedback and saying you know what those are useful let's keep those and so I've keep them now and that's the playlist right there Oh GI t dot online Oh deities the original original gangster of iti had a family member help me create that and then the slash cloth is the master playlist there's a separate one for subnet Saturdays it is oh gee I teach online slash subnet and you can also just go to Keith Barker and I also have those playlists very high up in the output so you can find them easily so thank you very much for that request for that URL alright and almost saying many years since I watched your training has CB kinetics for CCNA now I'm working in the job that I need to use that knowledge great refresher Thanks awesome that is so good because again we learn things and we leave it and then we come back and and sometimes it's great for refresh we're so glad to have you here just gonna hang out and help other people and refresh on how things work that's great I have a friend who works well you work charme hazier one of the major six companies in the world of IT he works as a technician and his biggest it felt like a complaint but biggest the observation i'll say was that he studied all this information about routing and switching everything else and configuring routing protocols and access control lists and network address translation and trunking and spanning tree and all the other things and then in his job he doesn't get to actually use any of that and i said to him that's okay the training and the knowledge there you know why they hire i think this is a I don't know who said this quote so I can't attribute it to the right person it wasn't me but they said do you know some companies pay CC II's to do switch RAC and Stax where they're putting switches racking them and getting them all set up is not because it takes a CCI level to do it it's because when something goes terribly wrong the CCA has the background and the fundamental knowledge to say okay what's happening why is it happening identify what's happening and then correct it so the expertise comes in when you're neat when you need that knowledge not on everyday activities so most companies aren't going to ask you to redesign their network ever it's just gonna be adding on and adding on and adding on all right all right Angela's asking what is the ornament that rotates near the lamp behind you let me bring it up again so I'm gonna borrow an a sa to raise this up this is a little a sa 5505 it's old okay I'll let my camera try to figure that one out focus where's my voice so I watched I think it was one of the Iron Man's I saw and in yeah one of the Marvel comment he was Iron Man and they had something like this a bigger one like on this desk and I was just like wow what is that how's it work and so I did some searching on Amazon it actually searching wasn't that hard took like five minutes and then I found this and it uses four double A batteries in the bottom there's a magnetic piece on one of these that it as it whips back the bottom are on the bottom side it gets enough of a boost to keep going so four batteries will have this going for maybe two months without any type of interaction as you focus on that moving bar and this names you my voice and sleep Oh hypnosis is so fun so the one thing I learned about hypnosis and many of you know that I'm I am a certified hypnotist and I'll give this short scoop on that really short is that I had a really well I'll give you the even shorter version I was curious about ten years ago eight years ago and so I went to a show and I thought I'm really curious as if it is real or they doing what's really going on so I paid for this four-day course by this professional stage performer named Marc Savard he's the if you come to Vegas after the pandemic over and you want to see a hypnotist he's the one to see he's so great and he had his four-day class I went to it I was an IT guy like areas introducing themselves my right was this anesthesiologist from New Zealand or Australia and I know there's two different places that I can't run which and then to my left there's a guy who performed at a like fairs county fairs doing magic tricks and he was going to incorporate a hypnosis show and I was like what am I getting into you like and so here's what I learned there was a Java programmer named core Osbourne and I won't gloom dot glommed onto him as okay Cory what's going on with all this stuff is it you know is it real or people pretending how's it work he says well I've helped people with smoking cessation stopping smoking for years hundreds of clients and I thought can you hypnotize me because I'd really like to kind of get a feel for it and so he did yeah next break was just take you off into a corner and even though I knew the techniques which is mostly overload he did it and I when I came out of that like I get it so here's the straight scoop fifty percent of what you see on TV and movies is fake data okay so what is true though is that when people are in a hypnotic state which we go through many times a day just on our own we're basically have an internal focus and we're hyper focus almost and with the hypnotist if we're willing we have to be willing people are not going to go against their belief system if they don't want to get in a certain condition on stage they're not going to get in a concern and sway doesn't want stop smoking they're not gonna stop smoking so in a in a theory therapeutics sense I'm not a certified hypnotherapist I'm a master hypnotist the difference is 200 hours of observed time doing hypnotherapy but anyway long story short it's hyper focus it's relaxing the critical factor and you're not gonna disagree you're not gonna buy into anything you don't want to buy into that's super helpful I mean super helpful and yeah and people are not asleep and they're not zombies they look like zombies it's a little scary for somebody's like I remember had my daughter and a friend of hers my daughter's over 30 and I have several children this one was over 30 and she had a friend with her and her friend wanted to try it out and I thought okay here we go and so I did a formal hypnosis session for her friend and we talked about beforehand like what it would feel like and what do experience and what would you like to work on or change or tweak and based on all that my daughter was a little bit not freaked out but like oh ho she okay cuz they look when somebody is like we called the hypnotic mask when they are in trance meaning they're super focused and they're listening every word and they're visualizing in their mind they're going a mile a minute and our goal is a to help them on their journey of what they want to resolve so for PTSD and for serious conditions like that you'd want to go to a certified hypnotherapist but for things like hey I want to manage my eating or have better health or I want to stop smoking certified hypnotist can help with that if they have practice all right so I don't know how we got talking about hitting on oh it was that it was that bar going back and forth so a watch or a finger or focusing on