Simple Memory Tricks to Remember What You Read

welcome to the webinar this webinar is on the topic of remembering more of what you read with certain types of techniques and I want to get right into the information here as we know when we're talking about speed reading it's not just about speed it's also about what you remember because I would argue that you know if you're going fast and you can't remember anything later on then that's not very useful so let's talk about some techniques and I think you're gonna find these techniques to be very very helpful so let's get right into it I want to start off by talking about the short-term memory we all know that we're kind of limited to in our short-term memory what I mean by that is up you may already be familiar with this the magic number seven and in 1956 there was a paper the exact name of the paper was the magic number seven plus or minus two it was by this psychologist George Miller and he basically was showing that the average capacity of short-term memory is about seven now what does he mean by that well think about when you're making a grocery list how many items does it take before you actually have to start writing a list down for example if you were just getting bread and milk you probably wouldn't make a list at all but if you had to get you know bread milk tomatoes you know and maybe ten other things then obviously you're probably gonna make a list because it's harder to remember you know nine ten eleven or more things and it's easier to remember a smaller amount of things so basically George Miller's paper was talking about the magic number seven and how most people their memory is limited to about seven individual pieces of data now the plus or minus 2 just accounts for just variations among people now let's talk about how we can expand our short-term memory because we don't want to be limited to just seven things and and when you're reading usually you have much more than seven things that you have to remember so we need some techniques and one technique you can see on the screen here is called the chunking memory technique the chunking technique can help you expand your short-term memory so I want to talk about how the chunking technique works so I want you to try in this exercise to memorize ten digit number so look at the screen look at this number do not write it down I just want you to look at it and try to memorize that it's a really big number it's three billion 129 million eight hundred twenty three thousand eight hundred twelve now how would you how would you remember has that you might repeat it to yourself a few times now some people might write it down a few times to help them remember I'm asking you don't write it down I just want you to try to look at this and try to memorize it now let me ask you to memorize another ten digit number now and this is a ten digit number but it's in the format of a phone number and I think we would all agree which one of these is easier to memorize is it three billion 129 million you know eight hundred twenty thirty thousand eight hundred twelve or three one two nine eight to thirty eight twelve they'll all of us would agree that the bottom one the one that's formatted like a phone number is easier to memorize and as you probably have already noticed these two numbers are exactly the same numbers it's just one has commas and the other has you know hyphens in the form of a format and I want you to think about why is that second one easier for you to remember it's because of the chunking technique and I say chunky technique we're gonna talk about how to use the chunky technique but the reason it's easier to remember is because it's chunking the information for you remember how we said the magic number seven seven is kind of like our limit for short-term memory but if you can chunk the information into pieces like this phone number which is you know this number is ten digits long but if you've chunk it into a phone number now it's just three pieces of information right three one two nine eight 238 12 actually if you look at this and you already recognize the area code you would know that 3 1 2 is a Chicago area code and this number over here you can just memorize these two chunks now by the way I've typed this number out at random please don't try calling this person I don't even know whose number this is so I just made it up so 3 1 2 9 38:12 is easier to memorize because our brain is chunking the information now if you've memorized the number you've automatically boosted your short-term memory to ten digits okay that's useful but let's take it a step further let's apply the chunking technique to some letters now instead of earlier we had you know this was a ten digit number this is now fourteen letters okay how would you use the chunking technique on these 14 letters now a lot of people would look at this and if I asked you let's say I took it away right now and said okay do you remember it might be a little hard to remember those letters now if you look at it and you might how can you apply the chunking technique you can chunk this too and actually you might chunk it into these parts so look what I'm doing here we're taking this string of letters and we're turning it into these chunks so I just put dashes where the chunks should be so you can see IBM SAT PhD MTV and then X is on the ends this is the same series of letters as what we have up here but when it's chunked it becomes easier to memorize now I'm showing these as an example because I want you to start learning how your how your memory works what it likes what it doesn't like your memory likes things that are chunked your your memory actually works in a way where we don't remember things bit by bit or piece of information by piece of information we actually remember things in clusters so when I say remembering things in clusters I mean you remember one thing