well good evening everyone well it is evening here we're in Northern Kentucky it's 8 p.m. East and Senate well okay 7:59 and 15 seconds we started a minute early just so that notifications go out and they have gone out I can see that I can see that on Facebook and we've already got questions or new to have with me dr. Nathaniel Jenson he's gonna do all the hard work tonight he's going to be answering questions this is part two of our question and answer time this will be the final in the series we can't keep going on like this for millions and millions of years we have to put a stop to it at some stage and this is it this is the final sistas number what is it dr. Jenson 25 till he's done 24 sessions which included a question-and-answer time and this is number 25 so it's coming up right now to 8:00 p.m. and we're going to start with the questions I thought think it's up with some of the ones on YouTube saying as they've been there for a while and some of them came in early and made some comments and starting and and so on so let me ask one of the questions here for instance so let's take our Hebrew Hebrew friend here and what is that Deuteronomy 6:4 we'll call that person out Deuteronomy 6:4 person okay so who are the basil Eurasians and who are they prompt Shem basically starts discuss about the basil Eurasians who are believed the ancestors of the Natufian I have no idea what he's talking about Nathaniel these are some very early cultures and I can answer a lot of the questions about early cultures at the very short we don't know yet because we don't have enough DNA sequences to say much that's definitive because we're dealing with DNA from 5000 men or less in terms of high quality sequences we just don't have enough genetic data at our disposal to say anything definitive so I'd love to know and eventually I think we will know it's just we don't know yet okay so we've got a number of questions there that particular person and maybe I'll ask this one give some others opportunity are the Israelites from haplogroup II can you discuss this oh no you mentioned the Israelites and haplogroup P at some stage but you want to talk further on that in episode 19 I think that's the correct number we dealt with the history of Africa and saw that there's this group a lineage that split several times and one of the most intriguing splits is between a1 b1 B that's an ugly name yes and a 1 B 1 a and the latter are much of sub-saharan Africa the former a1 b1 B our North Africa and I went through the reasons why this appears to be the result of the Muslim Arab conquest around the time of Muhammad and the centuries following what's intriguing is so you have sub-saharan Africa and perhaps the Arabian Muslims connected around maybe 500 BC perhaps through Egypt or Nubia so who were these people Israelites would have left Egypt thousand years prior but given the connections between Arabian Peninsula and Israel in terms of geography could there any link there I don't know yet I'm still anxious to find out can we find a genetic lineage that traces back to David to Abraham these sorts of things and again because we're dealing with ancient history for reasons I went unto in JEP Assad's 21 22 23 we're having to awaits more samples to say anything definitive okay so in other words you're going to come up with more in your book next year because I'm sure you'll do some more research before them as well but all this will be in a book for 2021 now somebody said here I've learned so much in this series DNA is amazing thank you somebody else said here this is Lindsey at 7:59 p.m. with the mutations compounding every generation would we have already gone extinct in the evolutionist time fine that's a good question because I've often thought about that myself I think how an evolutionist would respond what they would invoke as a rescuing device is natural selection and this is really intriguing because they often accuse creationists of using God as this magic wand and we we wave away all the problems with our model by saying well God did it and in a sense natural selection has become that for the evolutionist well natural selection took care of it anything that was too deleterious bippity-boppity-boo pan it's gone that's not to make fun of them it just they've made fun of us for invoking this in caricature did and those sort of becoming their own caricature sadly and I say so that for their sake but I think it shows the deficiency of their model they don't have a good testable prediction for these sorts of things and it's a fair question to ask I think they'd say well natural selection must have done it of course for that to be a scientific explanation they need to come up with some testable predictions and what I mean is and the reason I invoke this is because the evolutionists themselves have invoked this they've done this for about 40 years they say if you want to be they say that creationists if you want to be considered scientific if you want to place at the table in this discussion make some predictions that future observations could reveal to be true or false like gravity I've got my water bottle here and I let go gravity predicts it falls I'm holding it knee letting go is still future as of me saying this so prediction as it falls and it does so gravity is testable and still working here right where I'm sitting they want to see something similar in the genetic realm we've now done that so my book replacing Darwin put some predictions out there these y-chromosome data are really a fulfilled prediction so not only is the creation model meeting the gold standard of science it's succeeding and I've yet to see a good rejoinder from the evolutionists or a corresponding testable prediction from their camp so right now it is accurate to say their idea of natural selection is a is a form of God did it by their by their standards so right now the creation model is the scientific one by their standards and the evolution one is pseudoscience and this is not to be pejorative this is by the criteria they leave they've laid out for decades and you know Nathaniel that reminds us that when you're talking about evolution like that it's a belief otherwise you know they wouldn't be coming up with such a rescuing device like that and so a reminder of the difference between observational science and historical science as we've often said in which they don't want to even acknowledge okay so we'll go to some of the questions that we have sent in we had a lot more sent in as well but this one here who did decay paintings in France and when did they do those the dates I seem to recall or around 30,000 years ago what we can say now about these sorts of things comes not from looking at DNA from the people who did it per se but from taking DNA from living people and using what we know there to be able to come up with a correction factor for that mainstream date so this is episodes 21 22 23 right around there and so in the 30,000 year realm this would put it if I recall correctly somewhere between Babel and Joseph's famine we also in episode 23 I think it was talked about some of the dynamics of Stonehenge in England could people have gone out from Babel come back to Egypt gone back out again because they say there's these two three stages of building it could these have been close relatives of the people who went to stone inch because thirty thousand years versus six thousand years by the mainstream timescale we're talking that many years ago really is a very small gap of time and that's for me very fascinating to think about those who are divorced as never having seen the light of day in terms of their history yet now our almost contemporaries if the time skill is corrected so these people may have known the builders of Stonehenge for all we know it's that the conversion timescale that allows us to say