Satan, The Jews, and The Afterlife

there was this uh preacher back in russia who considered considered himself a great philosopher he was a legend in his own mind and he would go around from delivering these philosophical lectures to simple farming people so naturally they all fell asleep but he would go from town to town and he would deliver his lectures one time he came comes to a town he's giving his lecture everybody falls asleep except for one guy who's looking at him very intently and at one point in his lecture he sees this guy going like this he said finally somebody is listening somebody is agreeing with me but after a few moments the guy is going like this he thinks oh he doesn't agree with me so he bought more arguments and he explained it better and he tried harder and after a while the guy is going like this and this went on back and forth he would say no and he would explain it better and then the guy would say not yes so of course the lecture went on for hours finally when he finishes his lecture he goes over to the guy and he says so tell me in the end did you agree with me or not the guy says look i'm a simple uh farmer i didn't understand a word you said [Music] he said then what were you making with your head he says last week my best goat disappeared and when you were standing at a certain angle you looked like my goat but then you turned the other way and i thought no no but when you turned back i thought yeah yeah so he says i finally came to the conclusion you're certainly a goat but not mine when we get together a whole community of jews we gotta accomplish something we gotta say something gotta learn something meaningful something real something true something holy something without an echo otherwise it comes across like a goat so let's learn something very important very real and very true what does the torah tell us about life that we can understand and appreciate now there's an expression that everybody uses that causes great confusion the expression life after death and people say do you believe in life after death and people are stunned that sounds like a very deep question and you know we're not so philosophical do you believe in life after death the expression is wrong misleading and confusing what does it mean life after death what are you talking about are you asking me whether something that has died is alive that's nonsense if it's not if it died then it's not alive because if it was alive then it didn't die so what does it mean is there life after death a human being is defined in torah as a creature with a body and a soul because in the story of creation it says god formed a body and then breathed into it a soul and it was a man a mensch so what is a mensch not a body alone and not a soul alone but a body with a soul or a soul in a body every life has a certain span every person is given a certain number of years when those years are up the soul and the body go their separate ways they each return to their natural habitat and that is the expression from dust to dust the body goes back to the ground because that's where it came from it was made from the earth and it goes back to the earth the soul goes back to where souls come from wherever that is when the soul and the body separate we call that death but what actually happened when the body and soul separate the body is not a living thing by its very nature it is earth it's not a living thing it only lives because the soul gives it life the soul on the other hand is a living thing it is alive so when we ask the question is there life after death what are we talking about are we talking about the body are we talking about the soul either way the question makes no sense because if you're talking about the body and you're asking is the body alive after it dies not a very good question of course not if you're asking is the soul alive after it leaves the body that's not a good question either because of course yes a living thing can't die life can't die it's just a logical necessary assumption life can't die death can't live so is there life after death what does that mean what's alive is always alive not after death always so their only real question only logical question should be where does life go when it leaves the body that's a good question and i don't know the answer that's what makes it a good question but is there life when it leaves the body the soul is more alive when it leaves the body because while it's in the body it has to schlep this thing around it's like a locomotive can a locomotive move when it's disconnected from the 300 cars can it yes it can move a lot easier so the soul is a locomotive the body is like the cars the caboose so for 120 years this the locomotive schleps this body around and gives it life when it separates from the body it becomes more alive what does life mean life means feelings life means knowledge life means sensitivity how much knowledge can a soul have when it has to work through a little brain it's limited how much sensitivity can the soul experience when it has to experience it through an insensitive body it's limited how much emotion can a soul feel when it has to do it through a human heart it's limited and that's why there were times in the olden days when people would die from excitement from heartbreak why because the heart couldn't take it the soul was feeling more than the heart could take but when the soul is not attached to the body it feels those same feelings more intensely it understands what it had studied or what it had thought more deeply it's now free to live without restrictions so when people say god forbid a husband dies leaving a wife or a wife dies leaving a husband do they does the soul in heaven still feel care [Music] no the answer is what he means still now it really feels if it could feel love or compassion or devotion through a human heart that is only so big imagine how much love it feels now