and that reminds you of another thing and so on and so forth so for example if I say the word Katrina what do you associate the word Katrina to well some people might associate the word Katrina to hurricane and that reminds them of New Orleans and New Orleans reminds them of Mardi Gras and it might also remind them of like really really great seafood all of these things come to mind as a result of remembering the word Katrina now if you know people that are named Katrina maybe you know you've got a girlfriend or your wife is named Katrina well then you're gonna remember or something like that you'll associate so that's what I'm trying to get so we remember things in clusters or in chunks and you can chunk information to remember it better now if you're going to try and apply this technique and memorize this notice what we did here with these letters we took a group of 14 letters and we chunked it into I would say four parts here's one part another part another part in another and these X's on the ends I would just assume those are like bookends so I'd remember two x's on the sides and then I would try to go about memorizing IBM SAT PhD MTV and it becomes easier than trying to memorize all this even though it's exactly the same series of letters so you see how chunking can help you now if you were able to memorize this if you're able to memorize this now you've boosted your short-term memory capacity to 14 letters now remember what it was before our short-term memory capacity is typically seven but if we want to expand our short-term memory capacity to something like 14 letters we need to employ the chunking memory technique now how do we use chunking to remember what we read a mind map is actually a form of chunking when you create a mind map to take notes you are actually chunking the information that you read and you're putting it into groups so notice how each one of these groups so this is just a sample mind map here on time management and notice how all of these areas have pretty much less than 7 things under them why because it's hard to remember more than seven things so you have a topic and then you've got a few things under clarity and you have some things under here you've got effectiveness over here you've got a few under there and so on and so forth so mind mapping is actually a very effective way and we talk about this all the time in our speed reading courses using mind maps can actually help you remember what you read because it employs the chunking technique and we know that we remember things in chunks or clusters so if you create a mind map to take notes I want you to also know that taking notes just the act of taking notes whether you use a mind map or you use any other form of note-taking the action of taking notes actually helps you remember more of what you read and it's because this action of taking notes is actually a form of repetition and repetition helps you remember remember things so keep that in mind I'll even repeat it repetition helps you remember things so it's really important for you to know this ah we had a little comment from Felix here says he he's taking notes right now so if you're taking notes during this webinar even better that actually is you know that's a good point when you're taking notes that helps you Rianne ffice eyes you know you learn something by hearing it you're listening to my voice but you're also seeing it on the screen and if you're also writing it down you've got these three different forms of repetition that are helping you to remember something so that's very important let's go on to the next slide so let's try let's talk about another technique here this is called the peg system this is going to help you remember things visually now this is what the reason why I'm bringing this up this is one of the easiest memory systems you can learn and I'm gonna show you how to do it in this webinar and actually can be applied to a list of anything and it helps you remember things in their exact order as well and this can help you remember a list of 10 items or it could help you this peg system can actually be extended to help you remember 20 things or 30 things or 40 things and I want to talk to you about how you use this so I'm trying to bear with me here first this is gonna take maybe 15 minutes to show you how to learn this and I'm actually going to teach you how to memorize a list right now and then I'm gonna talk to you about how do you apply this to remembering what you read so let's start we need to deeply encode a memory and we need to do it using a peg system so let's assume that we have to remember a 10 item list so I'm gonna teach you how to use the pen peg system first by showing you how to remember a 10 item grocery list and this is a grocery list that we have on the screen I want you to memorize this now do not write it down I just want you to look at it and try to memorize it but I'm gonna teach you how to memorize this because the peg system can help you memorize this list in order let me show you how you see number 1 number 1 is going to be our pencil so here's what I mean by that before we start remembering bread milk tomatoes soda and so on and so forth we need to first create a visual for each one of these numbers so the number one I always say the number one looks like a pencil to me I don't know about you but it's pretty obvious that a 1 is in the very similar shape to a pencil okay so let's picture the number 1 this is what I need you to actually memorize right now I'm gonna need you to memorize a visual for each one of these numbers so number 1 is going to be our pencil now I need you to memorize number 2 2 looks like a swan okay if it doesn't look like a swan to try to picture it like a swan so if you look at the number 2 there's the head there's the neck and it curves around and there's the body picture you're number 2 as a swan now we need