a spot in the wall or any of those techniques any of those techniques can work any of them and so in a pinch what I'll tell you what I do too is like if I talk to somebody about hypnosis and I explain some techniques they use for a willing participant who wants to go into hypnotic state I won't use the same technique I tell them about that's part of the as part of the hypnotic secret if you give them what they're expecting there it won't be as easy for them to go into a hypnotic state so afterwards I did one recently and she said you know cuz I explain how it works and how you can hear every word you're not sleeping and uh then afterwards she goes all that stuff you told me how you get people in a hypnotic state you didn't do I said I know there's more than one just tricking a book for that and if you're prepared for it your conscious mind is like oh he's doing this and now he's doing this where the biggest thing about hypnotic hypnosis is overload overload you're just overloading the conscious processing and your subconscious is so much better at all these patterns and you're basically trying to overload the conscious mind so the subconscious can I mean it's still you but your subconscious part of your brain so it's fun like if I get some he's really good with math I will I will ask them to freaking remember five numbers that are two of them are odd three or even in one sequence when you have those numbers in your mind repeat and I'm not remembering those numbers I just want to keep their conscious mind busy with something so that we can get past that and get right to the hypnotic state all right mm-hmm yeah this is not a hypnosis Channel although I did discover that there's nothing Supernatural about hypnosis it's a natural state and and most good advertisers are using hypnosis yeah so if you're aware of that you'd be less suggestible to various things if you want to be alright I want to share my knowledge as you do but I don't have time to stream as my study day is there anything I can do to manage my time here's what I do to manage my time and see if I can find a blank one for you I don't have a blank one and I have one that's written out but I want to show that with you I don't want to share I have I use a piece of paper I print it out and I sometimes for paper having physical tangible papers good I also use an iPad for a lot of digital but I simply write out all the stuff I need to do that day or that week and then I prioritize it with a ranking of 1 2 3 3 being high one being low and 2 columns one is short-term urgency how soon do I have to get this done let me give you an example might be the rent if it's the last day of the month and rent is due on the last day of the month or the first day of the month the urgency would be a three that's that's I rank it and then if it's thing it's not too urgent that to be a lower number then I have another column that says long-term importance to me so studying guess what short term urgency if I haven't procrastinated maybe kind of low but the long-term importance of me studying for that 30 minutes or 45 minutes a day is really important the deal is were never we're rarely a person is rarely see I'm not gonna say you because as a hypnotist that's putting that suggestion on you so a person over here who wants to get a whole bunch of stuff to our knees to get a whole inch of stuff done is probably not gonna get everything done so what that person could do is prioritize and say okay I'm willing to work on my a priorities that's the the highest combination between short-term urgency and long-term importance maybe that's a six I take all my sixes and those are all A's and that's all I'm gonna do focus in my ace if those are done then you go to B's and the next day when you look at it if some of those other tasks that you had to do become more urgent they'll come up in the ranks they'll be higher priority for sure urgency and have you get them done faster and that's what I do I'll never get everything I want done in the same day but at least I do those things which have the biggest value or I feel are the most important to do it's a big picture ok next question Fedora is asking does every traffic type have headers of all the layers the answer is no they don't all my lab just closed rather they could show you yeah I take about two minutes to open it maybe you explain it so if a computer sending out a packet information on the network if it's a HTTPS say a browser let's say you and I open up a browser we go to WWE SP ENCOM or we go to google.com or some other site that's requesting our browser is requesting an application layer service that means we will have an application layer header HTTP in the case of web services or HTTP in the case of secure web services and then at layer four it would be HTTP and HTTPS both used TCP so there would be a layer four header of TCP and then everything then they would all have an IP header at layer 3 for the IP address information source and destination and then they would all have layer 2 headers but to counter all that if Bob's computer just said ping ping to Google comm well that'd be using DNS and this is cached let's do a ping two eight eight eight eight if we did a ping to eight eight eight eight there's no application layer data there's no official layer for protocol like TCP or UDP there is ICMP being used behind the scenes but that's really a helper protocol that's used with IP so it in that case a ping packet for the ping request and the ping response there wouldn't be header information for a layer four or the application layer great question so not every packet that leaves your computer's gonna have all the layers and ARP is another example our pre quest is not going to have layer three information or layer four information as well all right let me see if there's any other questions and just looking for the ones that have my name in front of them Dan's asking do you have a si firepower class specifically on CBT Nuggets trained by yes we do I think it's called firepower essentials or fight if you search for me and just go down the hall things I've made I have a course on firepower that I think I did like eight months ago nine months ago is before Cisco live last year that I created that I think it may be a firepower fundamentals I forgot the actual name of it but it is created by me so thanks for that question and we're racing have you looked at ASMR I love it for relaxing and calming I haven't I haven't any that's something I should check out I appreciate the hit the tip and then MTU THU kayo is stating i've recently completed my old CCNA partially thanks to your videos i want to know if it's advisable to go for the CompTIA A+ or an entry level position in the to secure an entry-level position the company if you have your CCNA you're beyond A+ now if the company requires a CompTIA A+ certification definitely get it if that's what they want if that's what they're looking for get it but in my mind if somebody's taken CCNA and passed that in my mind they have a basic understanding of computers and networks and perhaps going on to security