that it's not restricted to that little heart and it doesn't have to worry about whether the heart can take it now it can really feel so it's hard for us to imagine how much emotion is a soul capable of when it is not restricted by the human heart how much knowledge and understanding is a soul capable of when it doesn't have to work through the little brain how much does the soul see when it doesn't have to see through eyes how much does it hear when it doesn't have to hear through the ears so is the soul still alive not still alive now it is fully alive that's an interesting story we have this seminar for women based hana it's 30 years now few more than 30 years women come during vacation times from college from work from all over the world for a couple of weeks for a month to get a crash course on judaism you know how life is strange there are women who come from israel to saint paul minnesota to study judaism one year many years ago a woman came to base a girl came to base hannah she was 16. her mother begged her to come because from the time she was 13 she had told her parents that she wants to be a mormon you know what is a mormon this girl grew up in brooklyn she went to a day school all her life when she was 13 she decided she wants to be a mormon she told her mother the mother says what's a mormon she had no idea what that was at first they thought they would pass they took it to a psychiatrist eventually they had the grandfather come flying in to talk to her the rabbi of the shul the principal of the day school garnish gaholson she wants to be a mormon finally when she was 16 she tells her parents she's going to utah because she has to be a mormon so the parents prevailed on her to make a stop in minneapolis and it's on the way so she did them a favor and she stopped off in minneapolis i tried to talk to her there was no chance i said why are you going to utah she says i'm going to find out if they have the truth i said how are you going to know if they have the truth are you going to ask them do you have the truth that's how you're going to find that what do you know about truth what are you what are you going she said i just have to go and there was no talking to her fine next morning she goes down to the office and she's on the telephone with the airline making arrangements to continue her journey to utah but the secretary of the chabad house was on the other line talking to a baptist northern baptist to a church group who were coming to the chabad house for election this girl hears this and she says to the secretary they're coming to khabar house for a lecture the secretary says yeah the girl said why the secretary who wasn't jewish says to learn i guess anyway the girl got very curious and she said wait i gotta see this so she canceled her flight and she stayed two extra days and a group of ministers say i i get invited to speak there at their seminary for the graduating class a year after they graduate they've been out in the field for a year they come back for a retreat and part of the program is that they come to the chabad house first year ministers so about 30 ministers come to the chabad house and the the students of baskana the jewish women are sitting around the walls the periphery of the room and there are 30 ministers in the center of the room and i'm familiar with the routine they they came to ask questions about judaism but really they want to know what i think about their religion that's really why they come about their religion so they ask me two or three questions about judaism and then they start asking me questions about their religion so i was familiar with this i wasn't surprised but all these women from all over the world they couldn't believe it they're all sitting there and when it comes to the questions one of the ministers said what are what are the different types of labor you're not allowed to perform on chavez we talked about that for a while then somebody said what is this holiday lagbaomer they had done their homework we talked about that for a few minutes and then it began question do you believe in heaven and hell [Applause] i said of course when the soul leaves the body it goes back to where souls come from now a soul that comes back to the world of souls and it still looks like a soul and it still smells like a soul well it just picks up where it left off and it fits right in and it's paradise but a soul comes back after a hundred years on earth and it kind of smells like a body not like a soul it's got an earthy smell to it well that's very embarrassing and that's hell the burning of hell is the burning with shame not a physical fire a soul is ashamed because it doesn't smell like a soul and so it goes through hell until that smell wears off then it's in paradise and that smell can only last up to a maximum of 12 months that's why we say kaddish for 11 months because why do you think my relative needed the whole 12 months so we save for 11 months just in case but we don't want to make the you know make it look bad and say the whole 12 months so we say for 11 months out of respect for the soul and to believe that hell goes on forever is not kosher it's not allowed it's idolatry because evil cannot go on forever only good is eternal not evil now of course this is not what they're taught and this is not what they believe but they're very glad to hear it because eternal damnation is a very painful difficult concept so nobody objected they went on to the next question and these jewish women are sitting around wait wait a minute why don't they argue next question do you believe in the resurrection of course after mashiach comes every soul will come back into its body that's the ultimate perfection of the world souls don't stay in heaven forever they come back to earth for a very simple reason the reward that the soul receives in heaven is for the mitzvahs it performed while it was on earth right but to perform a