to remember number 3 let's picture number 3 as McDonald's but sideways okay so the number 3 is going to remind us of McDonald's now this might seem a little odd what for example you might be asking yourself why are we doing this out we'll get to that in a moment but for right now I need you to focus on memorizing visuals for each one of the numbers from numbers 1 through 10 so again 1 is a pencil 2 is a swan 3 is McDonald's let's move on to number 4 4 is a chair ok so number 4 is going to be our chair and now Felix brought up a good point the more absurd that the visual is the better so that's why I like to have like you know a pencil with some glasses and this wand isn't really absurd but you know McDonald's 4 is gonna be our chair so an upside-down chair number 5 is gonna be a hook now number 5 is sometimes tricky but I want you to picture the number 5 is like an upside-down hook so picture you know here's the curvy part of the 5 right here and picture this as our number 5 you really need to memorize these numbers and these visuals in order for the peg system to work so again just a quick review 1 is our pencil two is this one 3 is McDonald's 4 is a chair and 5 is a hook let's try number 6 6 is going to be a cherry I want you to memorize that the number six looks like a cherry visually let's go on to seven seven is gonna be a lightning bolt so how is that possible well picture you know this is the top of the seven right here and this is the curvy part that well the diagonal part of the seven so imagine the seven as a lightning bolt imagine the number eight as a racetrack okay and imagine the number nine as a balloon lastly number ten is going to be a plate with some silverware maybe a fork on the side or a knife on the side so picture number ten as a plate with silverware so real quickly I want to recap these because I want to make sure that you visually you've memorized these in your head this the peg system will not work unless you associate every one of the numbers to some kind of a visual so again real quickly number one is a pencil number two is a swan number three is McDonald's number four is a chair number five looks like a hook number six looks like a cherry number seven looks like lightning number eight looks like a racetrack and number nine looks like a balloon and lastly number ten is going to look like a plate with silverware now let's move on to step number two now that we've kind of memorized these visuals we now need to kind of remember okay how are we going to associate these visuals to our actual list we need to memorize this list of you know actual grocery items so watch what we're gonna do now we need to associate number one what was number one again you probably remember number one as a pencil so we need to associate the pencil to bread now this is an actual believe it or not a number of weeks ago this is an actual grocery list that I had and I was trying to memorize this list and it didn't take me very long it probably took me less than three minutes but I had to create the visualizations quickly for that to happen so here's how I usually remember I try to think of the first weird thing that pops into my head I know I know that can be strange sometimes but whatever it is I go with so one I pictured a pencil and I pictured a piece of bread a big piece of bread on top you know with on top of a pencil kind of like cotton candy and others like but picture up big pieces of loaf of bread on top of a pencil that's what I really need you guys to visualize this right now now I know this might sound a little odd but I want you to try to visualize it and that way you it'll kind of help you out so bread and pencil now visualize the number two we know that the number two was a swan and I want you to visualize that with milk what I pictured in my head was a swan swimming around in a lake of milk okay so pictured you really try to picture this let's do number three three was McDonald's and I had to associate a visual image of McDonald's with a visual image of tomato so here's how I did that in my head and I want you to copy this visual imagery to your head I was thinking that I just walked into McDonald's and I ordered myself a Big Mac meal and I do like myself a Big Mac every so often even though it's not the healthiest thing out there if I order this Big Mac and instead it when I opened it up instead of finding beef I find really thick slices of tomatoes so essentially they gave me like a veggie burger Big Mac instead of a regular Big Mac so I'm outraged and I want a real Big Mac so imagine that for a moment that you go to McDonald's and you get a Big Mac with big slices of tomatoes instead of beef now that's our number three number four four we know looks like a chair and we need to picture a chair and soda so I want you to picture a chair with legs made out of two-liter bottles of soda so it's a chair but instead of regular legs that has bottles of soda holding up the chair so picture that for a moment now number five here's what I pictured for number five and again I want you to visualize this - number five is a hook we need to picture that with a turkey I pictured Thanksgiving dinner and we had an uncle that came over that happened to have a hook for a hand and he was carving the turkey with his hook okay very unsanitary stuff here so he's carving up the turkey with his hook it's Thanksgiving dinner that's what I'm picturing in my head now I don't have it I do not have an uncle that's a pirate or anything like that but I'm picturing this as just a strange absurd exaggerated image okay so hook carving up the turkey on Thanksgiving number six here's what I pictured for number six we know that six is a cherry I pictured that and I gotta associate that with chips so I pictured cherry flavored chips so I opened up a bag of chips and I'm expecting let's say maybe some salty chips and instead of salty taste I