Plus which is you know generic security across the board would be more appropriate use of your time the only reason would go to a plus from compte it would if you're just if you're already a CCNA it would be the company wants it they want you to have that certification so that'd be my advice is only if they really want you to have it otherwise you've already graduated past that point of A+ if you have your CCNA all right Angelo stating each switchport has its own MAC address what is it used for great so that's a great question there is something called a base MAC address on a switch so if we brought up a switch it's on the other side of the wall but imagine the 24-port switch from cisco it has what's called a base MAC address and that's not found on the interfaces that's not it's layer to MAC address on the interfaces the base MAC address for the whole box and that's used for spanning tree as part of its priority suspending or part of its bridge ID so spanning tree it's the priority number plus the base MAC address plus it actually has the VLAN ID added to it now on each of the interfaces when there's a frame sent for spanning tree what is the source layer to address going to be when a switch sends that out you know I'm just two minutes away from a lab so here's what you could do next time you lab it up you could take a look at when it's sending bpdu messages and switches out of this port take a look at the source MAC address I think it's possible although I'd have to verify that that it's using its own port layer to address as a source address as it sends that it's either that or it's using some kind of assigned layer to address for that type of frame but that's a possibility that it's using it for those frames we have to look at it with protocol analyzer easy to do and I'm gonna launch this I'm gonna launch this lab hold on a second give me one moment let's launch it and then it'll be there in the background if we need it all right so I've got the lab launching the other option is if we go to a switch port or a port on a layer to switch or multi-layer switch and we say no switch port that takes that interface that we did the no switch port command on and it makes the layer 3 interface at that point it's gonna need that layer to address information for its source when it's sending layer 2 frames to another device whether it's reading caps lighting a packet and sending it to it or it's communicating somewhere else it's gonna need that source layer to address on that layer 3 interface because that's how the rounded interfaces work and then when this comes up if we have more time I will I'll go ahead with a protocol I'll put a protocol analyzer on the switch is it sending BPD's and we can take a look at with that layer to address visit ascending but certainly a no switch for it would be a certain reason for that as well one of the things I remember not understanding for a long time when I was first learning CCNA back in like 1999 2000 was yeah that base MAC address like where's that coming from worse is it the port MAC address is it somewhere else it's just the base MAC address built into the system not on a specific port for spanning tree and did I watch him excessing today watch Cisco live this year so cisco live is around the world they melbourne got cancelled the physical event got canceled and they had one in spain before that that did happen and they've got one coming up in sis in nevada here which i'm speaking at and hopefully that one won't get cancelled but if it does I completely understand so I haven't watched any of the videos from the other Cisco lives but that have happened recently but they're free Cisco makes those videos free you can just go online send it for an account and watch those videos which is great okay Omar's asking is downloading or uploading a file from the internet is this an FTP protocol port 21 probably not so from an official perspective there are many application layer protocols if we go to a web page for web services it's likely we're using HTTP or the secure flavor HTTP both of those use TCP at layer four below it if we're going to if we're doing a DNS request like our computer needs to know what's the IP address behind wwws CBT Nuggets comm a DNS request is an application layer service that yet layer four uses UDP and then that gets encapsulated in IP header source destination layer 2 header source destination layer 2 address and then forward on the network and so your question regarding if I just go to the Internet and I download a file through Google Drive or something else is that using FTP and probably not but because what we can also do is we can also move files using other protocols so FTP is an application layer service called FTP File Transfer Protocol it's well-known port for connecting to it is the TCP port 21 yeah and for HTTP it's well-known port is TCP port 80 for HTTP the well-known port is 443 but if I like you just download this thing from the internet the reality is unless they're specifically using FTP as the protocol port 21 won't be involved if they're using HTTP or HTTPS and they're actually transferring a file over that protocol they don't be using those ports that's a great question it's like just so it's a it's the cart or the horse which one comes first the application whatever they're using just use the ports associated with that so if they're not using FTP you won't have port 21 great questions okay alright there's a question regarding BGP which I will leave for I will leave that one for well either for or for discord if you want repeat that in the discord shell in the other section I'd be happy to take a look at an answer that's there for you and Dino is asking or Dino's asking what time management tips can you share to avoid feeling overload and overwhelm studying IT slow and steady wins the race is the coaching I would give to you this is not when I got my I have a have a motorcycle license mmm so I haven't ridden a motorcycle all my life but I bought something recently and two summers ago and I wanted to get a motorcycle license so in the August of two years ago I went to take this course it was outside on the pavement in Las Vegas it's like 115 degrees outside or it felt like hot it was really really hot anyway I took all the trivia book learning first then you got these motorcycles and when they train us how to do figure eights and slowing and stopping and being safe and realizing that almost everything on the streets gonna try to kill you that's not in Vegas that's not untrue I also have a 360 video I think right I took a 360 camera on a pole stuck it down my jacket and I cruise the strip so if you want to see a 360 video of a motorcycle ride through the Las Vegas Strip that's not my YouTube channel channel somewhere but getting back to time management one of the things I learned from that motorcycle class was if you're with a group of riders which is a fun thing to do and they're all going you know through these canyons or curves or they're going through whatever part of town they're going through if they are going too fast for your comfort where