How Impressionism's Most Controversial Artist Craved Notoriety | Great Artists | Perspective

foreign [Music] the final Decades of the 19th century saw the City of Paris at the center of an artistic Revolution the birth of impressionism [Music] spite strong early criticism the paintings of impressionist artists such as Monet Renoir and pisaro would eventually be accepted as amongst the greatest of all time the same is true of the work of another painter closely associated with the Impressionists Edward Manet [Music] of all the artists of the age Manet was perhaps the most contradictory of them all they're regarded as a controversial and rebellious figure Mane spent his entire working life pursuing conventional Fame and Fortune though closely associated with Monet in particular Manet was not strictly an impressionist artist perhaps most importantly of all a painter now accepted as one of the greats was often unsure of his artistic Direction and deeply hurt by criticism of his work only at the end of his life did Manet achieve the Acclaim that his genius deserved [Music] eduard Manet was born in Paris on the 23rd of January 1832. he was the eldest son of August many a wealthy civil servant and Eugene Fournier a diplomat's daughter his days at school were undistinguished and he left without the qualifications needed to study law to the disappointment of his father instead the young man ate twice attempted to secure a place at The French Naval Academy when this also came to nothing he decided to turn to art during his school days he'd shown a talent for drawing attending special classes with antonym proust a boy who would become a lifelong friend therefore in 1849 Edward's wealthy father made available the funds to pay for his son to train as an artist in January 1850 manet's student years began the classical training for artists at that period in say the 1860s was studying from the live model they also went along to the Louvre where they would study sculptures classical sculptures mostly and paintings by the great masters of the past and they learn about techniques as well they'd learn how to make preliminary drawings how to transfer these onto the canvas and it was all a very complicated and very craftsman-like process his master was Thomas Couture an established 35 year old painter who worked within the academic tradition that dominated French painting at the time Couture's best known work Romans of the decadence painted in 1847 was a typical academic painting a massive idealized depiction of a scene from ancient history its dark tones smoothness of finish and intricate details were exactly what was sought by the juries of the academy or salon the official annual exhibition of French art so dominant with the salon that it was virtually impossible for an artist to become successful without his work being accepted for display there for many success at the salon would be an obsession throughout his life essentially the whole point of the teaching was to teach people to produce pictures that were based on classical mythology and the paintings all had a rather neutral tone the paintings all had a a similarity to them and it was expected that you conform to this particular rather rigid style and this became very much a straight jacket on artists working at the time because outside of that system there was really very little scope for one to become a professional artist or to sell one's work according to one well-quoted story the student Manet reacted quickly against the traditions of his master when Couture's Studio models adopted consciously epic heroic poses in front of him the young artist asked if they would buy radishes in the market with the same contrived posture there is no doubt that Manet did argue with Couture during his student days notably over the use of transitional color but their differences of opinion May well have been exaggerated by history Manet remained with his master for a full six years and continued to seek his opinion after striking out on his own by the end of the 1850s Manet felt he had completed his artistic training in addition to his studies with Couture he also attended the famously liberal Academy Suites just as Monet and Renoir did a decade later he studied the Old Masters in the Louvre and traveled extensively around Europe to see the greatest Old Masters for himself notably in Holland and Italy [Music] in his personal life he began a relationship with Suzanne leanhoff a Dutch piano teacher whose son Leon born in 1852 was almost certainly mayonnaise by 1858 he was ready to begin his adult career using his family money he rented the first of his own Studios and painted his first submission to the salon the Absa drinker unfortunately for Manet the painting was rejected by the salon jury it would become a recurring experience the absence Drinker when it came out was absolutely appalled the audience money said that he just painted scene of Modern Life and he couldn't understand why people were so appalled by it and they were appalled actually because it was a picture of low life so to speak he picked a person who was actually the local Rag and Bone man and he presented him as a subject for painting and here we have this man you can see him rather his eyes are in shade he's it's like a man who's the light's gone out in him personally he's a he's a ruined person and beside him you see this glass of absalth and it it seems to hover in space um it's almost like uh somebody once said it was like the Unholy Grail it's almost more like a mirage and uh Couture's tutor when he saw this painting said well there's only one abstract Drinker here and that's the person who painted it um and with that money turn and said uh I no longer want to paint classical paintings I want