Ohio Rocks - Geology, Ice Age, Fossils, and Resources (Full)

[Music] what if I told you that your backyard was once at the bottom of a shallow sea what if I told you that a glacier a great wall of ice a mile thick came swooping down from the North scooped out Lake Erie like a giant bulldozer pushed tons of dirt and rocks south and flattened your neighborhood I don't care where you live in Ohio your home was once very different than it is today geology is the study of the earth and we don't study the flora and we don't study the fauna we study rocks and we look at the history of the earth through rock formations and also through landforms a brief overview of Ohio's geology is asking me to put in about 500 million years of history into a brief summary but actually Ohio's geology can be broken up into discrete packages the oldest one is between five hundred and fifty million years old to about two hundred and fifty million years old now all of those rocks are older than the dinosaurs there there's no dinosaur bones to be found in Ohio because our rocks are too old and those are called paleozoic rocks and they can be limestone sandstone shale and silt stone and they are distributed throughout the state in discrete layers with the oldest on the bottom and the youngest are on the top the second major grouping of Ohio geology is our glaciated deposits and there are not hundreds of millions of years old there are tens of thousands of years old wind and water and ice all shaped the Earth's surface water is the thing that shapes most of the earth that we see around us today by carving out the rocks and forming soils in the past ice has been a very big shaper of the Earth's surface particularly for Ohio and wind is very important in deserts in shaping landfill a glacier is a large body of ice tens of feet to maybe thousands of feet thick that moves fairly slowly over the landscape carves out the rocks under it and deposits at its front edge large amounts of material glacial grooves is one of the special state parks that we have in Ohio I think it's the best place to see glacial erosion it's a place the ice has carved out the limestone bedrock into very deep grooves so you can see close up the power that the ice has these grooves are formed not exactly by the ice but they're carved by pieces of stone the ice is picked up so it's a little bit as though sandpaper has been rubbed over the earth but if you can imagine a gigantic piece of sandpaper being pushed very hard the oldest glaciation that we know about in the state can be about a million years old and then the last glacier left Ohio about fifteen thousand years ago and so we have this tremendous gap in time between the glaciated sediments which are no more than a million years old to the Paleozoic sediments which are the hard bedrock which go up to 250 million years old why that large gap in between those two well Ohio was probably above the water level at that time and we were undergoing erosion so the dinosaurs actually did walk around in Ohio at one time but the evidence of them being there has now eroded away so what's the geology like where you live is it hilly is it flat and Eclipse creeks or gorges around your neighborhood and what do you think is under the ground where you live fossils caverns underground streams could be wind water and ice have been carving up Ohio for a heck of a long time trust me Ohio is bursting with geology the geology of Ohio you can think of it as a cake a layer cake it's horizontal layers that are all stacked on top of each other as you go from the eastern part of the state it consists mostly of sand stones and clays and shales and coals and as you progress westward the bedrock geology which is what the hard rocks are consists mostly of limestone's and dolomite sand there's two shales and stuff mixed in there too then on top of it all it's like the icing on the cake is our glacial deposits that were brought down by the glaciers those consist of clays and silts and a lot of boulders and sometimes you might find in your backyard southwest Ohio is startling to people who are not familiar with it by the steepness of the terrain and we have some very steep gorges like at Clifton gourds and these are remnants of glacial erosion not from the ice but from the water we had a great deal of water flowing out to the ocean from Cincinnati when the ice melted Hocking Hills is one of my favorite places to see Ohio geology it exposes cliffs of Pennsylvanian sandstone that have some very nice caves and there are wonderful walking trails in between but if you leave your car at the beginning you can find it to be a very long walk to get back one of my favorite locations throughout Ohio is Hocking Hills State Park and specifically ash cave that's my favorite place because it has 70 foot high vertical sandstone walls and at the very end of this Canyon is a small waterfall that glisten is down over the edge it's just a wonderful relaxing place to be and as because it's bowl shaped it has very unique acoustics I love caves and cavern in the state and probably my favorite is Ohio caverns it's just a wonderful show cavern located up near Bellefontaine I find it really interesting to go underground and look at some of the formations the stalactites and stalagmites and and even the bats I think are interesting underground so I enjoy caves and caverns or state parks or excellent place to see Ohio's geology particularly the Hocking Hills region or areas where there was a lot of rocks exposed also we have excellent Natural History Museum's in this state for instance Cincinnati has a wonderful Natural History Museum so does Cleveland so the residents of the state aren't very