mitzvah you have to have a body so the soul could not perform the mitzvah without the body so why is it getting all the reward that makes sense to be rewarded properly the body has to share in the reward because the body shared in the mitzvah that's why ultimately the true reward is when the soul comes back into the body and together they are rewarded with a perfect world this is not what they're taught but nobody objected next question do you believe in satan i said of course satan is an angel an angel means a messenger a messenger has no agenda of his own he's an angel he does what god tells him to do and that's all he cares about that's all he knows to do what god told them to do unfortunately satan gets to do all the dirty work gets all the dirty jobs but to think that satan has some kind of an agenda and he's at war with god that's greek mythology not that i believe that no objections next question do you believe in the messiah i said of course mashiach is a descendant of king david he will inspire the world bring peace to the world but it's not a matter of believing just to believe that someday there will be a messiah the sooner we get back to keeping all the commandments the sooner he will come of course this is not what they're told but a guy raises his hand that's sitting right in front of me a minister raises his hand and he says is there anything we can do to help this girl who is on her way to omaha to uh who was on her way to utah she had been sitting at the edge of her seat literally physically when this guy said is there anything we can do to help she leaned forward a little bit and the chair toppled over literally she fell out of her chair the the session was over and she comes over to me and she says i'm not going i'm not going to utah what's the point they'll bring me here for an afternoon find out what you i might as well stay here do we believe in resurrection it's not a matter of belief just like life continues logically and necessarily because a living thing can't die the same is true with resurrection it's necessary morally to assume that the body will be rewarded with the soul so it's not just a matter of believing in some strange event that's going to happen it's part of our morality you don't reward the soul without the body if it couldn't do the mitzvah without the body and since god is just how could he not reward the body so if we don't believe in resurrection then we're basically saying that god is not just that there is no justice the body deserves a reward in fact the body deserves more of a reward than a soul because a soul is a godly thing it loves doing mitzvahs so why does it deserve such a reward it's only doing what it loves but the body hates doing mitzvahs body hates doing anything so when a body does a mitzvah it really deserves a reward and to not reward the body that's just not nice and god is nice and so we believe in the resurrection of every jewish soul and every righteous not gentile because it's only right it wouldn't be right any other way now the process of birth and death is explained very very graphically in torah and in kabbalah by the way kabbalah i mean real kabbalah not the stuff madonna dabbles in real kabbalah is simply a section of torah only it's the mystical section so in the torah it says that birth and death come in stages they don't happen suddenly how does birth happen 40 days before conception the angel announces that there's going to be a conception and a birth it announces how long the soul is going to be in the body it announces the type of life it's going to have it announces who you're going to marry that's before you're conceived you're already married then it's just a question of finding him or her that is the beginning of the birth process here's a very interesting thing if you look in the stories in the torah like for example the birth of isaac the angel came to sarah and said this time next year you will have a son the obvious question is it doesn't take a year why is it always this time next year nine months all it takes it doesn't the pregnancy takes nine months but before conception the soul has to get used to the idea that it's going to come down into a body into this world and it has to adjust it needs a little time to orient itself it would be too shocking for conception to happen without warning so it literally does take 12 months for a soul to be born so we've all been here before we're old hands at this so when the resurrection happens which body is our soul going to come back to some suggest that you get to pick the best parts of each body like a mr potato head you can kind of every body so every body has to be rewarded so which body will the soul come back into all of them they were all good a soul can have more than one body [Music] one soul can give life to many bodies this explains a fascinating statement in the madrish the madrid makes the following observation if you look in the verse in the torah it says and the days drew near or there it drew near the days for yaakov to die which literally means he was close to death but the medrash takes it very literally and says the days we're going to die that's what it sounds like if you translate it literally the days were going to die yaakov's days were going to die so the measure says the days are going to die and it answers the question it says that's right yaakov doesn't die just the days die you run out of days you don't run out of life [Music] so we really don't die our time is up the time ran out not the soul not the life but the time that the soul was supposed to spend on earth that ran out that's a very jewish and correct understanding of life and death but i want to end with another incredible story personal experience it was back in the 70s i was in new york visiting and i went up to one of the offices the rebbe's offices that was secretaries and i found out that for the first time in about uh 30 years they're