to be a modern contemporary artist and this is a modern subject despite the failure of his first serious canvas manet's family wealth enabled him to carry on painting and in 1861 he received his first favorable response from the salon with two of his canvases accepted a portrait of his parents and a picture of a Spanish singer this was the first of mayonnaise paintings to display an obvious Spanish influence at a time when a romanticized view of the Spanish way of life was popular in France thank you this influence on Manet continued over the following years in canvases such as 1862's Lola de villance a light and colorful depiction of a real Spanish dancer foreign he also painted bull fighting scenes including one that was accepted by the 1864 salon [Music] entitled episode of a bull fight the strong criticism it attracted gives a clear indication of manet's lifelong sensitivity depressed by the reaction he destroyed virtually the whole canvas by that time however many had become well known in paris's artistic community in fact he had become notorious in no small part this stemmed from the influence of the French poet and critic Charles baudelaire for years baudelaire had argued for a new kind of painting a visual art that would take as its subject matter not the idealized historical scenes favored by the salon but real contemporary life Manet met baudelaire in 1860 and the two men became closely acquainted soon Manet sought to become what his friend memorably termed the painter of Modern Life concert in the twilowies a small campus from 1862 represented his first attempt at this bold new artistic game believed that the artists should portray the heroism of Modern Life and that was what Manet was attempting to do in the concert he focused completely on the on these Theo bourgeoisie it wasn't classical goddesses and so on it was quite acceptable in a way because it was this class rather than the working class say like Kobe painted right actually on the very left hand side of the painting is money himself almost hidden against one of the trees behind a lady who wears a blue bonnet is both Leia himself and then you get also get people at Edmund Durante and you get fantana tour the painted Fanta on the tour so that most of Manny's friends are depicted in the painting also when we when we see the painting it has this very modernistic look to it curiously the eye isn't actually set down onto one particular part of the painting it seems to rather Scurry about picking up on one person and moving to another person that was in thought across the painting and in a sense that's very like what it would be like be actually in the park itself [Music] please there's a way to make an entrance my destiny it was now a conspiracy of witches download today [Music] perhaps fearful of rejection Manny chose not to submit let willowy to the 1863 Salon instead he chose to present a far more radical work that demonstrated his new modern approach it was another Park scene a canvas 11 feet long and seven feet high exactly the kind of proportions favored by the official show it would become one of the most controversial paintings ever Le deserb the picnic on the grass to Modern viewers the storm that this campus provoked can be difficult to appreciate it's a painting that displays an obvious debt to a great old Master the concert champet of the Renaissance Venetian Giorgione manet's use of the nude also followed in a long artistic tradition the problem was the context of the nudity it was defiantly contemporary as the clothing of the two men made abundantly clear nudity was acceptable within a historical or mythological scene to place it in the present day was nothing short of outrageous unsurprisingly the salon jury rejected the work however la de janeir received a full public showing the salon jury rejected so many Works in 1863 that the Emperor Napoleon III famously insisted that all the rejected Works should be shown together at a special one-off show at the salon building when this Salon their refuse opened there was no doubting the most talked about canvas critics and public fell over themselves in a rush to condemn manet's work some chose to criticize technical aspects of the painting with its rough brush work commented upon by many for most people however it was the Brazen nakedness of the main female figure that placed Manet Beyond The Pale his response was to paint an even more audacious image Olympia completed in the same year as la de janeir Olympia featured much in common with its notorious predecessor again there was the influence of a great Phoenician painting the Venus derbino of Titian [Music] the model used by Manet was victorine mural the same young woman who would posed for la de Janeiro and he once more depicted her in a scandalous state of undress even the painting's title seemed calculated to cause outrage Olympia was a contemporary phrase for a prostitute with Olympia again he didn't mean to shock he meant to bring a Renaissance kleining nude of a goddess up to date the fact that he used quite a well-known courtesan was probably a mistake on his part because this is what outraged people the men for example didn't want to go around the gallery with their wives on their arms and be confronted with someone that they knew in um in another world so to speak surprisingly the salon accepted Olympia for display at its 1865 event unsurprisingly it was greeted with a storm of protest public and critics again railed against what they considered an image of gross indecency the salon authorities were compelled to hang the painting high up on a wall for fear that it would be vandalized however the whole event was not a complete disaster for Manet The 25 year old Emile Zola wrote newspaper articles praising