far from Ohio's geology they can just walk out their back door and observe picture Ohio what does it look like do you think it will always look just the way it does right now that would be a no geology is all about how things change slow change like erosion and rapid change like that BAM I'm talking landslides landslides in Ohio oh yes the forces of nature are constantly twisting and chewing and crunching up our state geology is dynamic it is constantly moving sometimes the changes are very very slow we may not see any of these changes in their lifetime the things are happening the rivers are transporting sediment there's soil erosion going on you may even have landslides in particular areas where the slopes are unstable landslides are a big problem in Ohio particularly in the southwest portion of the state where we've got rapid erosion and the glacial era producing steep hillsides in conjunction with very soft rocks and landslide damage in Hamilton County has just been incredible matter of fact Cincinnati is one of the most landslide prone areas in the country there's also areas in eastern Ohio and the hilly part of the state where landslides can be a problem we're actually lucky in Ohio we've had very few deaths from landslides or Rock Falls which is another common occurrence where rock detaches from and falls this usually occurs in the springtime when the soil is wet and becomes heavy and it can no longer stand on a steep hillside so it slides down and so we have a lot of destruction going on along those hillsides people don't build houses on those hillsides because they're not stable in southeastern Ohio you can travel up a rural road and commonly find signs of the mass movement of rock down the sides of hills and those are geology changing geology is the study of the earth around you and it's so interesting your whole waking life you can study geology all you got to do is observe and thank and ask questions and try to find answers [Music] Hey a snow day whoa what if every day was a snow day in Ohio would you mind if every day was a snow day for say oh I don't know ten thousand years well something like that happen in Ohio about twenty four thousand years ago in this corner the Wisconsin Ian glacier in that corner the great state of Ohio when those two came together they wrestled the land into the shape it has today the last two million years of Earth history contains the Pleistocene epoch the Pleistocene is known collectively as the ice ages but during that time there were a series of glacial advances or advances of an Arctic ice sheet south across North America and in Ohio we experienced at least three of those glacial advances the most recent episode at its maximum extent approximately 20,000 years ago is known as the Wisconsin prior to that the Ohio area was covered by the Illinois and Ice Sheet about 250,000 years ago and about 1 million years ago we had a pre till annoyin Ice Sheet a glacier is a perennial sheet of ice covering a landmass and the way that it operates is it essentially slides over the land it expands out as snow falls in the northern portions of the glacier compacts to ice builds up weight the ice behaves plastically and essentially crushes itself down and spreads out over the land glaciers retreat not by physically moving backwards but by melting at their extremities as the climate changes as the climate warms the front of the glacier melts back over time well when the glaciers melt back all of this sediment that is carried with them is dumped out and left behind it just dropped out of the ice sheet as the ice sheet melts back so the evidence of the outwash plain all of the sediment that is has been flowing off the front of the glacier through meltwater large hill structures are sometimes left behind called Marines that are essentially piles of dirt and gravel bulldozed in front of the glacier and dumped by these melt waters they can also leave a variety of grooves and marks in the underlying bedrock and glacial lakes as lumps of ice drop off and sink into the earth and melt there's a variety of landforms that we can identify with glaciers a glacial erratic is a rock a boulder a cobble that has been carried by the glacier across the land serviced and left behind as that glacier has melted back we identify them as erratic because they have no business being in the air that we find them so in the Cincinnati region for instance where the underlying bedrock are primarily lime stones and shales we occasionally find at the surface large boulders of granite that have been brought to south from the Canadian Shield by the glacier caught up in the ice and as the glacier has melted back these rocks drop out and provide evidence for the past existence of a glacier in our region what kind of animals lived here who was nothing but cold all the time and what the heck were they gonna eat as the giant wall of ice moved south giant mammals were also on the move I'm talking mastodons stag moose and giant sloths finding a new home here in the Buckeye State the climate in Ohio was quite a bit colder and so large animals were traipsing their way through Ohio we had crazy things that that we don't have any more like saber-tooth Tigers mammoths and mastodons and giant ground sloths a lot of these were built to withstand the intense cold that was coming off the edge of the glaciers many of the Ice Age animals that lived in Ohio would be familiar with to us today because they are closely related to some living animals we would have seen bison in our region that is American Buffalo of course we have bison still living out in the plains of the American West today there would have been some larger examples here in the ice age