something more definitive about them okay this one from violet does the argument that Africans married younger addressed more why chrome son changes I heard it used for mitochondrial DNA yes good question I think someone had submitted this as well so maybe I can kill two birds with one stone here could we invoke shorter generation times is I think another way to say this for the African Y chromosome data so let's back up for a moment if you recall from previous episodes looking at the African branches the sub-saharan African branches some of those look very long they look like outliers and if you just saw it for the first time you might say what does that is that someone mutating into the future no it's it's likely they've mutated faster the question then is is it because they've gone through more generations they just marry younger have kids marry younger have kids and so after 4,500 years one group goes through 400 generations but outside of Africa it's 200 generations that's a possibility to consider it's something i've considered for the mitochondrial DNA and there is some historical data going back to the 70s indicating that in African countries ladies may have married younger on average than those in non African countries I haven't seen such data for the males in Africa there doesn't seem to be at least in the 70s this sort of difference of course the question that arises could there have been a historical difference we also can calculate what happens if in theory they've gone through more generations and it looks like if I'm remembering my unpublished paper correctly I think we've done this and shorter generation times are still insufficient sorry my screensaver keeps coming on here because I have a PowerPoint open it seems to be insufficient to explain the length of the branches so I think you even if you invoke shorter generation times marrying younger it's still not enough to explain the full length of the branches I'm suspicious that it's simply a faster per generation rate so the idea is and maybe kill a third bird with one stone here people are wondering how can you talk about a constant rate of mutation when you say Africans are faster it's a little non-intuitive and complex but it's basically I'm saying every generation every generation for most people it's about 2 to 3 mistakes that happened and that's constant generation to generation generation that seems to work and that seems to explain the data that we see I'm saying for Africans it might be faster but still constant for them it might be four to six every generation and constantly four to six every generation four to six four two six four to six so that after 4,500 years they end up with these longer branches versus those who have the slower mutation rate in both cases it's constant but the absolute value of the constant rate is what distinguishes the two and I think this will turn out to be true okay well here's one that was sent in way to the Mary people come from so a good question for a Australian neighbors there well hey what New Zealand is right yes yes but maybe I'm maybe I've invoked it a rivalry that I should not have I was thinking neighbours but perhaps it's like a New York versus everyone else in sports I don't know since I've been born and raised here you can tell me yeah it should of like that okay so forget the Australian connection people from New Zealand Maori people's what's their heritage even in mainstream science scientists would say the New Zealand islands and the Mari people's arrived very late in history maybe 1200 AD I was shocked to find this out to myself when reading up on this linguistically I think they're in the Austronesian language family archaeologically when you date the remains that they see there again again it looks like it's quite light so what is there y-chromosome lineage that's a good question I think some of these might be in Group C which we still if you remember from episode 16 there's still some uncertainty about where exactly that originates I've been doing some more mapping of group O which is East Asia and we didn't get a chance to talk about this I think it was episode 9 where we talked about the ancient Chinese connection to modern Europe I'm beginning to see in the major subdivisions of group owned East Asia that Oh 1 o 2 O 3 those are the main subdivisions those may correspond to these major language families one of them being the Chinese sino-tibetan family another one being a Southeast Asian tiger dye family the third one maybe Austronesian which is supposed to originate Taiwan and then dispersed down into Indonesia eventually get over to Madagascar and also into the Pacific so linguistically we've got some good clues archaeologically we've got a fairly late arrival I have to double-check on exactly the y chromosomes that they're found in there is one study where they sequence a my or a person he ended up in group I and sadly I think that's probably more reflection of European colonization not that they came from group i but this my orion dividual likely has a european dad at some point in his family tree like so many latin americans we're only 20 percent of them have the the native american sequence the rest are European or African descent so that seems to be as much of the stories we can say at this point and with more y-chromosome sequencing and I've had some messages too from people on Facebook saying you should dig into the oral traditions and there's controversy about whether or not there were people there before them hopefully we'll have some more of those answers by the time the book comes out okay well this one at 8:10 p.m. haplogroup II - the 38 / e - M - was found among Ramses the third of New Kingdom Egypt can you discuss this you know well it is also the same haplogroup of Naga Khan Niger Congo and Bantu people right I'm not answering that question the short and boring answer is the DNA from people who've died Rameses pharaohs so forth it appears to be unreliable in its quality in its implications there may be something we can eventually glean from it but right now the sequences that we have that have been published do not match up with what we know from history it seems like either the DNA is degraded or they underwent some sort of hyper mutation the fact that it's seen consistently not only in the inner tools but stuff that's more recent tells me this is probably DNA degradation I don't think that everyone who's died just so happens to have a hyper mutation rate I think what this is so we may never know what the DNA of these people were if we extract it from their cells what I'm hoping we can do is make some inferences from those who've survived and begin to sort of work backwards in history and put the pieces together to say okay this is the most likely explanation for who the Egyptians were back then and who the Pharaohs were but at this point that the published statements on these sorts of ancient DNA people's their hapless I don't find to be reliable okay one here at 8:13 p.m. from I don't I don't not sure I even game to pronounce other name a limit limit at E anyway please answer my question okay we're gonna try to do that what is the Y chromosome lineage of the Pacific Islanders eg Tonko Islands and Samoa etc another good question this is it depends on exactly where you are so let's put the big picture framework in view and put these islands specifically within that context if you go to the Australian Aborigines and some of the people of New Guinea I guess you could say Melanesians what they tend to have are these very ancient s K and M haplogroups they look like they're the descendants of those who got there first they got there early and they just stayed there and you don't find those lineages hardly anywhere else in the world so that's an interesting story in and of itself there's also some significant