manet's approach opinions that lost him his job after complaints from readers mayonnaise notoriety also began to appeal to a small number of radical artists just beginning to make their way in the world a group led by a young painter from Le Havre Claude Monet [Music] at the time of the Olympia Scandal however we know that Manet felt the criticism deeply but it's difficult to believe that he anticipated a favorable response given the events of 1863. nonetheless Manet was depressed by the Scandal leading to scornful response from his friend baudelaire it's really stupid that you should get so worked up he wrote you're laughed at your merits are not appreciated so what do you think you're the first man to be in that position his whole emphasis was on importance of the Old Masters study in the lutherans on and of wishing to be recognized as part of mainstream Samo work I don't think he's disagreed initially with the reactions he got on the other hand uh it it rather frustrated him I think when you look at money um you can see that he both wanted to make an artistic statement but at the same time he wanted to present something that really shocked the public he was very much a revolutionary artist a very complex character in himself and I think a certain sense of becoming notorious um was part of his character criticism of manet's work in the 1860s derived not only from his choice of subject matter technical aspects of his work were also condemned way that manner approached his work was I suppose in essence the development of traditional summer on academic work but he had been concerned with loosening up his brush Strokes paintwork this was influenced from some of these study of old Master works plus his interest in in light and the way that this had an effect upon the figure this was new but his use of color was not impressionist yet he used quite a lot of black he used green he wasn't painting outside so he was doing Studio work and all these early works of the early 1860s are like this Mane's distinctive technical approach can be seen in his 1868 portrait of Emile Zola the vast expanse of black that makes up the writer's jacket is perhaps the painting's most dominant feature but Manet also makes obvious his liking for Japanese prints placing one beside his own controversial Olympia money was very much still wedded to a slightly older style of painting Japanese Prince had come into France from around about the middle of the 19th century and they have an image where once he's very bold statements very bold colors very large patterned areas and this affected almost all of the artists but one of the artists who it affected most was Edward Manet because he could see that it related very much to his way of working where he liked bold contrasts he didn't like the kind of half tone painting that one saw in academic painting and so that images which allowed him to make patent-orientated pictures was much more uh in tune with the way how he worked by the late 1860s Manet was not short of friends each evening he would visit the cafe Gerber near his studios in the batinol quarter there he became the focal point of a social group that included artists such as Monet Renoir dega basil pisaro and Cezanne these Cafe meetings have become legendary in the history of impressionism although we have no written record of the discussion that took place it was here that some of the greatest artists of History developed their own unique ideas these artists were in no doubt about their hero eduard Manet the controversies he generated at the salon had given him the status of a rebel by breaking with the conventions of academic art Manet had inspired others to do the same and at the cafe Gerber he sat Center Stage his notoriety admired by his younger Associates who became known as manet's gang [Music] he didn't want to be a leader of a painting movement he wanted to follow his own feelings about painting and he certainly didn't want to be a leader of people like the Impressionists who were all from a lower class than he was he actually got on better with Duggar who was an aristocrat and had more in common with him money was something of a Dandy and he lived up to this in fact so he was absolutely appalled when he had these argumentative younger men coming and saying he was wonderful at first anyway later on of course he began to learn from them himself perhaps the most striking visual reminder of manet's importance to his fellow artists is this Portrait by Henri fantim LaTour entitled a studio in the batinol quarter star of the painting is undoubtedly the painter at work Manet looking on we can see Monet basil and an almost reverential Renoir it's important to recall that when this canvas was painted in 1870 the only well-known figure amongst the artists depicted was Manet even if you was more Infamous than famous but Manet did not consider himself a revolutionary in the brochure for an 1867 exhibition of his work it was claimed that he had no pretensions to overthrow an established mode of painting or to establish a new one yet the exhibition concerned was a private one-man display of his work cited near the official Universal expositional it was an obvious challenge to The Establishment yet there can be little doubt that establishment success was what manate truly craved for money he wanted success but I think he wanted the success on his own terms and occasionally he went some way towards the establishment but essentially his attitude was that the establishment should come to him many students of many find this contradiction difficult to fathom perhaps there was simply a gap between Manet the painter and Manet the man this conflict which you seemed to have within himself between wishing to be accepted and not accepted