you're not quite comfortable at being safe if you follow that speed the coaching is ride your own ride and that's the secret for learning IT as well it's set out what you want to study set a nice gradual path that is consistent with time that's it and if we don't spend any time doing it you might as well just I don't want anybody to give up but if you don't commit time and allocate that time it's not gonna happen like you wanted to happen so allocate the time show up work through what you want to learn and then just keep on going that's just it ride your own ride if you have a blueprint you've ranked yourself from one to five on each item and you're a two which is not good versus a five which is an expert work on ok I'm a 2 on this topic of hot standby router protocol or fault tolerant default gateways and I want to get myself from a2 to a3 and then study for an hour and then go back and rank yourself how am I now Oh two and a half okay so I'm gonna still work on that and continue to work and maybe take all your topics that are twos give him two threes and ride your own ride that was a secret for my first CCIE which I got the first time and that's because I wasn't in a rush I had a plan and I just stuck to it and I had good friends who motivated me and helped me Idina as being the primary one of those I had other people in my life there saying oh yeah you know come on let's go out you don't need to study again you've been studying all week so long yeah I have but this is super important to me and you won't be like that forever however if you get in the habit of studying and then you keep on studying and just keep on gradually learning learning learning it's gonna serve you well for the rest of your life and technology is going to what's the word I'm looking for oh yeah change and as it changes you can adopt those new skills and keep on going so make it a priority schedule the time and ride your own ride that's don't good I can compare myself to others and get very depressed very fast but I still get where I am now where do I want to be work towards it and then I keep on moving that benchmark forward and forward yep yep CCI CCNA 99 we've come a long way yes we have I'm so glad everybody's here alright yeah so after the CCNA whatever you want to study I mean Linux is gonna be important to know so if you're gonna go for red hat or some other flavor of Linux or or security whatever your passion or whatever you think would be like go to dice comm monster comm find out what people aren't companies are looking for and I would I would approach that Linux will serve you well I was a UNIX administrator at Paramount Pictures in 1994 that's when hp-ux for came out alright was recent out and these big huge mini computers running hp-ux and me and one other guy tom was in charge of that bad boy and so I had a crash course in Linux administration and sequel server and some of that basic knowledge served me well as I picked up new things along the way o vidura thank you i we are getting close to a hundred thousand subscribers and that is fantastic the word is getting out people are finding that this is a good resource to to learn from and I'm grateful so we don't monetize it's not a financial thing it's more of a how can we make an impact on the world one person at a time and if there's a hundred thousand people over time that's great too so that number is coming that's great okay Siddharth Siddhartha and I believe is the pronunciate HR tha n thank you for being here and thanks for your question I'm a random guy me too both on the same sheet music where random guys watching this live what is the advice you'd give to somebody to get started learning with networking and cyber security I would learn fantastic question I would start with network networking first having a CCNA is a good baseline as an entry level point for I understand networking so is CompTIA Network+ those are both an employer would say okay I see that you have some basic networking skills but as you start studying cybersecurity you're gonna learn about things like syn flood attacks and denial of service attacks and spoofing attacks and all these things that cross-site scripting and other things that are being used on the network and so a person doesn't have that baseline yet of like I don't know what a 3-way handshake is so how do I know if that three-way handshake is being spoofed or lied about it's important to have the basics first so either network plus or CCNA either way if you're here go for CCNA I would love to have you packet tracers free get all the hands-on practice you want lots of great resources out there and then after that there are some great cybersecurity options come to you how some cisco has the cybersecurity associate that used to be called CCNA cybersecurity our cybersecurity CCNA they've they've really changed the exam that's coming out I think in May or June the see and it's still the associate level but it's not called officially CCNA it's called the cybersecurity associate there's other vendors who have them as well I would say start with the basics like security plus from CompTIA or other entry-level ones and start learning and then as you get more and more into it and involved you'll be learning Kali Linux so your linux skills will come into play you'll start getting better and better with those types of tools and then make it go into pen testing which could be like the certified ethical hacker or something comparable something entry-level just work your way up and the key is practice practice practice as you go and because of virtualization you can practice almost everything so with Kali Linux you can either buy a Raspberry Pi for a physical device or you can just virtualized everything get a copy of a VMware Workstation and do it all virtually no I did some hacking courses at CBT and what we did was I had Kali Linux as a virtual machine but then I had oh yeah then I got this external wireless adapters for Wi-Fi hacking and then I connected it to my machine so the virtual machine was using an external physical dedicated Wi-Fi adapter for oh it's seen in the Box too for the actual hacking attempts with Aero net and all that good stuff but the secret is one step at a time so start with the fundamentals of networking and then build on with whatever your passion is and also if you're doing doing going into cybersecurity keep yourself safe don't ever hack on people's networks where you're not authorized to do so and if you're not sure if you're authorized or not don't do it because corporations don't take that lightly that could be grounds for being terminated immediately if you're running in type of hacking tool on their network and most networks they're decent are gonna be watching for it with IPS and IDs looking for people doing a port scans like poor scans coming from here track it down to the layer to address it's on this port it's this device and then they show up at your cube moments later and say please pack your bags that's real by the way if somebody's doing hacking tools and it's malicious I mean it wasn't like malware it was themself there's