input from groups see and again we don't exactly know what this group C is because you can find a dispersion of C lineages around 800 BC you'll find them in Austria the Australian Aborigines people of New Guinea India Japan Siberia so it makes you wonder where did it come from in the first place we speculated it in episode 16 on the possibility of there having been an African migration over towards Australian Aborigines the puna Guinea and perhaps even as the Americas perhaps not group C but something even earlier and the lineages of the tongue Island Samoa and so forth reflect some of the New Guinea Melanesian import inputs I have to double check the paper offhand so I might have to get back to me on this and I'm just trying to remember for the many papers that have been out there I think there's also some group Oh so this could be some of the migration from Taiwan downward if that's if that's a correct narrative looking at languages you have the in mainstream science they say the Austronesian languages start in Taiwan they move south to the Philippines Indonesia then spread outward skirt New Guinea and going to the Pacific then and this then is my orys and and so forth so on the northern coast of New Guinea you tend to see more of this intermixing partial New Guinea skm sea input and partial I think of this group oh so I apologize don't remember the answer offhand but that's as best as I can recall for that specific region of the Pacific okay we've got another question with Cindy and then we'll come back to Priscilla who has a funny question for you and a serious question but we'll come back to her in a moment so let's go to one of the ones sent in can you see the Late Bronze Age collapse of civilization and the y-chromosome dieter and could it be real as well as a result on the end of the Ice Age and other timeframes are different from secular the biblical but I see Joseph's family as famine as close in circumstances and that last point I think is very intriguing and perhaps the key to unlocking this so if you take the mainstream dates for this Bronze Age collapse where you have cultures just collapsing apparently and convert them to biblical dates with with the charts we talked about depth so it's 21 to 23 if I recall correctly they fall right around the time of Joseph spammin so it's something I have begun to look into even before this I had wasn't able to reach any sort of definitive conclusion it's something I intend to look into further and there may very well be this cause-effect relationship to this biblical event that I've neglected for years but may have these dramatic worldwide and archaeological and the consequences we haven't noticed before okay so with dr. Jensen rattling all this stuff up about history and he's PhD in biology from Harvard and he knows all these names and everything I mean some people might think you're just a robot but Priscilla asked the question what do you snack on when you're doing your best research and then she asked a serious question is there a curriculum that reflects the biblical worldview and some of your research for homeschoolers I would say that some of my best research because I'm an idol happens after the hours of 10:00 p.m. so some of these key discoveries were kids go to bed wife goes to bed and I just gotta know the answer to what's going on and that's that's kind of been that the story that's been true for in many cases tend not to snack so I apologize don't have a good answer there if you'll put the question back up I was caught up in a funny question in terms of curriculum ken might be able to speak to this more with respect to this research we've been discussing this is not yet in any curricula in fact some of what you've heard in this series was announced here for the first time because its conclusions I've come to even as developing the powerpoints for these presentations in particular I'm thinking of episode 19 for Africa I was scrambling to put together presentation and began to map out the various subgroups and then it struck me how much they matched language and it was really shocking and I've begun to map out as I mentioned earlier some of these the geography of the subgroups within group oh and that's when it hit me again like oh wow these seem to match linguistics so this is all very much work in progress groundbreaking research it's not in print elsewhere yet you've got the technical basis behind all this in the the papers so let me share this screen real fast I'm going to put this up in case people want to find more about this see if I can this way the best place I'd also encourage if a home school is to get bode Hodges book on the Tower of Babel food because that just giving a different perspective of course but it's dealing with the same issue of people groups coming from the Tower of Babel and this person also asked will your new book have more linguistic information pertaining to this topic there'll be linguistic information as it relates to the genetics and as it relates to understanding the history so to me it plays a big role and understand the Pacific it can it can play a role I think in the East Asia Africa so forth I'm not personally a linguist so I don't have new insights to contribute in that field but I hope to synthesize what is my field genetics with these other lines of evidence as the book comes out I'm putting these papers up just so that people want to know where's that where's the print form this is technical papers again if that's what floats your boat you can find in some of the Supplemental materials links to the trees links to the papers so I'm taking some a lot of these data from mainstream papers you can find links there as well if that's what interests you I think I'd seen that a question elsewhere so putting these actors to that it's on the video and people can dig into it further if they're interested so answers research journal is our own peer-reviewed research journal and right now it's free and you can go to the Answers in Genesis dot org website or just do a google search on answers research journal it'll come up with the actual URL that you can go straight to it and you can find those papers there's lots and lots of papers there and also it's a topic geology biology astronomy anthropology and it has a number of papers there from dr. Jensen including these three so people take note of that if they want to go there then they can get a lot more information so okay another one of our recorded questions so how can you be sure the y-chromosome changes of mutations happy at rigidly fixed rate and then also say part of Africa had be slightly different I think you've you basically answered this but I just wanted to to make sure that you say it again for that person if needed yes that's this is this is the question I was thinking of when I was trying to kill three birds with one stone so what I said earlier is is the answer to this question okay so let's go back to one down here someone asked are you hoping to get your PhD through this series well you've already got a PhD in biology are you gonna do any more you know particularly formal studies on this Nathaniel probably would lead you in the wrong direction anyway you want to you want original research right I don't see myself getting a PhD in history through this to me a good PhD education if any of our viewers are considering this in the sciences for research is one that teaches you research skills and when I was in graduate school as a PhD student most of the lab members that I worked with it or either technicians who usually had a bachelor's degree and did work for many of the PhDs or post doctoral fellows they had the PhD but where this sort of had that that proved it a couple years of their career before they got an academic or an industrial job pharmaceutical job and I observed that some of the