rearranging the office they still had dial phones you know but they were for some reason they were redecorating the office or something so i pitched in and we were schlepping file cabinets around and moving desks and as we're rolling this one cabin at file cabinet a file had slipped out of the drawer was between the drawers and when we leaned the cabinet forward the file fell out we picked it up it was a manila file folder and it had one letter in it dated 1957 we read it it was a letter to the rebbe from a dr jacobson who lived in manhattan in the letter dr jacobson writes to the devin a terrible thing happened a friend of mine a mr shapiro a wealthy man wanted to fulfill the mitzvah of writing a torah and so he hired a scribe and he authorized him to write a new torah scroll the custom is that just before you finish the last line of the new torah you make a party you invite a lot of people it's the celebration of the conclusion of a torah scroll and then at the party you finish you fill in those last letters and there's a big mr shapiro asked dr jacobson if the party could be held in dr jacobson's apartment because it was larger than mr shapiro's and so there was a party a great celebration and at the party there was a a woman there single woman young woman who doesn't say in the letter but she must have had an aneurysm and all the doctors who were there could not help her and she died at the party in dr jacobson's apartment now dr jacobson writes to the devon my faith is fine i have no questions i have no problems but people are asking me how to how do you explain this a woman comes to a party celebrating torah and dies where's the justice now you know of course when a person says i have no problem but a friend of mine you know already what that means right some guy once came to adab and said a friend of mine asked me to find out how do you how do you repent for committing adultery so the debate said why didn't your friend come to ask himself he said well he's embarrassed he doesn't have to be embarrassed he can come and tell me that he has a friend so the man admitted that it was him so dr jacobson says i have no problem but i have a friend students particularly who are asking me to explain how such a thing can happen what should i tell them and then as a giveaway he says and my second question is why did it happen in my house the way that ebb answered most letters is that he would write his answer in the margin of your letter that way you save paper and you save time and it's so that eva's answer was written in the margins of dr jacobson's letter right there so after we finish reading dr jacobson's letter we read the debbie's answer he ever writes it out and then the secretary types it up and mails it out but here was the answer and it's written very briefly abc points here is the devil's answer a why do human beings think that they can understand god b god asks us to try to understand him so let's try c when a person is born there is an announcement made by the angel that says how long that person is going to live with very rare exceptions the person lives exactly that amount of years to the day if you do something so horrendous so unthinkable it could shorten the life but that's very unusual and if you do something so stupendous so meritorious it could lengthen your life but that's rare generally we live out the life we were given where we have to d when the time comes and the person is finished with his life death can happen in so many different ways it can happen in very unpleasant circumstances like a person alone in the streets it can happen in a hospital where you have at least some caring doctors some people who are interested sensitive it can happen with your family standing around different ways point e every detail of a person's last minutes in life are unimaginably meaningful your last breaths of course everything that's going on around you is very meaningful next point you cannot imagine that ebba says how meaningful is it to a jewish girl who is breathing her last and cannot speak how meaningful is it that she knows that she is breathing her last breaths in a room that has a mezuzah on the door and in the mezuzah it says which is what you're supposed to say before you die but she couldn't say it so knowing that it's in the mezuzah and that she's in a room that has a mezuzah how meaningful is that and how meaningful is it to know that her life is concluding together with the conclusion of a torah so what should you tell the people who are asking you you should tell them that they just witnessed an incredible example of divine planning in fact that ever says according to the teachings of the baal shem tov why did mr shapiro suddenly decide to write a tone for this girl it was her merit there were four of us sitting in the office we read this letter and we were stunned i mean the clarity of the vision that holy way of looking at things the beauty of the way that ebba explained we were just marveling and suddenly the phone rings the story is not over the phone rings it's a rabbi from a big city in the midwest he says please get a message to the devon i am in middle of a bar mitzvah of my oldest son and my father came from israel to celebrate the bar mitzvah where right in the middle of the celebration my father just collapsed and died from a heart attack what should i do we're in the middle of a bar mitzvah what should i tell the people we looked at each other we said boy do we have an answer for you we read him the letter what greater merit for a grandfather than to be in his last moments at the bar mitzvah of his grandson this is not a tragedy this is such a schuss so he ran back to the bar mitzvah hall and he read the whole dictated it to him because there were no faxes in those days we dictated it to him and he read it to the people and the bar mitzvah went on now we looked at each other and we said wait a minute who decided to move