I think stem from his his family background respectable middle class with careers in respectable jobs like Banking and law uh one felt all the time that at the very bottom that's what he would really like to be but the fates were against him at times and his own emotions at time led him astray I don't think Manny would ever be happy I think Manny was a somewhat unhappy figure all his life this is my own feeling about him I think there's always if he went one way he had a nagging suspicion he should be going the other way other way and so on I felt he was never quite at ease with himself politically mana's opinions were well known from childhood onwards he was a left-wing Republican opposed to the Second Empire in 1867 he painted his most overtly political work the execution of the emperor Maximilian it was an event very much in the news the French Emperor had installed Maximilian an Austrian nobleman as emperor of Mexico only to abandon him to enemy forces to depict maximilian's death by firing squad Manet borrowed heavily from goya's third of May but Incorporated his own unconventional approach to perspective [Music] this approach can also be seen in the balcony a canvas from 1869 that again shows goya's influence but the balcony is a significant work in its own right perhaps unknown to himself he was making discoveries about the representation of three dimensions on a flat surface the obvious thing is the balcony the the Ryan balcony which Cuts right across the center picture this is dead against all the teaching upon perspective proportion and the line he doesn't have to indulge in all sorts of tricks and illusions of perspective we recognize it as being people behind an iron front to a veranda the background likewise is not recession of color it's a it's a it's a dark area against which the figures are in flat areas of color are silhouetted so you have the Silhouettes figures which are against a dark background which therefore pushes them forward and yet are behind this this green balcony iron balcony which pushes it into the sort of middle space the balcony also gives an indication of manet's personal life at the time the woman in the foreground is Berta morriso an artist who had later become a key member of the impressionist School although Manet had married Suzanne leanhof in 1863 there is no doubt that Mane and morriso possess strong feelings for each other although the physical nature of their relationship is uncertain Manet executed many portraits of maurico and a physical affair with her would not have been out of character he was well known for turning his models into his Mistresses one such young woman was Eva Gonzalez who began to sit for Manet in 1869 and whose closeness to the artist was a source of concern to Berta morriso however this 1870 portrait of Eva perhaps fails to capture any feelings the artist had towards his model [Music] in July 1870 Manet and his fellow parisians were faced with problems far greater than those of Art the outbreak of the franco-prussian war different artists reacted in different ways to the news Manet like dagar enlisted as a gunner in Paris bazil's decision to fight cost him his life while Renoir took a safe posting in the South and Monet famously fled to London after the war and the horrors of the Paris commune artistic life returned subtly different from before significantly Claude Monet stopped submitting paintings to the salon having already pioneered the impressionist approach to light and color with his paintings of 1869 and 1870 he and many of his fellow artists now began to grow frustrated with salon rejections they grew convinced of the merits of putting on their own independent exhibition eventually in 1874 the first such show opened and was quickly christened the impressionist exhibition it featured the work of Monet Renoir Berta moriso dega Cezanne and Pizarro it did not Feature work by eduard Manet [Music] despite being perceived by the public as the leader of this new breed of artists Manet refused to exhibit with them his loyalties remained holy with the salon this was perhaps understandable in the early 1870s manet's art seemed to be paying dividends for him in 1872 he sold 28 of his canvases for over 50 000 francs to the dealer Paul Duran Royale the best known collector of impressionist work the following year he sold 15 Works to a wealthy opera star for twenty thousand Francs same year he achieved genuine Acclaim at the salon with Le bonbok a cheerful image influenced by the great Dutch portraitist Franz house but Le bonbok can hardly be considered one of manet's most significant works it's a painting designed purely to appeal to the taste of the salon jury which it did the bombok painting was a little bit of a cause for debate if you like within the impressionist group of all the paintings that money did it was the one which most appealed to the salon mentality he hadn't really painted a kind of robust painting that you should be doing but he'd actually said to his friends um you know why exhibit independently can't you see that I'm in on the inside so that it was partly he felt that he was beginning to win over the sound to his own ideas and that therefore he in the process should be able to bring the the other Impressionists with him this is an irony typical of Manet that in the same year he chose not to exhibit with Monet and the Impressionists he worked extensively with Monet and painted the most impressionist images of his career the summer of 1874 saw Mane stay with his friend at the Boating Resort of argentura on the river sane there he adopted the open-air approach of his younger colleague [Music] this is manet's famous image of Monet at work on his floating Studio boat it's interesting to compare this work with