not too many excuses for that person that they can make so be careful life's good life's really good just play above the line so you can keep your job alright let me see if there's any other questions here what was my motivation for getting into networking Murray thanks for the question I so I think I've told the story about I was a cashier back in 1983 1980-1988 I was a cashier and I saw somebody who was coming in to repair the cash registers and I thought it looks like a great job long story short I got a loan student loan for I think was six thousand dollars went to control data Institute in Los Angeles California it was one year program loved it loved it mean this back in those days it was green this great big CRT monitors with text oh look at that and back in those days to record a program it was a tape player like a cassette player where you'd write a program in basic and then you could do click on save and then you'd click on record on the tape player and record it to the tape player as it was recording analog crazy times crazy times and so while I was going to school I got a job at a bank that was inside Walmart and this Bank is no more but it was a bank with a little standing inside of Walmart nobody ever came in I think I had one transaction in six months late while I was going to school I was also recently married so why was going to school I was also working this job part-time and they had a machine they called it an IBM PC so the PCs came out in their early 80s and then they came out with hard drives these full-height like monstrous hard drives ten megabytes not like this huge thing and so what I did was I said to myself I'm gonna train myself on how to use this so I got the manual and I learned how to make a directory and I learned how to change directories and then I learned how to work with simple databases and then the bank asked me for help on there are other systems this back in the early 80s so I was learning IT at the time I was learning networking yet by learning computers and I just loved it I still love it oh my gosh how cool is it right I mean we can it's like tinker toys it's like the ultimate set of tinker toys combined and compare you know put things together make the protocols work together and people need it I remember the first time I was on Novell back in like early early days I just barely got my Novell certification and a company said well we can't print we need your help as they hired me I came out I said oh yeah this group is associated with that printer click click they could they were so happy and I thought ok I get it a little bit of knowledge goes a long way and that's how I got into IT just by looking at being a cashier seeing a commercial for control data institute and never looking back alright van ray good to have you here thanks for stopping by and Ahmed's asking should I go for studying programming language in depth for CCNA def net and its Sdn will replace leg Zika here's what I would do I would make sure on it that you're comfortable with networking and how things work firewalls bike concept wise layer 2 switching trunking VLANs IP addressing DHCP DHCP relay 802 at 1q tagging routing of ipv4 and ipv6 dynamic routing protocols security dynamic ARP inspection port security it's we've covered a lot of these topics in this master playlist as far as programming goes you definitely want to be and I'm gonna help you in this channel we're going to talk about some of the basics to get you warmed up and started with what an API is how to use an API why they exist how simple they are with postman to create and then as you look at enough Python scripts and something called the Y Amal model as far as how they're formatted it's gonna become more comfortable and we don't really need to write scripts like kratom from scratch we can say here's what I want to have happen click on a button it gives us the format and we can use that as a script if we need to but as we get more and more automated there's there's gonna be more and more controllers with an overlay that orchestrates all of it that's gonna know how to do all that so all we need to know is how the things work on the back end how they integrate together the API is and if we have to troubleshoot we might need to go and look at a Python script occasionally but as far as becoming a programmer and writing code from scratch no that's not our future our future is George Jetson if you're too young to know that George Jetson and Spacely sprockets was a cartoon from the 70s maybe late 70s and his job at Spacely sprockets was to take his finger and hit the button that's all he did because everything's automated and it's not gonna be quite that simple because if things don't work somebody needs to know how those overlay networks and underlay networks how they'll function and CCNA is a good starting point for that journey of how a network operates so yeah I'm not gonna be an advanced programmer my son Paul he's amazing I mean he'll incredible the stuff he knows and that's that's not what I am capable of doing or I mean I'm not writing code from scratch I'm not writing an app for an Android or an iOS or a Cisco IOS for a Apple device or a pro computer but we do want to be aware of how scripting works because we're gonna want to automate a lot of it all right Omar thanks for that feedback all right yeah Murray Murray says I love going to work every day I do too and I work out of this office but I I do I love the challenges and opportunities especially if you have good management you know a good support structure that trusts you and appreciates your work that's great and if you do it yeah try to do more than what you're paid for everybody and that way you can go to sleep at night knowing yep I did a good job this day and I do a good job tomorrow I'm gonna keep learning and keep learning and keep learning you know one thing too is that I've always been surprised when people aren't willing to invest in themselves just a little bit I have a playlist here somewhere buried on my youtube channel about how to succeed and I'm I'm just like an average super average person and but the way I succeeded was setting goals and taking measurable steps and one of my secrets is investing three percent in myself every year what do you mean Keith three percent I take my gross income and I take three percent of that before taxes which is yeah not another story and I invest that myself and I don't expect to be reimbursed for it I don't expect to have smiles pay for it like if I if I need like I have subscriptions to like Safari Books Online is one of those teeny little things or if I want to learn a new technology then we don't have a course with CBT Nuggets I might go buy a course right or or buy some books or buy gear that I want to learn and I do it on my own dime for that because that's mine it's like that 3% is mine for my self-improvement also I've discovered that if I spend my own money on something you may have this experience too if I spend my own money on something it's more important like when I first bought my first three 4000 series routers back in 1880 