post doctoral fellows had gone through their PhD and were quite competent in understanding designing originating research questions and others I got the impression seem like they had their hand held and the lab supervisor did a lot of the supervision and and they floundered some they seemed to struggle as they were sort of tossed into the deep end and had to do it so this is sort of a rabbit trail on on PhDs but to me the point of a PhD is to teach you the skills you need to learn and dive into any field and to know what you don't know and where to go to find the information so I feel like Harvard gave a very intense rigorous training in that respect and wanted to quit several times but by the grace of God was able to persevere I feel like I've come up with skills to go through it and then know what I know and what I don't know so it I feel like it's by the grace of God give me great freedom to tackle all sorts of things and to swim in many ponds and this is the one I've found an immensely fulfilling and exciting and I trust many of the viewers have found all that we've discovered exciting as well I think it's great when you can do some refreshing research something new and actually you know thinking outside the box and looking at things in a different way I think it's absolutely fascinating so Paul asks which group did the Kurds descend from how likely is it they're descended from Abraham good question I have yet to see Kurdish y-chromosome data it may be out there so I apologize I haven't seen it yet in terms of likelihood from descent from Abraham that to me is a question of ancient history and again we just don't have that the y-chromosome data yet and sufficient numbers to be able to say definitive thing x' about times in the past so this is probably not something we'll have by 2021 this is book 1 and hopefully a series of books but the pace at which genetic research is happening people talked about the thousand genomes project and the hundred thousand genomes project or 100 thousand genomes in Asia and the million genomes project I anticipate in the near future perhaps even in my lifetime we'll have enough data where we can begin to look at these ancient history questions ok so somebody said here that you've got some good links on your Facebook page so do you want to tell people about your Facebook page before we go to the next question yeah if you just google my name on Facebook Nathaniel Jenson I've got a couple pages I did one for my book that I did on the Origin of Species in Darwin so that book was called replacing Darwin that that has its own page I wanted to set up a space for people who can ask questions especially skeptics because I've written the book with with an evolutionist in mind a student who had grown up never hearing of creation never even doubting evolution so that they would then pick up this book and say wait a minute this is not anything I've heard before and it forces me to question what I've held to be true for so much of my life and that's a traumatic process and I wanted to be able to give people a space to work through that and I also wanted a space to be able to answer questions for folks so that's what I've used it for as well as a place to post links the thing I promoted the series on their articles that I've done so that's the overall purpose of the page and people can find me there as well okay so I just post another question from the recurring studies and references and ethnicities being of Asian origin is it safe to say most of the world has Asian ancestors this is a question I've thought about myself as we've as I've gone through this data but is everyone going to end up being of Central Asian origin you've got much of Europe 60% or so of Western and the eastern europe you've got a good chunk of India that's of Central Asian origin of course middle east of Central Asian origin I argued in episode 18 that much of the Middle East today is of Turkish descent on and on and on it goes the Chinese East Asians appear to be fairly isolated of course they're Asian so that checks the box as well the Pacific peoples look like they descend from this group Oh many of them so there's Asian origin the Australian Aborigines do have an ancient lineage that's not connected in from my view to Asia of course what we need to remember is at what point do you say they have Asian origin because the arc lands in Mount Ararat which is somewhere the Middle East that's technically Asia so all of us in a sense of Asian origin but I think the question is more along the lines of recent Asian origin Africa also again appears to be isolated sub-saharan Africa in particular though thinking again of the famine in Egypt and people coming out of Egypt and and some of these groups apparently moving into Arabia then back into northern Africa there's Asian connections there as well the Americas we looked at group Q has central asian origin so let's just review all that Europe most of Europe good chunk of India you've got the Middle East of course by definition China South East Asia Asian Pacific is Asian the Americas are Asian it's really only Papua New Guinea Australian Aborigines and sub-saharan Africa that might be able to be called non Asian in origin but Asia really does dominate the globe in terms of the y-chromosome lineages it's quite remarkable so there's a there's a question here from Elvira actually Elvira wasn't a famous song do you remember who's saying that how good of you at that terrible the Oak Ridge Boys okay okay all right so with so much false information out there how do you know your sources are true and accurate you know I think today we're so much out there on the internet and or people don't even know what to trust and what to not trust so how would you answer that good question and it depends on what we're looking at when I'm dealing with the y-chromosome it's almost a habit now I go for the raw data I was just in discussions the collaborator this week about another seemingly genealogy study it's not necessarily father/son but this is genealogies have Kazakh people going back maybe to the 1400s and there's a lot of red flags in the published conclusions and results that just so happened to match the expectations of evolution that made me suspicious and you dig into the raw data and it looks like I think they just discovered another young Earth conformation don't know you'd have to look at it but that's sort of my default now especially when it comes to science especially when it touches things that deal with creation evolution there are so many examples of people of evolutionists forcing facts to fit conclusions that it's right to be suspicious and that doesn't mean they're dumb they're very smart people but it seems that as soon as you get to this origins issue suddenly evolution rules and all data must be filtered through it it's it's it's really crazy okay there was another one oh let me post this one in here and it says are you assuming Noah had no more children after the flood yes and I think we have good biblical justification for this Genesis nine it says now the three boys exited the Ark and from these three the whole earth was repopulated and to me that excludes no one has wife having any more children or if they did could you speculate maybe they had a daughter or son maybe but I think by that first they could not have contributed to the repopulating of the rest of the world so if you want to know who we come from those three boys that's to me the biblical answer and that's what I've been going with and I just put there as a comment really Genesis 919 the three were the sons of Noah and from these the people of the whole earth were dispersed and so that's the verse you're actually referring to yes so okay so there's a question here can you discuss how agree haplogroup II connections with afro-asiatic somatic is