furniture around all of a sudden why and you know they never finished they never finished moving that front that's it that was the end of the movement of the furniture because there really was no reason for rearranging the office other than to find that letter on that day when this rabbi would call and say what should i tell people my father just died at a bar mitzvah when we take these principles together the ancient wisdom of judaism everything happens by divine plan satan doesn't make anything happen he's an angel everything happens according to god's plan and god's plan is always perfect and it's always for the good if we could understand god if we had holy eyes so that we could see holiness we wouldn't have any questions at all but god doesn't let us see he wants us to figure it out because that way we appreciate him so much more if we just saw it we would get used to it that's why it's so important this ancient jewish custom to say baruch hashem thank god it sounds like such meaningless simple words but it's not it's a whole approach to life when you say thank god something happens you say thank god what does that mean it means i know who runs this world i know there's a divine plan i know there is justice in this world i know that everything happens for the good and therefore when something happens my response is baruch hashem thank god and before it happens god willing if it's in god's plan then it will happen god willing simple words but so meaningful let's wish each other let's offer good wishes and blessings [Applause] we should all appreciate the beauty the greatness the holiness of life because if we don't then we will not grieve the loss of life the more we appreciate life the more we reject death we don't get used to it we don't accept it we don't become tolerant of it we want to live choose life god says which is why we say lying to life because we want life we appreciate life we see the beauty of it the holiness of it even when we say mazel tov it's not just an expression it's full of meaning it's full of life so let's celebrate life and let's celebrate our jewish wisdom we're forgetting and that's a tragedy we have the greatest wisdom in the world there's nothing like the wisdom of judaism i mean we see it now some people claim to believe in god and as a result they blow themselves up with others we need the wisdom of judaism more than ever we have become proud to be jewish now we need to become proud of our jewishness proud of our mitzvahs proud of our customs proud of our tradition and our heritage it's the torah that makes us great let's celebrate it let's do it and let's do it with a passion and with joy and with appreciation and with wisdom there is so much to learn and it's so pleasant to do the learning so i want to tell you that the fact that you're sitting here tonight you're so humble you probably think there's nothing special that you're not special for being here tonight but that's not true i don't want it to go to your head so i'll keep it short the fact that you're sitting here tonight is the greatest miracle the world has ever seen the fact that jews are jewish today three thousand years after god spoke to us for the first and last time and said be jews and we said okay we had no idea what we were in for we had no idea that god would not talk to us again for three thousand years we had no idea that it was going to be three thousand miserable years we thought we'd be at the top of the world no we're not 3 000 years has gone by since god asked us to be the jewish people and we've suffered and we're jewish you stop and think about it even for a minute this is not possible it isn't possible how can you still be jewish 3 000 years later and why would you want to be what is wrong with you why do you call yourself a jew and why do you come running when you hear there's a jewish program happening what is with you it's a miracle you are so jewish you are so incredibly jewish and you don't even realize it you don't even realize it and you think so you can ask the average jew do you consider yourself a good jew i'm not talking about political people the average jew stop the average jew anywhere in the world and say do you consider yourself a good jew nobody is going to say yes we're all lousy jews because everybody will tell you ah me i'm a good jew compared to my grandmother i'm nothing compared to my grandfather from my mother's side that was atsadek i'm nothing everybody says that whether you are orthodox conservative or reformed everybody says the same thing but me a good jew there used to be some good jews now now that may be true but it doesn't change the fact that we are unbelievably jewish there's a rabbi in israel who does a class in talmud he's a brilliant man in all the sciences and all of torah so all the professors come to the class been going on for 15 years but there was one rap one professor who refused to come he was invited he was at would not come to the class one day the rabbi meets this professor at a party somewhere and he says to him how come you don't come to the class all your colleagues come they love it it's interesting it's in your building come you'll enjoy this professor says um i do not belong at a talmud class the rabbi says why not he says because we you and me we have nothing in common so the rabbi said what are you saying how can you say such a thing he says since the day i arrived in israel i eat pork on shabbos he came out of the war he was upset i eat pork every shabbos rabbi said only on shabbos he says yeah in spite so the rabbi says well in that case we do have something in common he says what he said we both celebrate shabbos i celebrate shabbos in an old-fashioned way and you celebrate shabbos in the original the professor started coming to the class and he told his colleagues why he's coming to the class he says that rabbi is very smart i heard what he said to me it wasn't just a joke