but they would been quite familiar to us on the other hand there would have been animals that would be quite foreign to us the giant ground sloths for instance would be something that there's really no living representative of today there are tree sloths but they're much smaller and much less of impressive in scale they would have reached in some cases perhaps a dozen feet tall and several thousand pounds in weight lumbering across the countryside with very large claws that they would use to strip the leaves off of branches but presumably also used for defense we know about the existence of Ice Age animals in our region by the fossil bones that they've left behind most of Ohio's Ice Age fossils have been found in areas that would have been out in front of the glacial ice sheets so many of them have come from southern Ohio from the Cincinnati region from the Ohio River region and across the course even into Kentucky where glacial outwash plains melting waters and sediments deposited from the melting glacier out in front of the ice sheet would be a perfect environment for depositing the bones of Ice Age animals however as these glaciers retreated melted back north they would leave similar environments so we actually find Ice Age mammals across Ohio in a variety of environments outwash lake environments pond environments bogs these sorts of things during the Pleistocene or ice age we know also that humans were part of the animal farm we did have Native Americans living in Ohio and the Ohio Valley at the time of the last glacial episode human beings did live in Ohio during the Ice Age and in other parts of North America we know that they arrived here sometime about 12 or 13 thousand years ago in Ohio there are dates across the border in Pennsylvania that indicate maybe fourteen or fifteen thousand sixteen thousand years ago we have dates believe it or not in South America that are maybe thirty thousand years ago so we know that they were here that they arrived here quite early when's the last time you saw a mastodon are you worried about the ongoing saber-tooth Tiger threat in your community as if well they were here so where do they go these giant creatures as the glaciers melted away and shrunk back to the north the environment changed and most of the Ice Age animals poof disappeared from Ohio the survivorship of plants and animals is closely related to changes in their natural environment all of those organisms are very closely adapted to their environment they have certain survival skills certain adaptations that allow them to utilize the natural resources of the land and as that environment changes those animals and plants need to track the environmental changes and change with it they need to evolve through time and if those changes are so rapid that organisms are not able to track then they they go extinct the environment and the climate in Ohio has changed dramatically since humans have arrived about 12 or 13 thousand years ago initially it was very cool open grasslands pine and spruce conifer forests this quickly changed to a very warm climate much drier we have an influx of hardwood forests like we see today and this pretty much stayed around for the next 10,000 years the only real fluctuation in that occurred perhaps in the 16th and 17th centuries with a little ice age which was really prevalent in Europe and may have affected some of the late prehistoric sites here in Ohio and the Little Ice Age ended around 1850 and we returned to this warmer and drier climate that we have today human beings did encounter Ice Age animals a prime example of this is elephants both mastodons and mammoths were here and coincidentally became extinct not too long after humans arrived we know that many of the Ice Age mammals that we found in our region are now extinct now a couple of reasons for why that may be it has been an area of some contention among scientists over the years certainly we know that the climate was changing the glaciers that are found in the region are no longer here so the climate changed and that probably affected presence of these animals to a great degree it's also possible that the presence of Native Americans entering North America from Eurasia contributed to their extinction through overhunting both of those hypotheses or ideas have been argued by a variety of scientists I suspect it's perhaps a combination of both explanations you're in Ohio right 500 miles from the nearest seashore and you find a rock filled with seashells what have you seen these massive mammal skeletons they got museums all jaaye grotus and humanoid or little teeny tiny itsy-bitsy try to bites Hey in Ohio you want fossils we got fossils fossils are the remains of organisms or traces of organisms that lived in the geologic past and are buried within the Earth's crust we typically tend to think of fossils as bones or shells and oftentimes you think of dinosaurs as an example they can also be the traces of animals so they're not the actual body but the remnants of their behavior much like dinosaur footprints the rocks in Ohio are a very diverse age which means that we can find a lot of different kinds of fossils in Ohio the rocks that we have here are from about 450 to about 250 million years across Ohio and that means we can find most commonly in the southern part of the state marine invertebrate fossils things like brachiopod trilobite clams snails and so forth but as we get to the outer parts of the state particularly up in Cleveland area Toledo and so forth we can find early fish and early sharks and early amphibians and of course we also have a period of deposition in this region known as a Pleistocene or the ice age for the last two