also afro-asiatic and the two Natufian x' also connected to haplogroup e & proto somatic i would defer to episode 19 because there you can see that the the language family listed here after AC Alex the language family includes Hebrew and such that's basically North Africa and the haplogroup II 1 B 1 B is a very tight match with the geography so and we looked at Europe and saw that language and genetic lineages matched quite poorly and Africa they match quite well and this is one of those cases where afro-asiatic and E 1 B 1 B lined up very well afro-asiatic stretches also into the Arabian Peninsula but that's where I think that the Turkish Ottoman Empire conquests have brought the genetics into disagreement with the language but in North Africa there seems to be a pretty tight match in episode 19 I go into much more detail okay well I just put up another question there that was Sandeen would new major trees be found with additional samples in other words that is you know more alphabetic letters needed or is the Jenna tree going to stay in the same basic form I would say that the tree as we have it appears to me because it's matching what we know from history so well I think that then this year we got this stream we got these major branches coming off in that sense the structure is going to be the same I don't we suddenly discover oh this is whole set of lineages we never thought existed before that are much deeper much more ancient I don't anticipate that happening what I do anticipate this is actually a testable prediction you can find out more about it in one of the papers I published I think there will be more letters and the way you can predict this again is just from looking at the history of human population growth the number of branches in our tree reflects the number of people alive at any point in time in a relative sense and once we exhaustively sample the globe in an absolute sense because it appears that the y-chromosome mutates every single generation every time there's a son born there's a new branch of the tree and then he has grows up to have sons and more branches and more branches and so if you sample the entire globe you should be able to see every single branch at any point in time so just to give an example mainstream sources say in a thousand BC there's old 50 million people 20 Vissel let's say 25 million men if we sample the globe exhaustively there should at the thousand BC point end up showing around 25 million branches now that's just taking them at face value not considering the question of how many of those actually survives to give offspring to the present day but that's just sort of a ballpark number example so we probably will quickly run out of letters of the alphabet to designate these deep lineages but as more and more people have been sequenced we're already beginning to see deep lineages emerging that don't rewrite somehow give us a new tree but they're beginning to fill in some more of these deep branches where there's only 26 branches or fewer letters of the English alphabet there's more that are being added in slowly near these very deep points so that's that's a prediction of what this model has put forth and I think we're already beginning to see it fulfilled because a question on YouTube here from raw Matt and I might just preface this by saying and I want to make sure I'm saying it right here dr. Jensen but you know as we in regards to the human skin color I mean there's one basic color I mean there's some different pigments but the main pigment is Marilyn it's a brown pigment so we don't say there are different colors we say different shades and there's not really true black and there's not really true white okay so this question says would skin color prove young earth creation since black and white skin race genes have not reached fixation I heard just 378 genetic loci six total genes codes for all skin colors or should we be saying shades I'm trying to wrap my mind around the question and I don't know that I I quite follow it I don't know that the evolution model predicts anything specific about dark versus light shades and their frequencies of where they should be my impression is this is basically an after-the-fact going back and say does it match evolution so I can't think of anything offhand in this particular realm and subdivision of genetic considerations that would point one way or the other it's really a question at the end of the day of the DNA in the nucleus the autosomes is the technical term are I should say the DNA inherited from both parents and we've largely avoided that because the signals from our ancestors in the DNA that's inherited from both parents get diluted by half every generation so it gets lost very quickly and that makes the math of comparing creation evolution very complicated so we've largely not discussed it and I don't know how much we can say definitively about it because it deals with that compartment okay so when I just posted I wonder if the Sumerians were pre flood I would say based on the the layers in which they're found topmost layers all the young earth geologists I would say talk to it say no that's all post flood so they're ruins they're archaeological ruins do not look like they're in layers that could be pre flood they're all post flood and so there would be part of that descent from Noah okay somebody here made a nice positive comment I've so enjoyed the series this is Darlene sad that this is the last and it's seems like it's been going on forever doesn't it and thankful for all the programs provided through the shutdown nearly we worked hard through the shutdown as you know and we all worked hard here a lot of programming this one we did a lot of other programs as well but this gives me a lead-in to say because of all that because of these programs and the many others that we did during the shutdown a supporter came alongside us to build for us in one month which is absolutely unheard of our own streaming platform and so now we have our own answers TV streaming platform and by July 4 we're going to have all the apps you know for Apple TV for Roku the Google devices and so on that'll all be available by July 4 which is not far away and you can get a seven day free trial when you sign up at answers on TV can get it from anywhere in the world and all this series will be on there and you can even leave comments on answers TV as well and I know that it's just phenomenal that we've actually been able to do that so answers on TV and it works out it just a just over $3 us a month if you get a year's subscription very inexpensive we got over 2,000 items on there right now and for all ages kids and old technical laymen conferences will be live-streaming future conferences on here too so let me paste in another one of the questions that were sent in could hunters and gatherers could hunters and gatherers have survived the famine animals seemed to have survived through it okay question mode and if you leave that up for me what I also want to put in a plug for answers TV because I've worked with the video guys on this the video quality is very high so if you've tried to watch this on youtube or yeah you may have tried to squint a look at the maps they've done a great job and even have redone some of the early presentations the the quality is really good so it's I'd highly recommend it now to the question and the the larger question is what happens to those if there are people who don't make it to Egypt and to what Joseph has done to help people survive animals seem to have survived now did animals survive before I answer the question let's raise the question that the one seems to assume the answer that seemed to be assumed here from people who look at the fossil record and look at the uppermost layers that Pleistocene layers there's plenty of animals that no longer