tastes like the taste of cherries which kind of confuses me why are there cherry flavored chips but they I want you to think about how that would taste obviously it would taste probably a little sweets instead of you know salty but if you can imagine this in your head it's gonna help you remember the imagery better so we picture cherry flavored chips so six we remember cherries and that reminds us of oh yeah cherry flavored chips let's move on to number seven seven it was a lightning bolt we got to associate that with strawberries the first image that popped into my head was this giant strawberry right by an open window and it happens to be a thunderstorm outside and some lightning strikes this strawberry which is right by the window and it's a big strawberry by the way and when it hits the strawberry this strawberry explodes and now there is red goo from the strawberry all over the walls and I want you to think about what that would look like what that would smell like if a strawberry was you know an explosion of a strawberry from a lightning bolt striking it this is I know it's kind of an elaborate image but believe it or not this is gonna help me remember strawberries so a lightning bolt is striking a big strawberry number eight we know that number eight is a racetrack right and we know that we have to remember deodorant so if we picture the racetrack remember this was our picture for the racetrack if these roads were actually crossing the racetrack racecar drivers would get a a little bit nervous because every time they go over this way they have the chance of crashing so when you get nervous you get very I don't know you kind of sweat but these guys are sweating a lot so every time they get to the middle they sweat even more and when you sweat you start to smell and these race car drivers I am picturing them as sweaty stinky racecar drivers that desperately need some deodorant that's how it's gonna help me remember racetrack stinky racecar drivers equals deodorant number nine we said number nine was a balloon now I don't want you to picture a balloon like this I want you to picture a massive balloon a blimp instead of just a little balloon and instead of a blimp like you know the Goodyear blimp I want you to picture instead a blimp that is a giant cucumber floating across the sky now number ten is gonna be cereal and we're gonna picture a bowl instead of a plate with silverware we're gonna picture a giant bowl and inside of this giant bull someone is pouring you know giant pieces of cereal are falling from the sky into this bowl okay so a giant cereal bowl almost like you want to exaggerate the stuff in a way like that you know Alice in Wonderland style exaggeration it's gigantic okay so let's go over it really quickly one was bread so pencil with bread so I'm holding a pencil and on top of it is this big loaf of bread number two was a swan and the Swan swimming around in this pure Lake of milk very easy to picture that number three was McDonald's ah I know what McDonald's is I walk into McDonald's and I ordered my Big Mac and instead of you know beef I have these big thick slices of tomatoes number four was a chair so for picture of the chair and what are the legs made out of oh yeah they're made out of soda bottles okay number five was a hook we picture a hook and that reminds me of Thanksgiving dinner because I've got an uncle that shows up at Thanksgiving dinner whom I've never met and he's carving up the turkey with his hook of a hand number six was a cherry so all I got to remember is okay cherry oh yeah there were cherry flavored chips well would that taste like oh yeah I remember that okay seven is our lightning bolt and I am picturing a lightning bolt what does it strike striking a giant strawberry and the strawberry explodes all over the room all over the walls number eight was a racetrack and I'm picturing some stinky sweaty racecar drivers driving around that need deodorant number nine is a blimp number nine is actually a balloon but a really big balloon in other words a blimp but it's not your Goodyear blimp it's a cucumber blimp it's a giant cucumber floating across the sky and number 10 was cereal big bowl because we remember plate and silverware I'll remember that is actually a bowl and giant pieces of cereal falling from the sky being poured into this big bowl now we already did all these images can we remember the list so I want to test you guys out really quickly and let's see if we got it memorized okay so let's do a test here and anybody that wants to feel free to submit something on the chat what is number one type it into the chest so the way that you remember is you know one is the pencil and we remember obviously Brett okay what's number two milk what's number three think about that type it in the chat box if you want three was McDonald's all right very good what is number four write it in the chat all right very good I'm getting a number of people are applying very good what's number five very good what's number six it looks like a cherry and that reminds us of very good what's number seven seven is our lightning bolt and that reminds us of very good what's number eight eight was a racetrack right that reminds us of those sweaty stinky racecar drivers very good I'm glad you guys are participating in the chat I do appreciate that that actually makes this kind of fun what's number nine awesome number ten and look at that we got them all now without looking at your list I'll bet you got this pretty well memorized so I don't even have to ask you an order I could just ask you number five and you probably know that number five is go ahead and put in the chat turkey very good and you know what number three is don't you you know what number two is you know all of these things come easily because you've memorized that okay number number two is associated with a swan and now I remember milk so this