million years so we can find evidence of Pleistocene or megafauna animals such as Macedon and mammoths and sloths and bison you can find fossils in almost any road cut or a stream bed here in Ohio they're not dinosaurs but they're from much older animals a lot of sea creatures and such we don't find any dinosaur fossils in Ohio they probably lived here because dinosaurs were land animals and Ohio was a land area at the time they were alive ohayo was an upland a high area so any rain that fell would carry the sand and the bones away we can learn a lot about past environment from the fossils they tell us whether it was an ocean or a land that was cold or warm high altitude or low for instance if you go and find in your backyard clams and brachiopods and trilobite Slyke you might find in southwestern Ohio you would see that this was a marine environment these are the kinds of animals that live in the ocean today my favorite type of fossils are trauma bites they are extinct arthropods somewhat related to horseshoe crabs if you had to pick an animal that was alive today of course they went extinct 250 million years ago not everything you find is a fossil you're gonna find is a living animal today that's because some of the animals are extinct which just means they're all dead over 99% of all life that's ever lived on earth has gone extinct extinction is a natural process it's part of ending the lifespan of a species which tends to be about 2 million years in duration in the fossil record so as environments change and organisms fail to adapt to those environments species will tend to go extinct although that sounds like bad news the best part is that these extinct animals have left their descendants around for us today and these descendants are the plants and animals that we know that make up our modern ecosystems I know what you're thinking oh right fossils in my neighborhood and even if there were fossils in my neighborhood where am I gonna find a bulldozer to dig them up hello you don't need a bulldozer to find fossils in fact it's way easy to find fossils in Ohio well we're lucky in Ohio we can find fossils in a lot of great places the first place you might want to look is your local Creek Creek beds are great places because the running water exposes the rock that contains fossils in them and you can go and provide it's very safe and you have permission and you can go and collect fossils in those beds Ohio is so packed with fossils that it's a wonderful place to hunt fossils particularly in southwestern Ohio in the Cincinnati area the order of ition rocks that are exposed in that area have attracted people from all over the world to study the fossils the fossils roll out of the hillsides and out of the creeks we do have great parks where we can collect fossils a couple of examples would be the Trammell fossil Park just north of Cincinnati Caesars Creek spillway fossil Park as well as the Hansen's fossil site in northern Ohio Hansen fossil Park is a community of Devonian aged fossils it's just rich in its diversity as well as the number of fossils that you can find various types of preservation CJ's Creek spillway is a great place to collect fossils the types of fossils you might expect to find there would be those of marine life fossils such as clams and snails cephalopods as well as trilobite there's plenty to see and plan to pick up provide that you have permission from the state park to go collecting first-term go fossil Park is also a great place to look for fossils it's just north of the city of Cincinnati and once again you can expect to find bryozoans clams snails trilobite crinoids all remnants of what used to be a very diverse marine community both Cedar Creek spillway and Trammell fossil Park are designed to have the rocks exposed at the surface for easy access you can see the layers of the strata exposed you can walk amongst these layers and they're both very safe and friendly places to collect fossils out of the way of traffic where you can spend a lot of time on the ground nosing around for treasures most places in Ohio we collect fossils just like you to surface collect that is pick up what's off of the ground without digging any major holes so what you need is a good eyesight some time some enthusiasm and a bag to put all your goodies in corals cool but what if you found something really big really Jai grotus something truly humanoid how would you even know what it was how would you dig it up all right it could be a huge job I admit especially if you're trying to unearth a mastodon we're digging a mastodon prehistoric elephant that lived here in ohio about 13,000 years ago during the Ice Age the mastodon skeleton was found by a farmer who was plowing in the little town of Rosberg way at the western edge of the state one of my jobs at the geology museum is identifying things that people find identify rocks minerals bones and fossils in December of 2002 a farmer called me and said I've got some dinosaur bones in my field and I said well sir probably not well aren't you bringing something to show me and I thought he'd bring in a cow bone or a horse bone instead he brought me in to Mastodon teeth my jaw just about hit the ground I was so surprised because I thought he's bringing some cow bones or horse bones and here to bring in some real prehistoric animal bones so it's pretty exciting and we've been digging for three years and have about three-quarters of the skeleton so far we have not found the skull we have found four teeth but no skull yet and no tusks I don't think we're gonna find the skull because I think that was destroyed by the plows well we've learned from this Mastodon that it was a very healthy adult