[[TV Window]] Hi I’m John Green, this is
Crash Course European History, and today we’re going to watch religious reform spread, while
states shape up their operations to make them better adapted to governance. And also making war. Mostly making war. As you’ll recall from our last episode,
the Peace of Augsburg was supposed to settle the religious divisions that resulted from
the Protestant Reformation. I mean, it was called the Peace of Augsburg
after all. But, well, Stan, unfortunately we’re going
to have to switch the TV to the religious war graphic. INTRO
[[TV: Religious War]] The 1555 Peace of Augsburg did bring peace to the Holy Roman Empire,
temporarily, at least. Although I guess all peace is temporary. Really, everything is temporary. I’m sorry, what were we talking about? We’ll get to existentialism later, but in
the meantime, there was turmoil almost everywhere else in Europe. For one thing, monarchs were starting to see
the need to centralize and professionalize the exercise of state power. This was necessary because they needed more
money, especially for weaponry, including increasingly lethal cannons, and money for
building roads, harbors, and ships--so they could move war-making stuff around, and also
other goods. To pay for all of this, they used better tax
collection--and also piracy and global expansion. Both Ivan the Terrible in Russia and Suleyman
the Magnificent, the Ottoman sultan, were taking new territory. And moreover, with Protestantism fragmenting
and moving so swiftly in many directions, there was a sense that unifying a state’s
people, notably in religion, would hold kingdoms together and keep citizens prospering instead
of killing one another. European monarchs also employed legal scholars
to help regularize the law and use it to unify their administrations. The monarchs who focused on instituting tight
state organization and expanding royal power are sometimes called the “New Monarchs,”
even though of course now they are quite old. What’s that? Stan informs me that in fact they are not
old, they are all currently deceased. But as these new monarchs sought to consolidate,
new religious sub-groups, or sects, were constantly splintering European communities. As Protestantism evolved, some of these sects
promoted more radical kinds of equality that fanned out from the idea that all people could
have a direct connection to God. and that proved problematic not only for religious
hierarchies, like the Catholic Church, but also for political ones, like aristocracies
and monarchies. Some Anabaptists, for instance, used sola
scriptura to experiment with polygamy, citing the Bible’s command to “be fruitful and
multiply.” And Quakers encouraged women to preach and
engage in religious activism. Now that was radical. Let’s go to the Thought Bubble. 1. The appeal of new sects, and reformers, and
preachers 2. pulled at the fabric of political unity
and secure power that monarchs desperately craved. 3. Jean Calvin of France was foremost among these
reformers. 4. Like Martin Luther, Calvin started by studying
law 5. and, like Luther, eventually dropped it
for theology. 6. Then in 1534, large posters denouncing the
Catholic Church appeared all over Paris 7. —an event called the Affair of the Placards. 8. French authorities rounded up suspected Protestants, 9. executing some of them, 10. and causing others, including Calvin,
to flee. 11. France and the French—even those from the
highest ranks of the nobility 12. --became violently divided among religious
factions for several generations. 13. Meanwhile, from exile in Geneva, Calvin set
up a theocracy— 14. that is, a state based on and run according
to religious doctrine. 15. Calvin’s most important addition to Protestantism
was the concept of predestination. 16. Calvin maintained that God had determined
even before the creation of the world 17. which of its humans would be saved and
which would be damned as sinners. 18. For a variety of reasons, he felt that citizens
needed to be strictly regulated to keep them from falling into sin and to maintain their
godly nature. 19. So, for instance, he imposed fines for drunkenness,
and blasphemy, and dancing, and gambling. 20. But wait a second. Those are all of the major hobbies. Thanks, Thought Bubble. So, Calvin’s theocracy in Geneva came to
be known as the Protestant Rome; it was the epicenter of the Reformed Church,
and Calvin himself was seen as a “father” to the many who left their families to participate
in this experiment too. Calvinism became even more far-flung than
Lutheranism, with communities springing up from the British
Isles to Hungary and other parts of eastern European regions. [[TV: Henry VIII]] so, at the same time, Henry
VIII of England was using Protestantism in an entirely new way--to get divorced and acquire
land. Henry was working to consolidate his kingdom
after a long civil war known as the War of the Roses, and he was married to Catherine
of Aragon, who was the aunt of Charles V, which made her a politically desirable spouse
if not the perfect romantic match. Henry’s circle included famous Christian
humanists like Thomas More, and also the noblewoman Anne Boleyn, who backed religious reform and
with whom Henry was enamored. and that was a bit of a problem, as Henry
was already married. Refused a divorce by the pope, Henry cut his
ties with Rome, divorced Catherine of Aragon, banished her from his royal court, and then
announced himself to be the head of the Church of England. He then gained support for this move by selling
off Church lands, especially monasteries and convents, to aristocrats and other wealthy
allies to keep them on his side. The Church of England or “Anglican” doctrine
was modified slightly from that of the Catholic Church, but the main change was that the power
of the state increased dramatically in England by combining secular and religious authority
in one figure: the king. It also meant that instead of shipping money
to Rome, more wealth flowed into the royal treasury. Plus it meant that Henry could marry Anne
Boleyn, which he did, and then later executed her for purported treason. Thomas More was also executed for refusing
to acknowledge Henry as the head of the church, and although power had been concentrated in
the state, the actual citizenry remained very divided over religion. [[TV: Mary Queen of Scots]] This came to a
head after Henry’s death. Initially, Henry’s nine-year-old son became