and I get my years right I guess was 98 1998 when I first got into Cisco that's like 5 grand for those three routers total and I spend more on the module sniper anyway I got him but I was motivated like okay I've got some serious money on the line here back in those days he was even you know $5,000 I Cole it was more than I had available I mean it wasn't discretionary income I had to scrimp and save and put on credit so I got those and I had more motivation in the game so if you invested a little bit in yourself when I was at Paramount Pictures I was a manager at Paramount Pictures for maybe a year and a half before I moved to Las Vegas and I remember being at a workshop as a Fred Pryor seminar and Fred Pryor used to be mr. price still around they needed workshops and seminars around the country and I would go because I was interested in how to be a better whatever a better person better leader a better manager etc and I would go to these things like they would have these in those days cassette tapes like courses on how to be a better communicator by Anita Cobain and Brian Tracy and some other people that I have different opinions about now but anyway different courses and I remember buying a couple and I get and those days I was buying him on my own time I was like looking to be reimbursed though I'm gonna buy these and I'm gonna spend my own money and I'm gonna use these I'm gonna go ahead and make my life right myself better if we can pull like two or three ideas that work from something that we've invested in we're better off for it where if the company just bought it for me you know they said they could buy something i buy it goes on a shelf I never watch it not too valuable so I remember being there I was like I was young well younger so that was 19 Paramount Pictures I guess that was like 1994 1993 1994 I think if I looked back at the dates so if you take whatever the years today - the update and that's how young I was but I was fairly young compared to now and I bought these courses I still remember people next to me saying I'm not gonna spend my money on that I thought to myself okay not because I felt it was a diss I thought you're missing out if there's something you can do and spend your own money and have invested interest in it and make yourself better do it so anyway 3% is what I've done my entire life and I probably spend them all more than that now but it's totally worth it I never have any regrets like oh I shouldn't have spent that money on myself for my self-improvement oh I shouldn't have I shouldn't have invested that gym membership oh I shouldn't I should not have invested in that Cisco router it always pays off in my for all the big all the reasons we mentioned so Morrie thanks for that oh and vidura is saying when are you going to the livestream with Jeremy Chara so we have one set up so Chuck Keith did one with Jeremy he did two with Jeremy and they use a combination of Skype to get the screen styled in everything else so Jeremy invited me about mmm time flies three weeks ago four weeks ago - doing with him I said yeah I'm in and right right before I started to go live there was some hiccups he I've never done it a live stream with two people so is his stream his channel and we just couldn't get it all dialed in and so right before we started I said Jeremy just makes sure that your strain survives I'll jump in the chats and I will just be here you know in text only let's not spoil the whole stream because we couldn't get the tech the tech stuff worked out so he did it live I don't know when that's gonna happen we'll see Chuck keith is amazing I didn't Jeremy's amazing another amazing person if you're into dev net and automation is Knox Hutchinson his code name on the on the youtube interwebs is data Knox dat a KN o X Geoff Kish is a CC CI he's also very very good I would recommend joining we're taking a peek at all those people and Jeremy's IT labs not Jeremy Chara but Jeremy IT labs is it's pretty darn complete with a lot of training for CC as well and I encourage you use any resource that works for you including this channel and anything else that works for you if you have some paid services like CBT Nuggets or others that's great too so the key is make a commitment study consistently ride your own ride measure your own success and then enjoy the benefits of doing all that so we'll see about Jeremy and I what do I think says Angelo about ipv6 I find it pretty hard and learning that I could seek static routes for now I cannot imagine the OSPF lab great so for CCNA there's no OSPF version 3 for CCNA so all you need to worry about for ipv6 is make sure you're comfortable with what a global address is a link local address neighbor discovery protocol that concept how it works we'll cover all those and we'll cover many of those concepts in this stream as well as we continue to build the playlist and static routing so OSPF version 3 isn't on the blueprint for CCNA but it's pretty similar to OSPF version 2 for ipv4 except with ipv6 there's no network statements no wildcard masks you just go to every interface and say hey you're in you're in you're in so if that helps good just static the basics of how ipv6 works and static routes for it yep Maria I agree thank you for that all right Steve saying I recently had a experience with the 201 25 and didn't quite pass because I ran out of time that happens to the best of us can you give suggestions on gaining speed for the new test since it has more questions the new test is and I have not set it yet I'm gonna sit next before Cisco live which is less than two months away now the new exam is more fair it's not going to ask any questions that are really way out there I asked the feedback I've gotten so what I would do to ramp up on that is grab the blueprint here's all my notes on it they grab the blueprint and just go down the list and say do I know this such as IP connectivity section three routing protocol codes do I know what that is do I know what the routing protocol codes are for like ei grpe and rip and OSPF and there's a good chance when you look at that contains that yeah I know what those are and rank yourself one to five and just good you know the routing table where the prefixes and the network mask the next hop the ad and just rank yourself and if you're right like a four on any of those topics like I really understand this I could explain this to somebody else that's your ramp up and then just do a quick review of those things just to make sure you're on top of it and away you go and well other pieces such as module 6 which is automation and programmability here we go 6.5 describe the characteristics of rest-based API x' including crud HTTP verbs and data encoding now if that's new to you you say oh it's great I'm ranking myself a1 and I'm gonna go read a chapter in a book on that or I'm gonna watch a couple videos and see if I get myself to a 2 and then by the time you're done you can probably even test a REST API using postman and just go out to a publicly available website and verify the api's and say oh yeah I get this I get what a like it