Mastodon it wasn't old but it wasn't real young we know that because of the wear on the teeth we have no idea how it died it might have died from natural causes maybe a predator got it or even possibly humans might have killed it but we haven't found any evidence of that yet mastodons are not alive today because it became extinct about 10,000 years ago and no one really knows why they don't know if it was a climate that killed them off or if people did them in to find the bones we just have to dig just move a lot of dirt first we take off the dirt that's on top and for that we use things like shovels and trowels then we coat the bones with a layer of wet paper and then put strips of burlap in plaster of Paris and coat the bones it's sort of like making a cat of a broken arm or a broken leg then once that hardens or dries and chip out the dirt from underneath and bring it over and then we're able to take it back to the laboratory once you take the bones out of the dig we transport them back to the museum that I work at at Ohio State University where volunteers are slowly cleaning and gluing the broken bones back together none of the tools we use or anything special nothing that you can't get it at a normal hardware store the white paper we're putting on the bones is just toilet paper that we dip in water or wet with paintbrushes the people that I'm helping me dig are all volunteers most of them have had no experience digging but I'm running the dig as an educational Pig showing people how to dig how to identify bones how to map them and that so most of my people have had no experience before but they really enjoy it my favorite part about digging is uncovering a bone that hasn't seen the sunlight and maybe 9,000 years or for dinosaurs maybe 150 million years it's a lot of hard work to dig for bones but it's a lot of fun to mastodons are cool any prehistoric animal is cool who are the first humans to live in Ohio and don't tell me it was your great-grandpa ever since humans started wandering the earth they've been looking for places where they could find fertile soil water and food would that be for here or to go when and if they could find these resources and a few others Hey they settled geology state of Ohio has a lot to do with where people live and where they do not live the south eastern two-thirds of Ohio is very hilly and those are areas where glaciers never reached the northern and western two-thirds of Ohio is relatively flat and believe it or not about 95 percent of Ohio's population lives on glaciated sediment and only the remaining 5% or so live and unglaciated Ohio so where the glaciers were and where not 15,000 years ago has a lot to do with where people live in the state of Ohio geology had a lot to do with the migration of people into the Ohio and the Ohio Valley when they came here about twelve or thirteen thousand years ago the glaciers had just receded and they really had to wait for that to happen it wasn't a very hospitable environment until those glaciers had left human beings were able to enter either through the northern part of Ohio or up the Ohio River Valley earthworks have a lot to do with Ohio geology there are two major types of earthworks the first is the ones that exist on these hilltops where they enclose ridge tops usually above streams for tension in Warren County Ohio is a prime example of that Serpent Mound is a hilltop site it's on this dolomite ridge in Adams County that sticks out over the brush Creek Valley but there's another oddity to it as well it sits near the center of a crypto explosion which was caused probably by a comet or a meteorite and is sort of defined this enormous bowl in the landscape so Serpent Mound sits right on the edge of that the other major type is these lowland ones the ones that are in the valleys these are the geometric earthworks these enormous things with circles and squares and octagons and these were placed in these out worst terrorists that were left by the glaciers and really they had to put him there because that's the only place where they had sizable flat land that put these enormous structures site mound is an enormous mound it isn't another one of these out worst valleys pang Creek Valley near Chillicothe is another glacial outburst valley where all this stuff that was being flown out of the glaciers widened this stream made these big flat terraces and that's where the site works in the site mound exists today these first humans in Ohio what good do they get out of the resources they found here do they leave anything behind this shows that they really did live here ever since the first Native Americans moved into the Ohio area humans have gotten a lot of good out of the resources hidden in this state's geology Native Americans utilized Ohio geology in really a couple of different ways one is they they use the rocks that were here some of these rocks are bedded like chert as you can see in exposures or they mined them some of the rocks were brought down by the Canadian Shield things like granite igneous metamorphic rock very heavy dense rock that can be shaped into tools for battering and chopping but also geology shaped the landscape it created the river valleys that we have the very flat tool Plains in the unveil a shade of plateau that you see in the eastern part of Ohio so it was important to them they chose areas where it was easy to live where they could grow crops where they could do all sorts of things so geology pretty much decided how they did things Flint Ridge is a state memorial that's east of Columbus in east central Ohio and Flint Ridge is actually a mining or a quarry site that was utilized by Native Americans throughout prehistory