King Edward VI, but he died, possibly of tuberculosis, at just age 15. After a struggle for power, Henry’s daughter
Mary became Queen of England. Mary wanted to take England back to the Catholic
Church and soon married a Catholic, Charles V’s son, Philip II of Spain. This move might have united England and much
of mainland Europe under one royal family and the Catholic Church, except that Mary
died in 1558, at the age of just 42. [[TV: Elizabeth I]] Mary’s sister Elizabeth,
who’d been persecuted and for a time imprisoned during Mary’s reign, became Queen, and restored
England to Protestantism. Although Mary’s husband Philip wrote that
he “felt a reasonable regret over her death,” he ended up missing Catholic England very
badly--so badly that he launched the famous Spanish Armada to take back England for his
family and the Church. But thanks in part to bad weather, Elizabeth’s
England defeated the armada. Elizabeth built up the royal treasury and
found a more moderate path when it came to religion than either her sister or her father
had found. Philip, meanwhile, managed to bankrupt Spain
despite all the New World gold and silver that was flowing in. One of the great lessons of history is that
wars are expensive, another great lesson of history? Don’t forget about inflation. Philip and his court did not have a great
understanding of inflation, and did not comprehend why the appearance of more gold in Europe
led the price of gold to decline. [[TV: Iconoclasts]] Meanwhile, In France,
the spread of Calvinism tore at the French crown and nobility as it stirred controversy
and conflict in cities. Ideas of Calvinist reformation merged with
social and political resistance in France as city councils and aristocrats began to
fight over the role of both church and state. Did the globe open up? Is there a gnome in there? It’s a statue. And in France at the time, people began smashing
statues of saints and breaking the noses of statues of the Virgin Mary. These people were called iconoclasts--that
is, Literal destroyers of icons Iconoclasm sounds kind of fun. I’m gonna try destroying this icon. I feel powerful. We shall rise up and say no to garden gnomes! Especially in films! Like Gnomeo and Juliet. And the other one. We shouldn’t be making jokes. All this led to Civil War. Gallicanism--a French interpretation of Catholicism--
arose in the cities and towns of southwestern France. Gallicanism held that French political authority—not
the pope in Rome-- ruled the Church in France. French Calvinists, meanwhile, became known
as “Huguenots.” Religious wars broke out in 1559. Rival leaders in France, even in the face
of political disaster, refused to come to any agreement. The Catholic-Protestant division increased
until a group of nobles was assassinated in 1572, and then thousands of Huguenots in Paris
and elsewhere were killed in what is known as the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre later
that year. [[TV: Henry of Navarre]] A Huguenot named
Henry of Navarre narrowly escaped death in the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre; years
later, he would lead Protestant forces against the Catholic government in the Civil War before
eventually converting to Catholicism, purportedly saying, “Paris is well worth a mass.” And that’s how Henry of Navarre became King
Henry IV of France. But although Henry was now Catholic, he issued
the Edict of Nantes in 1598, which allowed Protestantism in the French Kingdom. Like Elizabeth, Henry was a politically savvy
monarch who found middle paths through difficult conflicts. Those who put aside their personal beliefs
to accomplish political tranquility, especially in France, came to be known as politiques. These days, of course, it seems impossible
that politics could increase tranquility, but imagine how political slickness must have
seemed to a 16th century French or English person. I mean, war beget war beget war--until monarchs
found a different way. And from that perspective, politics is--dare
I say it--magnificent. [[TV: Window]] Across Europe, the conflict
over religion drew in an extensive cast of characters—among them both high-born aristocratic
women and common women rioting in the streets of major cities. Luther himself had argued for the equality
of souls but an inequality in public life, writing, “The dominion of women from the
beginning of the world has never produced any good; as one is accustomed to saying:
‘Women’s rule seldom comes to a good end.’ When God installed Adam as lord over all creatures,
everything was still in good order and proper, and everything was governed in the best way. But when the wife came along and wanted to
put her hand too in the simmering broth and be clever, everything fell apart and became
wildly disordered.”[1] Still, the “Protestant Reformation” had
a lot of appeal for many women. The idea of a direct relationship with God
via scripture encouraged common people, including women and girls, to learn to read. Protestant women set up schools for Protestant
girls. And of course in England, a woman ruled both
the nation and the church. Now even with the reign of Queen Elizabeth,
and the Edict of Nantes, the century-long lethal struggles over religion were not entirely
over, but several momentous changes had occurred: new ideas about human spirituality had been
born and taken hold across Europe; people so fervently believed in these reformed religions
that they left home and family to create new communities; new-style monarchs had aimed
for earthly power and begun to consolidate government, in part to pay for instruments
of religious warfare; Spain under Charles V and Philip II had gone from riches to rags
in order to enforce Catholicism. Next time, we’ll turn our attention to the
less political revolutions taking place in 16th century Europe--revolutions in commerce,
and agriculture, and urban development, as well as a transcontinental system of slavery
that created vast wealth for some, and absolute devastation for many others. Thanks for watching. I’ll see you next time. ________________
[1] Quoted in Luther on Women: A Sourcebook, Susan C. Karant-Nunn and Merry Wiesner-Hanks,
eds. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003)
121, 123, citing Luther’s Works, 55 vols. (Concordia Publishing Company, Muhlenberg
Press, Fortress Press, and Augsburg Publishing Company, 1955. “Lectures on Genesis,” Vol. I. ed. Jaroslav Pelikan, 1968, p. 137; “Table Talk
I,” no. 1046, p. 528.