this is how the peg system works that's why I was a kind of going over these images for so long now we actually spent a good five minutes working on you know trying to memorize one through ten basically once you've memorized one through ten if those images work for you like you know if number one looks like a pencil to you then you keep that that's always gonna be your number one number one is always gonna be associated with the visual imagery of a pencil two is always going to be a swan now some people they look at the number four and let me I go back real quick to see what the four looks like now I think I always write my fours like this but some people they write their fours like this four up here now this four up here could also look like a flag to some people or some people say that looks like a sailboat whatever it looks like to you is basically what you use but you can extend this because we just did this with ten images well what if we wanted to do ten more items how would we do that well to do ten more items it's actually uh interesting because what you need to do if you had to remember eleven through twenty let's say you had a twenty item list you could still use the peg system and I'll show you how and you can work on this on your own you would basically do this for me eleven you find a theme for your eleven through twenty now you can use my theme if you want or you can use another thing but my theme is that everything is drenched in black oil okay so here's how I you utilize this remember how earlier we said number two was milk right because we remember that Swan wasn't number two and I remember the Swan was swimming in a lake of milk but what if what if milk was not item number two what if milk was number 12 on the okay watch how I do it now I'm going to still picture I take the number 12 and I know that I got to remember the 12th item on the list is milk so I picture the number two I got a picture a swan plus black oil so here's all I got to do is very simple I get to say alright I'm the Swan let's say the Swan is drenched in black oil instead of a white swan it's a black swan and it's black because it's drenched in black oil and it is still swimming around in a lake of milk and as its swimming around it's kind of uh it's leaving a trail of black oil because it's dirty from the soil and it's kind of a you know there's a pure lake of milk and it's kind of making this lake dirty with this trail as it's French in black oil so that's how I could if the item number was 12 and 12 was equal to milk that's what all I do I take the two and that's a swan I have to add Swan plus oil and milk and you if you could string these things together that'll help out by the way if you're wondering you can extend it if you really wanted to practice this you could continue extending this all the way up to 100 you could do 21 through 30 for me 21 through 30 is ice cubes so everything has to be associated with ice cubes so if number 22 was milk then I'm gonna take the two which is a swan and because it's in the 20s I've got to basically I basically got to do uh associate with ice cubes now let me back up because Felix asked can you show the list of eleven through twenty again so twelve thirteen fourteen try taking basically you would take a pencil and you would try to work that with oil pencil oil pencil plus oil plus detergent okay so you might picture yourself washing a white t-shirt that is stained with this big black oil stain or something and you because it's stained you need detergents right so same thing with like number twelve you would associate okay Aswan and toilet paper huh now I'm sure there's all sorts of crazy ways we could associate a swan Plus oil plus toilet paper so the more creative that you do do this yeah that's absolutely right Felix you had the question about Swan plus oil yes you're basically taking the first number you see here like the three and we would say okay McDonald's three is McDonald's but I'm on 13 so that means I got to take my theme for numbers 11 through 20 I know my theme for 11 through 20 is oil so I gotta add McDonald's plus oil and associate that to yogurt this one I got to associate a chair plus oil to flowers so glad that makes sense I wanted to make sure that was nice and clear now basically when we go over a peg system a lot of people are like okay so what I just memorized a 10 item list no I wouldn't say so what I would say hey that's pretty impressive because you know what you guys can probably still remember this list from home we just did and actually try this out later on later on tomorrow I want you guys to test yourselves and see if you could still remember my grocery list from a few weeks ago and it's actually pretty amazing how easily this sticks with you so let's talk about how we apply this to reading what you would do is you would take you would take a section of a chapter let's say your chapter has 10 sections or maybe it only has 5 sections and you needed to remember all the sections in that in that chapter you would associate I usually do this during the final review of the multiple reading process what I do is I put a number 1 next to the first section that I need to remember and I put a number two next to section 2 and what I do is after I'm done reading the whole chapter I go back and during my final review I say okay how am I going to associate a pencil to section 1 of this chapter and then I go on to section 2 and I say how am I going to associate a swan in some kind of ridiculous way to section number 2 and the more visual you can make this the better the more crazy that you can make this the better so I'll give you a good example I had a I was doing this kind of a system with a student in law school and what she was studying was a this was actually a chapter on the Constitution and section number one of the chapter was talking about the founding fathers of