how that works I get what a verb is with HTTP and just brush up on those pieces so that's what I would do I would identify pieces that you know identify pieces you need to study and then just focus on those pieces you need to learn and study and then go for it the fact that there's more questions doesn't mean it's necessarily harder and again my opinion it's gonna be more fair less less corner case stuff more fair all right let me see if there's any others with my name on it and M Omar is asking hey Keith you plan on doing some the same thing for C C and P as you do here on CCNA in this channel and I think that this CCNA opportunity that you and I have here is probably good for three or four years to be truthful because there are so many aspects and topics we just took what we take today network summarization ipv4 route summaries and we talked about what it is how it works gave a couple examples of it and there was a whole live stream then we took QA I think there's so much more for CCNA that we still need to do and I plan on just know it's they were gonna be thorough like it's never gonna be this channel it's all you need to do is just watch Keith and be done because there's hands-on practice that you definitely have to do you want take a look at every bullet on the blueprint and make sure your comfort with all those topics whether or not we covered it here or not I'm gonna cover probably many of them most of them in a casual fashion and oh hey so I think this could go on for a long time including troubleshooting where let's imagine we covered together we cover all the topics for CCNA well all the significant topics for CCNA we don't cover every single item and if you think about it if it takes two hours in the live stream for one topic there's like a hundred topics there it's not reasonable to go through 200 hours of content so this is kind of like a brush up on those areas that you'd want to learn about and so forth and boy that's the second time I lost the topic um so for CCNP I think there might be there's just so much more that's a CCNP level that we could go into so for the foreseeable future I'm gonna focus on CCNA here and I appreciate every is help in doing it also it allows me not to have to spend hours and hours preparing for each live stream because I can take this concept like like last night I said okay I already promised we're gonna do subnet our super netting or summarization route summarization let me think of I got my iPad out last night let me think of some routes that we could summarize let me think of a lab I could have that we could demonstrate this on and how I could do it so I spent maybe an hour in prep and then it just takes a couple hours to do and then we're done and they didn't have to spend you know a lot of time where if we were gonna have a topic like EW GRP metric calculation which involves the lowest link in the path and that as part of the equation along with the some of the delays and the advertised distance which has to be less than the feasible distance because that's the feasible that's a feasibility condition then we could have a feasible successor and if we use the variance K I mean there's so much more so if your instant our CCNP stuff for my CCNP stuff the that's probably only gonna be available at CBT Nuggets as I won't be doing a whole channel here on ccmp but I appreciate the interest and I am committed to CCNA I think we can help them most people here again that's my that's my thinking there it's the things for their request and the interest all right amana as asking how long might it take me to pass the current CCNA starting today does it help to have a network plus in obtaining CCNA sir - if a person has the network plus that is going to help a lot because now our pluses help demonstrate that you have a basic knowledge of things like IP addressing and ARP and the protocol stack and trunking and VLANs and a lot of infrastructure stuff and then you just on top of that add the cisco specific aspects to those technologies if you're brand new and you don't know that stuff yet you can still start with CCNA I would get a good book just go to Amazon search for 200s 301 and look at the ratings see what people are saying about a good book there's no such thing as a perfect book but it was a good book I would encourage you use free resources like packet tracer for hands-on labs hands-on practice there are some great courses I will mention udemy has some great courses CBT Nuggets has a subscription that includes you know all CCNA 52 hours plus plus VMware and Microsoft and juniper and Palo Alto and Citra and checkpoint and others so there's a lot there's paid options there's free options and anyway you want to starts fine but I would say if a person was brand new to networking it might take three to four months of consistent practice like four or five hours mmm it depends only how you studying how you learn but three to four months Kip could probably be deed on if it was consistent that isn't like no study no study no study cram it's more like four or five hours a week four or five hours a week four or five hours a week of really learning it and practicing it to get that muscle memory and then taking the exam to demonstrate that all right all right good night Maurice good night from the UK I don't know what time it is there oh it's like probably probably 9:30 there in the UK or worse or later so be safe out there with keep your hands washed and all that good stuff no matter where you're in the world the coronavirus is not not a respecter of persons I'm Ed's asking when a PC is connected to phone traffic of PC tag by the phone I just read this real quick so this is a topic that is not gonna come up on your I don't recall seeing this in the blueprint but if we have a switch and it has a connection that goes to an IP Phone and then there's another little access port or switch port that goes to a PC what happens is the voice traffic is tagged with a nato 2.1 cue tag for the voice VLAN and that way your PC and your your voice over IP telephone are on different VLANs now why would that matter so there give me on different subnets at layer 3 and different V layer to broadcast means it's because most networks are going to take their layer 2 VLANs for voice their voice VLANs and their associated IP addresses and they're gonna prioritize that traffic for Less latency and so the question was regarding how do you know which is which and that goes into the telephone so whatever your voice VLAN is if it's VLAN 10 it's gonna have a tag for VLAN 10 and you could then look at that traffic on the switch and say okay this is the VLAN 10 traffic coming from the phone but that VLAN 10 could be even 2 or VLAN 9 whatever you want your voice VLAN to be all right and Hamm's X's saying I passed the Microsoft MTA Network fundamentals does it have any value you know Microsoft just recently announced a whole revamping of all their certifications so my earliest certification with Microsoft was back in the 80s when I got my Windows NT 4 I'm saying NT what's that new technology I got my MCSE back at Microsoft