exist some of these megafauna massive creatures that we don't find anymore I wonder how many of those extinctions may have something to do with the end of the Ice Age perhaps to the worldwide famine I guess I'm questioning the premise of that second one did they survive how many animals are gone now because of this worldwide famine change in climate do the ice agents and so forth so I would say and that's the second one they may not have survived very well and if there were folks far from Egypt or folks who stubbornly refused to go who knows there's all sorts of scenarios you can think of I I would also wonder how well-equipped they would be to to make it okay and then another question that was sent in this is an interesting one does your population model air you to shed light on if it was possible it was possible for Jacobs family of 70 become 2 million within 250 / 400 years during their sojourn in Egypt I guess is talking about the long or short sojourn given a higher than average level of fruitfulness I haven't done it Rob Carter has done this he's another PhD geneticist he's a much better computer person than I am and he's got some collaborators as well where they've done very detailed calculations age of the father and whatever parameter you want to look at they've basically modeled and it's quite plausible I can't remember offhand if it has any impact on the long versus short sojourn debate but he's the one who's a much better expert on that than I am and from what I've seen I've had no qualms at all with the length of their stay in Egypt and whether or not it's possible to give rise to all these people it's it's quite plausible based on what he's published ok so another one I just pasted in there how does Clovis culture fit into the euro raised in Eurasian the kind pronounce it right tonight to America's migration what is significant of the French Basque populations two very interesting ancient history questions Clovis being one of the first archaeological sites in the United States typically dated around that fifteen thousand years ago timeframe in the mainstream model so this would put you pre joseph´s famine and again we need to rethink a lot of these things when we convert the dates so perhaps a mainstream person would look at this site and that site and they're implicitly thinking okay this is thousands of years here and thousands of years here there and and understanding this in terms of succession of people's need to convert those dates and maybe they're 50 25 years apart could this and this and this all be the same family moving from place to place so what is the Clovis culture it's very early it appears to be pretty famine who it is we don't know yet again one of the outstanding research questions is who were the first peoples in the Americas and to me the way to answer it is to begin sequencing lots of Native Americans to see if a more ancient y-chromosome lineage shows up and this may then connect us back to this culture the Basque is also interesting and I'm trying to remember my linguistics offhand because Europe if I recall correctly has we I think of it as three major language families in fact yes this map back here you can't really see it because it's far away and it took me a while to pull up the PowerPoint that has it it's it's basically indo-european which is German French Spanish Portuguese Italian Romanian all the major languages of Europe primarily and then there's finno-ugric the Hungarian finished these these small set of languages it appears to be come from the Magyars the Central Asians who came at around the 900 AD Basque is this if I'm and I wish remember this offhand I think is this tiny little pocket that's a separate language family whatever it is there have been some French people who had their Y chromosomes sequenced recently and this is a study I didn't discuss in our series but one of these French individuals shows up as a very ancient H lineage and the H lineage is India of course linguistically indo-european stretches from Europe all the way over to India I'm googling now the Basque language and it yeah okay I think it's it's it's what I'm thinking it was it's the it's one of these ancient isolated language families what's their history perhaps the earliest Europeans well here we have this really ancient lineage first person I've seen in this lineage yet and it's connected to deep ancient India so again I'd hate to be a broken record but for these ancient populations we don't know yet but we've already were already beginning to gather data that's adding some very tantalizing clues as to who these people might be and as revealing connections that we may have never thought before or that language may have implied but that we've never seen on a family tree so this this is going to get very interesting okay so we can look at some of the questions that just came in live yeah okay you might I don't know whether you want to deal with this one or not it's from Billy T talking about the Book of Mormon theory that Native Americans are descendants from Jews do you want to comment on that the Native Americans we see today Group Q descends from a Central Asian group that also connects to this r1b lineage in Europe who does that lineage come from originally is this people who spread out from Babel or from Egypt after Joseph's famine and just settle down there in Central Asia for thousands of years and then decided later to starting you know 2,000 years later spread out or are these people and this is something I've wondered about are the Central Asians the remnants and we talk about this somewhat in episode 23 of more of these Middle Easterners could these could these Central Asian groups be ancient Persians who got bumped out and into Central Asia could they be ancient Assyrians who got bumped north these are all very intriguing questions so I don't yet have a firm answer to what the Jewish lineage is so technically it's hard to answer this question from the perspective of the latter part of this question and once we know if we can ever discover this the first Native American lineage that'll be another key piece of the puzzle before I can I can give it the different of yes or no and I know people want a defendant yes or no it's just it's a question for which you don't yet have all the pieces genetically okay so we'll go to one from standing for truth in a moment but I want to thank Michelle for the comment that there are other Answers in Genesis thanks for all you do to spread the gospel will help us to better understand the Bible we appreciate those encouraging comments and the support that people give so let's go to standing for truth do we have too many large linkage blocks in our genome and you can read it there dr. Jensen implying that there hasn't been much time to scramble and to randomness does this mean we can use these box to find Adams original genome so this is we can we rebuild Adam good question in terms of the Y chromosome unlikely but this is a question that's dealing with the DNA inherited from both parents and this is a long discussion for another day so I'm not gonna get into it in any depth just so we can get to some other questions but DNA is inherited in in sections it's not like your dad who has two copies of his DNA he starts mixing and matching all the all the various pieces so you're completely scrambled version of his two parents because he comes from two parents who passing the deed a DNA to him and so am i a completely makes up version of my grandparents no DNA DNA is inherited on each chromosome in chunks it's much easier to explain with diagrams but the amount of linkage that we have is a hotly debated topic among creation evolution and the many points of difference that we have that we bring to the question make it hard to compare them side by side so the evolutionists for example say