you know Thomas Jefferson and you know the people that were writing the Constitution and all that and when she was done reading this chapter was like a 30 page chapter and I think it had like six or seven sections in it we were using the peg system to remember the chapter and to remember it also in order so what we did for the first section we took basically the we had to associate pencil and the first section was talking about the founding fathers so we pictured Thomas Jefferson holding and writing the Constitution with this ginormous pencil so imagine you've probably seen one of these novelty crazy big pencils so we were picturing Thomas Jefferson with one of those writing the Constitution who would have known that the Constitution was written with such a giant pencil okay now section number two was we have to we know that two is a swan section number two in this in this person's chapter again she was a law student section number two was about the court system the court system in the u.s. in how you have a federal court system a state court system and then the local court system so what we did was we pictured three different swans a big Swan to represent the federal court system a medium-size Swan to represent the state's state court system and a really small Swan to represent the local court system you can almost think of it if you've ever seen like ducks crossing the road or maybe you've seen it on a cartoon where there's like the mom and dad duck and then all the little kids following him so we pictured big Swan medium Swan small Swan and that helped us remember oh yeah this was the part of the chapter where they were talking about the three different court systems federal state and local and we did this with every section in the chapter so it's a very useful way to go about uh you know getting an idea and remembering what you uh what you try to uh what you're trying to go through and this is how you can apply the peg system to reading now Edward brings up a really good question that I want to mention here he mentioned I'll read this question out loud I know how to memorize a grocery list now well how do I learn my next list without confusing it with last week's that's a very good question now initially I had the same question when I was learning the peg system I was trying to figure out well what if I what if I confused like lists from like last week and things like that what you can do actually this system is actually more flexible than you think it's almost like to think of it like a dry erase board once I start associating new items with new things I basically end up like kicking out the last items and it's amazing how this works because actually I'm telling you right now about the grocery list I had from a few weeks ago and I could remember one through ten but I also applied this you know technique a number of weeks ago also with the law student and I was using one through ten and I was remembering chapters within you know sections of a chapter now you can replace this system week to week so I do understand that it could get a little tricky but try it out and you'll notice that it tends to work more or less like a whiteboard where once you make some new visualizations you need one you need to make sure those visualizations are nice and strong otherwise it's gonna be really hard to kick out though if you had stronger you know visualizations last time and you come up with some week with visualizations this time then you'll probably remember the visualizations from before better so keep in mind that your visualizations always need to be very vivid and another tip that I have for you if you're creating these visualizations try to include other senses by that I mean we have our five senses right you know we see things we hear things we touch things we taste all you know the different five senses you can employ them while you're creating these images for example remember earlier I said you know the strawberry gets struck by lightning what would that smell like right I said about the cherry flavored chips what would that taste like and when you think about how that would taste that actually helps you remember something even more so the more senses that you can include in your visualization when you're thinking about how does that smell how does that taste when I was remembering the bread on top of the pencil I was picturing myself and visualizing and thinking about what would it taste like for me to be eating this nice you know warm loaf of bread maybe it's straight out of the oven so this is how you can kind of remember things a little better so try to utilize these things that's the only way you're gonna get better at anything is if you practice and implement so I always mention at the end of every webinar here my contact information if you do want to get in touch at some point in the near future or later feel free to shoot me an email I'll try to get back to you as soon as I can if you have a question or any kind of comments iris also does these workshops at different companies and schools throughout the u.s. we've done this for employees of Google we've done this for Google's for Groupons executive team we even did this actually for employees of NASA and I always tell people that attend these webinars if you like this workshop you like this program tell your friends about it and if you do not like it tell your enemies about it because that will that will really show them right so thank you all for attending and enjoy the rest of your day

Channel: Iris Reading

Views: 652,593

Rating: 4.7765207 out of 5

Keywords: speed reading, iris, iris reading, comprehension, test, retention, reading, remember, memory, peg system, chunking technique, strategy, tips, retain, memorize, memorization, memory palace, method of loci, productivity, hack

Id: W9bgghf81Zg

Length: 36min 33sec (2193 seconds)

Published: Thu Feb 28 2013