Certified systems engineer back in those days and I had one I think for 2000 and then I haven't renewed it since then so I'm not I'm not up to speed on the current certifications and how much weight they have so if I knew we're hearing that Microsoft certification I would tell you but if you learn something in that certification that's valuable whether or not the market sees it so take that knowledge and just parlay it forward all right and Deepak is I think this is our last question can you please tell if the entire Internet is built on Cisco devices and the answer it is it is not because I know the firsthand that Google and Amazon Web Services and many providers use gear other than Cisco in their data centers and in their service provider aspects as they're moving traffic back and forth so it's definitely not also I don't I don't know what the ratio is but it's definitely not even 80% all Cisco but Cisco is the leader as far as the industry standard and people are expected to understand Cisco even if you go in a shop that was one of my challenges for my friend who studied Cisco Networking and then he went to work for Amazon Web Services and and they had something different in their shops they write their own their own code for many of their switches by the way and so he was racking and stacking and configuring with scripts these devices that were neither Cisco or anything else they were their proprietary ones for Amazon inside of one of their data centers and I don't have the details on like how they code that or what they use something else would know that but I know that most of the internet is not like like like I guess all of it is not Cisco probably there's a huge chunk of it that is for routing and switching but that's the answer to your question as far as I know okay Rodrigo is asking what happens when you put an unmanaged switch between voice VLAN and PC well the unmanaged switch is very unlikely going to be able to carry it depends if that unmanaged switch is trunking or not so if you have a switch or a device that isn't trunking or camp from mmm that's a great question so if this if the passive switch passed through the 802 that 1q tags then it shouldn't have an impact on any well there's like there's several variables to that one is that when a PC phone connects to a switch they use CBP to actually determine what the voice VLAN is and so if that interim switch which is a non managed switch if it just really allows everything to go through and doesn't stop anything it's possible it could work if the CDP messages went through and the 802 that one Q tags been through it's possible it might work but I don't know that sounds like a job interview question what would happen and if I got that question a job interview I'd simply say well let's think about that logically if if it were if it was an unmanaged switch and it had it passed through everything I just explained it just like I did without having to repeat it yeah okay Deepak - you're very welcome hey I've had a great time what x is it's 34 minutes after the hour eleven twelve how long that's an hour and a half so the goal is any strains is to cover the topic in this case it was summary routes and route summarization for ipv4 in the first 30 to 50 minutes if possible which is what we did we we did two examples of that one with external routes into OSPF with an asbr and then we summarized the routes at the asbr so the rest the network only had to learn about those three routes the other example we did was a IG RP which isn't at the interface and we took a set of routes and we did a summary route at the interface so that the downstream routers didn't have to remember all those so hey thanks for joining the biggest thing I can offer you is my gratitude for being here you're awesome you rock and I networking has changed my life for the better it's it's night and day ever since I got into it back in the early 80s so early eighties was PCs field technician and then shortly thereafter with Novell with I say Novell looking I shouldn't I shouldn't roll my eyes Novell was the game back in the late 80s early 90s as far as how to network and then Microsoft came in and then Cisco with their hardware solutions just dominated the world and another additional competition but if you know somebody who is interested in getting into networking and they want to have the ability to understand networking and troubleshoot networking CCNA is a good place to start if haven't already please click on subscribe so you get alerts also click on the alert Bell see the alerts when you live streams our live streams are so far cross our fingers Wednesdays consistently at 4 p.m. Pacific time where it's a CCNA topic Saturdays which is like today at 11 a.m. Pacific time where we focus on something in the world of subnetting so we start off with session 1 with what is a IP address and then we went on to the mask and the bits and the binary and so forth and then on Sundays another CCNA topic and I've got like based on disk word which I hope you can join me on chat and help us out or ask questions the discord server at the link is I think in the very in this chat stream I also have posted it to this video in the discard server you have a request for videos please let me know what they are um regarding CCNA and the current blueprint I have like 20 ideas that I'm working through so that will be about ten weeks of content and then as I get new ideas going forward I'm going to include more packet tracer because I've got an overwhelming response to people saying hey building that wireless LAN and controller from the ground up showing us all the pieces that's useful and then also providing that framework from my website page you can download it that's useful so I'm going to take those ideas and keep on pushing them forward and oh thanks for response guys alright so I will see every who wants to be here tomorrow same bat-time which is 11:00 a.m. Pacific time I haven't identified the exact topic I have a few choices I'm dealing with but I'll push it out on social later tonight or early tomorrow morning so you'll know what the topic is if you can join us we'd love to have you and if you can't join us catch us in the recording in either case I appreciate your attention to making yourself better and so if any of this helps you go ahead and give the video a thumbs up that way other people will know as well and I'll see you in their rails in another video thanks everyone [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music]

Channel: Keith Barker

Views: 19,039

Rating: 4.9705162 out of 5

Keywords: 200-301, 200-301 ccna, 200-301 cisco, 200-301 videos, 200-301 ccna certification, 200-301 study, cisco, ccna, networking, cisco ccna 200-301, cisco ccna certification, cisco ccna training, subnetting, subnetting made easy, summary routes cisco, summary route packet tracer, summary route example, summary static route, eigrp summary route configuration, ospf summary route, summary route, route summarization, summarization, default route

Id: XYPPB4ODRq8

Length: 163min 21sec (9801 seconds)

Published: Sat Mar 14 2020