we evolved over hundreds of thousands of years from a small group and and there's all these sorts of parameters you have to work through to reach an answer you might have four different parameters from the younger it's perspective that leads to a particular answer and so trying to compare them head to head when they're all these points of disagreement becomes challenging I go into this in more detail not necessarily this specific question but these types of questions in the episode I did with Simon Turpin who is from Answers in Genesis UK slash Europe you can again find it on our YouTube channel not under this series new history but it's separate under the videos maybe under the UK playlist I think he'll eventually be on answers TV but I think it's was Adam the first human being anyway it's something I did with him and we talked more about the history in our DNA inherited from both people and that might be something from from both parents that may be something that where we can go back to a good approximation of Adam and Eve because at the time of the flood you've got Noah with his two copies of DNA his wife she's got two copies of DNA now the three boys are gonna be a mix of them but then you also have the three wives of Noah's sons each with their two copies of DNA so among that diversity okay it's only a handful of people from Adam and Eve we may be able to get fairly close to what Adam and Eve would have looked like okay and stop that a monitoring this will see if one of them can find that link to that program you did with Simon Turpin and see if we can put in there and I'm sure it's going to be on answers TV as well so I just pasted one in is the atlantean DNA still in the DNA sequence and I didn't even know what Elaine T in DNA is you gonna have to tell me I think this is a question along the lines of the the lost city of Atlantis which I was wondering that people talk about myth and such well even mainstream folks my wife and I were just watching something either on Netflix or National Geographic Disney Plus trying to look for the lost city of Atlantis could there be some kernel of truth behind this ancient story and actually had someone ask me seriously saying given your new view into the ancient past can you see it and it's worth asking the question and again the broken record answer that I give is not yet but maybe in the future with a more comprehensive sampling on the globe could we get into some of these long-standing unsolved mysteries okay and some once a day we have a lot of questions you know I'm sorry we're not going to get to them all but hopefully you can answer some on your Facebook and maybe get to some of these in the future personally but this one here I thought I'd put this one out because this is to challenge you in regard to strengths and weaknesses Oh on your own research and what you're doing and can you talk about those in your own self analysis what is the greatest reasonable scientific criticism weakness of your Y chromosome tree reanalysis let me answer it two ways one by back up and saying what do we know right now what have we been able to discover what sort so there's the strengths side of it and on the other side is what's the weaknesses so in terms of the strengths I'd say this goes beyond that mitochondrial DNA that's right the the genetic compartment the DNA that I clock that I worked on first we covered it in episode five there we saw evidence going back to 6,000 years ago we saw a potential echo of the three wives of Noah's sons at the time of the flood dispersion at Babel all those were very intriguing very reassuring and tantalizing for exploring for future research well for technical reasons we couldn't dig deeper with the y chromosome we have been able to dig deeper and we have more lines of evidence to support this as a confirmation of the biblical timescale not only do we have father-son mutation rates get the sequence of dad and of son and how fast or how slow does it go that's the type of analysis we're able to do with the mitochondrial DNA mothers and daughters grandmothers and granddaughters we've not been able do that with Y chromosome and we again see a confirmation the biblical timescale the mitochondrial DNA we could reconstruct a family tree and see the echo of three wives of Noah's sons I think with the Y chromosome we can see a point where they go back to the beginning maybe even an echo of Joseph's famine so there's again parallels to me where we can go beyond this is we've also been able to take not just this short window approach the most recent segment of history fathers and sons we can go back to ancient history and say does that does the shape of human population growth from the Y chromosome family tree look like what we know from ancient history this is something we've been unable to do with the mitochondrial DNA because of statistical noise and this window is a strong confirmation and it's what I keep returning through time and time again when I see new data or I see something that may contradict I think may contradict what's going on like but how do you explain this this hockey stick shaped curve how do you explain the fact that we can capture the population collapsed and recovering the Native Americans over and over again and independent data sets this is something I'm working on right now and hopefully be out sometime in the future the one window we haven't gotten as much insight into is is in between the very short and very long so let's say you've got a family tree that goes back to the 1400s that's something we haven't gotten to yet so there's something a potential testable prediction in the future and just in general the field of DNA sequencing we're pushing the boundaries of it there's still some uncertainties it's still a little bit of an art and not always a science when you get the raw sequence so those are the things I think of when you say what are potential weaknesses this is a field that's still working itself out not just me but the mainstream scientific community yep well I posted a question there but someone did make a comment do someone ask and receive an answer about the hypothesized fast mutation rate in the African line yes that was discussed earlier so they can go back and and watch that there's a question there about peleg and of course some people think peleg refers to oh there must be division of continents but that wouldn't make sense because that sort of division would destroy the earth and create a global threat that so it's obviously in the context of the Tower of Babel so how does the world being divided you in the time paling fit with the model of the spread being limited by water filth and Vasia or melt back cutting away in bridges because that depends on the model of the ice age and when that happened and that's about as much as I could say depends on who you talk to geologically and it's not my field so I'll defer to them that doesn't easy I get down to that one so I know that there are some different models on that and we will look at this this is one I thought you know we have so many other questions we could go on for a long time but maybe you know we need to bring this to a close as the final series so here's an interesting one and this one says this it says as a female how could I get into genetic testing that would go further than 23andme 23andme what's 23andme that's one of the popular commercial genetic testing companies so we're in the US a day before Father's Day some of these companies are having Father's Day sales get your dad to find out who he's from get a y-chromosome test that sort of thing 23andme family treated it DNA ancestry.com these are some of those places this is an important question because females do not have the Y chromosome and we've spent episode after episode saying it's the Y chromosome that's the key to human history