the balcony from five years before in the earlier work facial detail was lacking here it is almost non-existent a typically impressionist approach most emphatic in the depiction of Monet's wife Camille despite this Manet never completely eliminated detail from the human figure he was never an open-air landscape artist like Monet but boating also from 1874 provides a further striking example of manet's own brand of impressionism perhaps the greatest of manet's paintings that summer was again to you a depiction of a man and woman visiting the Riverside Resort it is an undeniably impressionist work with the artist deploying a far lighter palette to capture the light of an open-air scene just as effectively as Monet I think it was almost like a relaxation he could sit outside and paint Gardens and so on and because he'd become associated with the other artists Monet and Runway and people like that then he adopted their technique to a certain extent um even so though he always remained slightly detached from them so that his impressionism was only if you like up to a point he never actually went as far as the other artists I think we've always got to remember when we're talking about Manet and the Impressionists is that Manny himself is not really an impressionist it was in some of the works of manner that the clues were given to people like Monet and ranoir as to the way forward for them but uh the majority of his work is this struggle between him emerging from pretty much a classical past training and injury and these new ideas which were taken up and indeed enthusiastically fostered by these other artists [Music] the year after his summer with Monet Manet visited Venice where he painted the famous Grand Canal a vibrant image with choppy impressionist brush work and a shimmering sense of light the Grand Canal represents the conclusion of manet's most impressionist period it's possible that his ongoing sensitivity played a part in this although he must have been aware of the condemnation of the impressionist exhibition the year before in 1875 he submitted LA gangtiel to the salon though it was accepted it was almost laughed at the master is at the stage of a student of 20 wrote One critic having submitted so blatantly to sell on taste with Le bonbok two years before Manet felt the full Wrath of the Guardians of Orthodoxy again the criticism hurt in many ways 1876 was even worse for Manet The Salon rejected both his submissions and though the artist responded by holding a one-man show in his own Studio he appears to have been profoundly disillusioned his work rate dropped and his only significant canvas that year was this portrait of Milan a well-known poet who vociferously supported the Impressionists soon however manet's artistic difficulties would be Gravely overshadowed in 1876 he began to feel pains in his left foot he dismissed it as rheumatism even when he began to limp badly it wasn't it was locomotor ataxia a disorder of the nervous system closely related to syphilis it was also incurable and eventually fatal though only in his mid-40s Manet realized that his final years were upon him his reaction was to increase his output and for subject matter he turned time and again to the characters and places of the city with paris's cafes and bars providing his greatest inspiration no no no no no [Music] foreign [Music] such as 1877's the plum at 1879's waitress serving beer are typical of the period with the artist making clear once again his love of humanity [Music] fa scenes such as these were not unusual Degas absound from 1876 is a memorable example of the genre but whereas dega appears to hint at a moral message a canvas like mayonnaise inside the cafe concentrates on expressing the vitality and Humanity of the cafe that most famous of Parisian meeting places in his Cafe paint Imani was trying to paint as a scene of everyday life in fact changed from working outside like in the twilery Gardens two to doing actually impressionist work like more like Duggars in fact where he was working inside a cafe thank you despite the increasing seriousness of his illness many continued to pursue the mainstream success that had always eluded him in 1879 he wrote to the prefect of Paris offering to paint two large murals for the new city hall he received no reply the following summer he underwent months of hydrotherapy treatment away from Paris at Bellevue though profoundly bored he continued to paint still life's landscape and this Timeless canvas showing his elderly mother in The Garden of his country retreat [Music] but his health was now failing badly and the success he had always craved seemed to have eluded him but the ironies of manet's Life were not yet complete for the 1881 Salon he submitted portrait of Henry Rochford canvas depicting a well-known contemporary event The Escape of a commune leader from his prison on a French Pacific colony like the execution of Maximilian this was an overtly political piece of work whose anti-government message was obvious at the time however the salon had now changed its structure it was now under the control of a committee of artists not the French State and this worked to manet's Advantage whereas he could not even exhibit his first political Masterpiece the portrait of Rochford was not only accepted by the salon but awarded a medal this meant that Manet could now show his work there every year without fear of rejection by the jury at last he was the established artist he had always wanted be money towards the end of his life through some serious illness one feels that there are certain sense of enthusiasm went out of him on the other hand he had the it worked he got a body of work he got a pattern of work he's got a body of followers um and I think he