and the reason they liked it is Flint Ridge is absolutely beautiful Flint Ohio Flint Ridge chert or Flint whatever you want to call it comes in magnificent colors all the colors of the rainbow it's very high quality its lustrous they made much use of this flint and if you look at all the artifacts that are in mounds the ones in Edina and Hopewell sites lots and lots of Flint rich material is in those Flint is very beautiful material it's the state gem of a while and the Pioneers use that as birthstones and mill stones and sharpening stones and so it's very useful material the early settlers they needed the natural resources that geology provides such as coal the early iron ore there's actually iron ore some low-grade iron ore they could they could use to make nails and and different things out of iron natural salt deposits that they could use they could boil down and get to salt to feed to their animals and other things like that they need salt for there was natural resources available in a lot of these places along rivers which were natural transportation corridors that the settlers could use in their day-to-day lives one of the major building projects early in the state was the building of the canals the Miami and Erie Canal which connected Cincinnati and Toledo the Ohio near you can now connected Portsmouth with Cleveland they used a lot of the local sand stones at least in eastern Ohio for the Ohio and Erie Canal and then in western oh how they used limestone to build the locks those are very important ways for the early settlers the early farmers and even early manufacturers to get their goods to market does anybody really use geology today I mean like normal people does it really have anything to do with our everyday lives ah that would be a yes from the places we live to the fuel we burn to the food we eat good things come to us every day from Ohio's geologic resources the geology in Ohio does have an impact on the way people live in Ohio today if you look at the physiographic regions of the state which are a direct result of glaciation and geology we see these open flat till plains in the western part of Ohio in the central part and that's traditionally farming its open area in the eastern part of the Ohio which is unglaciated you see mostly timber and mining industry today it's really not that great for farming so it does decide pretty much what people do for a living in the way that they live the major manufacturing regions of Ohio have been traditionally located near the resources and near the corridors of Transportation and so the rivers the Ohio River as a source of transportation has helped to focus industrial pursuits Lake Erie as well waterways are very important we can we can get our drinking water we can pump it out and purify it we can transport a lot of our Goods raw materials coal iron ore our grain can go by water so water is very important in Ohio the geology has given us rich mineral materials we have salt we produced gypsum we produce oil and gas and we have coal in Ohio that's perhaps our richest mineral material during ohio with for this building stone or dimensional stone examples of the usage the early usage of building stone can be seen in the lighthouse at Marblehead point in northern Ohio and that was constructed from local limestone and the building stone that was quarry there was later used to build the Empire State Building the Chillicothe gazettes building on Main Street in Chillicothe is a model of the original Statehouse and that was built in about nineteen forty one using the Berea sandstone to reproduce that original building we have great deposits of shale and clay you know hi oh and where's shale and clay are the raw materials for making bricks and tiles and in ceramics we've had an active industry in making brick and tile in all forms and shapes and sizes in Ohio history that's been a good industry for Ohio well gravel pits and quarries in Ohio are the result of melting glaciers and so we now mine or quarry or excavate and produce sand and gravel and we are one of the leaders in the United States of the production of sand and gravel well windows are used very effectively for the generation of power in northwestern Ohio northwestern Ohio is suitable for using when generation with windmills because there is a good steady wind in that area and so they have been effective in getting that source of alternative energy going well geology is with us every day it's all around us it's very important in our day-to-day lives the soils of support our agriculture come from geology the oil and gas that we use in our in our cars and homes come from geology the coal that supplies electricity for our homes come from geology the water that we drink that's very important so it touches us every day I don't know about you but I love to find out about cool stuff Ohio's geology is awesome and there's a whole lot more yet to be discovered so what are you waiting for another Ice Age get out there and start exploring I'm Rick siwash and I'll say it one last time Ohio rocks

Channel: Cincyborn

Views: 68,220

Rating: 4.7608442 out of 5

Keywords: Cincinnati, Ohio, hamilton county, clermont county, entertainment, education, ohio river, reds, bengals, history, dinosaurs, ice age, fossils, resources, geology, caves, water, erosion, kids education, waterfalls, paleozoic rocks, glacier, ice, sediments, history museum, plaeozoic sediments, geologist, hocking hills, state park, east fork state park, sharon woods gorge, rockbridge, nature preserve, paleontologist, mastodon, sloth, archaeologist, trilobites, soil, surface, water flow, rock

Id: wHbFZdQmxwc

Length: 35min 40sec (2140 seconds)

Published: Thu Apr 21 2016