so does that leave females high and dry without any insights into their ethnicity no it just becomes a little bit more involved to find the answer so and it's applicable to men what you get from the Y chromosome is your paternal inheritance well what about my mom's side what do I do there what I've been interested in doing is having her brother or his son one of my cousin's male cousins get their DNA tested what about my wife's line what am i kids gonna think about their family tree okay they get their y chromosome the boys get the y chromosome for me but what about my wife's ID and then there's rumors of a Native American in the family tree and could there been an African person how do you find that out well you get her dad tested for her maternal inheritance so for her from her mom my kids grandmother you find one of her brothers it's just you find the male relatives so the females have a little bit more of a challenge but it's not like it's a unique challenge the males have this same question as well I only get half of my history with the Y chromosome through dad's side if I want my mom's side I'm sort of in the same boat as the females and so you just find other male relatives and the more you can do from the from the branches of your family tree the more you get to fill in that picture to understand your complex history which it's complex for all of us but that's what to me makes it so interesting and revolutionary and so applicable to many of the so-called race discussions that we're having today you know somebody said here let's go on for a long time somebody else said I could go all night and there's a comment here that I think is sort of funny but it's sort of true the series in a nutshell all of us are related all of us and that's it 25 25 programs and you're telling us we're much more closely related than what we think we are and we're all one race we're all one family and you've actually done a lot of research looking at the y-chromosome research to show how you can look at the history of all these groups and what their possible ancestry is going back to the three sons of Noah so dr. Jensen you know I'm gonna put the heavy on you here maybe I mean I didn't talk about this with you before but maybe now and then you could put one of the questions a really good question that covers new territory on your Facebook and maybe give a brief answer or something like that so people can follow you on facebook we couldn't get to all the questions we had millions of quick well maybe not millions but we had a lot of questions it seemed like me and I mean I've got pages more questions so people fascinated by this topic so to see the whole series the highest quality is our streaming service answers TV so go-to answers dot TV as I said by July 4th we'll have all the apps you can watch on roku and Apple TV and the Google devices right now you're watching on your smartphone and computer we've already got thousands of subscribers it's very inexpensive and of course you'll be doing some more programs you'll be actually doing another one our program for us soon that will be showing down there at the answer center of the Ark Encounter sort of summarizing a lot of this and we'll put that on answers TV and we have nature programs there with kids programs you have music teaching programs conferences our future conferences October conference for instance it will be live streamed through answers TV now I can go to the YouTube channel as well you get it there for free on YouTube and you with a playlist you'll see under Answers in Genesis YouTube dr. Nathaniel Jensen's playlist there for this particular series but I encourage as many as you possible to go to our answers dot TV and that streaming services we're just going ahead and leave some bounds it's like exponentially increasing so dr. Jensen okay any final comments to summarize everything before we close the night the video we're gonna do or the talk them to give in July is one word we do summarize all this but also talk about my own history and right now what I'm thinking of is calling it the hidden history of the human race or not who we think we are because I've discovered I've done genetic testing now myself of course to get my Y chromosome sequence and my own story is not what I would have thought it was being of German descent them I with my mother's side and French and bohemian and Swedish and who knows whatever else my father's side so this is this is a story that's growing and I'm sure many of our viewers and I've already gotten some questions on facebook how do I find out my own story this is that the type of thing we want to get into and apply then to the question of what does it mean to be of a certain race so to speak to even talk about races and and what is the story of each of us now that'll be the week of July 20 so sometimes you in the week is a tie 20 and we'll livestream it through answers dot TV we'll put it up there but that's something they can they can look forward to and again hey this has been an incredible series the book will be coming out in 2021 well that'll be part one of the book and then you'll continue to research this so when can be looking forward to that and will you be doing any more papers that'll be posted on answers resource journal I mean you put up before the three papers that are out there right now will you'll be posting some more up there to in the future I'm hoping to have another paper or two with additional datasets that confirm this now I haven't done the analysis yet so I don't know if it will or not and if it even be of sufficient quality again one of the the challenges that we face is the various mainstream datasets there varies of variable quality and and we're really pushing the edge of technology here to understand what's going on so there may be another paper or two the the main focus will have is putting a lot of what we discussed and print so there's a resource for people to look at it'll be a great resource if you do your own genetic test to say okay I'm in this group and chapters so-and-so says it's this okay now I know more about my history and again this is a story that will grow event you'll be able to connect this I hope and anticipate to the ancient question so yes I'm of Central Asian descent but Central Asian descent is also of this descent and of this descent and this is sent there won't be just a single story for any of us it'll be a long connected story that eventually goes back to the flood itself so that to me makes it personal it drives at home brings the Bible close to home and connects all of us in a way we've never thought about connecting to one another before so this is why I encourage people keep in touch with Answers in Genesis org our research journal answers research journal get on our mailing list email mailing us because when things are released or going to be live stream we often put out notices about that follow dr. Jensen on Facebook and what what name is it under Xander Nathaniel Jensen is that what they go to yeah Jensen I think there's a page you can friend so I think there's limits on that from Facebook there's a page you can like which I think it's unlimited and then there's a page for replacing Darwin I tend to post stuff at all three spots when I make announcements okay so I can follow you there well thanks around for watching we have now concluded there's twenty five part series and it's been tremendous and I think it's been one of the most popular series we have ever done so goodnight from Northern Kentucky and from the Creation Museum we're here in the offices of the Creation Museum dr. James his office I'm in my office we have staff here that are monitoring all this and helping us to make sure it all went smoothly and we'll have another series sometime in the future so with that good night for Northern Kentucky