rather sat back and uh and instead of trying to go forward and experiment again uh he was actually consolidating uh the work that he'd been doing meanwhile taste had rather gone on as well he had in fact um influenced the sound arm so that they were looking at a different work now looks at work and so on and I think that the combination of those things meant that he in a sense compromised I think that he he ceased to push forward the boundaries uh me and mother son I had begun to accept new ideas and he enjoyed the recognition which they gave him he had a medal and all sorts of honors and I think that was that was something which he he perhaps rather enjoyed when the rest of life was being somewhat disappointing better was to come in 1881 he was awarded the Legion of Honor his old friend Anthony proust had become government Minister for the Arts and used his influence to secure this ultimate in official recognition unfortunately Manet would not be able to enjoy for long his Newfound Acclaim he had less than 18 months to live but in that time he summoned his artistic efforts one last time to create the painting that remains his last and greatest Masterpiece the bar at the Folly Berger [Music] for his final great work Manet returned to the vibrant world of the Parisian Cafe although the famous Folly Berger was more than just a cafe its circus performers were also a strong part of its attraction Manor began the painting by making studies on the premises but his illness meant that the canvas was executed in the studio where the model stood behind a bar constructed for the purpose by early 1882 Manet had defied his increasing disability and completed his masterpiece it is a painting whose appeal is perhaps difficult to pin down having said that there are few students who denied this one painting its status as one of the greatest images of 19th century art to many people is regarded as perhaps his best work I'm not certain that it is necessarily one of his best um it certainly seems to bring together a number of the things of which he had been tackling throughout his life and which other artists like Monet and ranuar and Duggar and all sorts of others were also taking on the thing about it was that it actually provoked just as much criticism just as much scandal at the time as some of his earlier paintings and the reason for it um is rather hidden now but we can actually unravel it if we look at the painting the bar at the Folly Berger shows a young woman facing us leaning on a bar in the background until you look quite closely you don't really know what's happening because there is a mirror there so he put this mirror there to reflect what was going on in the rest of the room so that we could see it but it puts the young woman in a rather ambiguous position in between two different realities really now because we're looking straight at her and she's looking straight back at us then her reflection would be directly behind her but if we look at this painting her reflection isn't actually directly behind her it's off to the right and the painting is actually two viewpoints work together and the reason why her reflection is set off to the right is for the other person in the painting because right at the very right hand edge of the painting we see a man dressed in a frock coat with a top hat there is some evidence to suggests that mermaids at the time uh were on a very meager wage and could supplement their income by giving sexual favors to some clients and therefore in that interpretation the person that we see with the top hat and dressed formally is a patron not simply for buying the alcohol but for buying sexual favors as well she is talking to A well-dressed man about town the kind of person who would go to the cell to see the paintings what money is saying is that you the viewer you the person who looks at this painting you the person who's goes to the cell who's a member of the upper middle class uh you go to this girl um on your afternoons off shall we say uh for a completely different gender and this creates an enormous scandal in the 1880s [Music] I don't know that you could say that that the Folly regier was specifically his masterpiece but I think that you could say that it was his final statement Manet attended the 1882 sallow where bar at the Folly Berger was an overwhelming success but he was now a dying man the following winter the end Drew near on the 20th of April 1883 he underwent the amputation of a gangrenous leg but the operation failed to benefit the stricken artist ten days later on the 30th of April eduard Manet died he was 51. in his life he had at last achieved the success he craved for a lot of the time that he worked he was rather shut out from the cell he was or was branded as a as a heretic and it was only towards the end of his life that he became accepted even so despite that fact I don't think his ideas changed at all and some of his paintings even at the end of his life were just as rebellious if you like or provoke just as much reaction as some of the paintings that he did at the beginning of his life so I think that money relished the idea of being the leader of the avant-garde movement [Music] in the century that followed the true value of his work became appreciated across the world the inspiration he gave to the impressionist alone makes Edward Mane one of the greatest figures in the history of Art [Music] [Music] thank you

Channel: Perspective

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Keywords: history documentaries, art history documentaries, art and culture documentary, TV Shows - Topic, art history, Documentary movies - topic, tv shows - topic, manet, edouard manet

Id: syNcfltwXgU

Length: 48min 4sec (2884 seconds)

Published: Thu Mar 23 2023