you hear what he said to me he said to me like this why do you eat pork because you're angry at god for the holocaust so how do you get back at god you do the most outrageous unjewish thing you can think of what is the most unjewish thing a person can think of to eat pork because everybody knows a jew doesn't eat pork but it didn't feel like it was enough of a punishment so you thought to yourself how can i punish god a little more she thought not on tuesday or wednesday i'm going to eat pork on shabbos that feels more like a punishment so the rabbi was basically saying to me you think you're not jewish you think you have we have nothing in common you don't belong at a talmud class listen to yourself first of all you believe in god otherwise who you angry at secondly you believe that god gave the torah otherwise how do you know you're not allowed to eat pork thirdly you know that shabbos is a special day for god otherwise why is that a bigger punishment so you believe in god you believe in the torah you believe that god runs the world and should have stopped the holocaust and you believe that shabbos is a holy day listen to yourself you're orthodox [Laughter] you know one more mitzvah your ultra he says here i thought i wasn't jewish anymore we are an incredible people and it doesn't you can tell you can tell others also won't do any harm we are an incredible people and we take no credit for it the fact that a jew today says yes i'm jewish for that he deserves every reward in the world every blessing in the world he has just earned himself if after 3 000 miserable years of suffering you say you're jewish you're a hero and you don't even think so you think now i'm a lousy gym we are incredible god got a real bargain when he picked us he probably didn't even expect us to last this long on the other hand what a compliment if i was god if i was god and i gather the people at the foot of mount sinai and i wanted them to be my people and be jewish and and observe the mitzvahs i would talk to them every day no are you doing it i'd be such a good knick okay maybe not every day how about once in a thousand years doesn't he feel any need to come back and repeat himself no not even once in a thousand years he lets three thousand years go by and he says yeah don't be jewish isn't that a compliment i called my children together one day i thought let me try this i called them together and i said listen carefully because i'm not going to repeat myself for a thousand years no fighting in the house garnish golovkin but god tells us be my people be jewish keep mitzvahs and then doesn't say it again for three thousand years miserable years and he's confident that we're still going to be jewish like he's got a lot of confidence in us and he and he's right because look we're here you're sitting here it's not shabbos it's not kim kippur you think it's from kipper no it's not it's our peso by the way and you come out here why because you want to know about what community no that's not what you you came here because you're jewish and you heard something jewish going on you don't care whether it's about mental health mental unhealth you don't as long as it's a jewish program you come running why because 3 000 years ago your great-grandparents stood at mount sinai and god said be my people and we said sure we are really amazing people daniel pearl because there's a movie being made of him of his life now is that not a sadiq is that not a hero why what did he have to say i'm jewish my father's jewish my mother's jewish what's his problem his problem is he is insanely jewish he's exotic and we're all like that and we don't even take credit say nah my grandfather was a good jew we are not good jews but we are great jews and therefore we deserve that after 3 000 years since mount sinai we deserve that the world should become perfect the way god envisioned it people should become good god's will should prevail the world should be as he wants it to be mashiach should come and catch us sitting here on a sunday evening being jewish for no reason at all it's my phone so let me come and catch us here being just jewish just plain jewish and let the world finally become good and let them all come to learn and we will be nice to them even though they haven't been nice to us and we will gladly share our wisdom with them and teach them whatever they want to know and then we will have a beautiful world and all the souls in heaven who are impatiently waiting to come back will finally be able to come back and will be reunited with all of our loved ones and with all of our ancestors the entire jewish people not just a generation but all the generations of jews together on earth forever in a perfect world under the leadership of mashiach may he come speedily quickly right now before we all go home and mess up this perfect evening thank you very much you know i do a lot of talking a lot of zooming many classes many subjects but that's all formal stuff hopefully good stuff but formal we also have a wednesday night meeting that's more informal kind of hamish if you want to join us for that kind of an event um interactive time for questions and so on if you want to join us for this side of conversation click on the link below and join us every wednesday night at nine o'clock well maybe not every wednesday night but we try to make it every wednesday night at nine o'clock a more informal chat which can be more enjoyable at times than the formal stuff so check it out click on the link and join us try it you'll like it [Music] you

Channel: Rabbi Manis Friedman

Views: 244,914

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Keywords: education, educational, training, torah, judaism, chabad, advice, religion, how to, which religion in china, judaism beliefs, judaism definition, manis friedman, rabbi manis friedman, life

Id: I6XF71YswCs

Length: 58min 47sec (3527 seconds)

Published: Tue Jul 28 2020