Michio Kaku - Listener Questions

[Music] this is science fantastic welcome back to science fantastic with Professor Michio Kaku science fantastic every week we profile some of the most amazing jaw-dropping scientific developments which are revolutionising a world and touching our lives and in this week once again we're going to open the lines because this week is your week it's open mic on science fantastic well just last month I completed a world wind national tour going around the country to San Francisco Los Angeles to Chicago to Boston to Philadelphia to Washington DC and I collected a whole bunch of questions still answer a few of them and after that we'll throw the lines open and you can get on science fantastic well one question I got on several cities was well the universe did it have a beginning or didn't it yes or no was there a genesis an incident of time when someone or something said let there be light or was it simply eternal that the universe was always here and always will be well it can't be both right one or the other that the universe have a beginning or not well what does modern science say about this question first of all our universe at a beginning we know this is we can actually detect the radiation from the Big Bang itself this is amazing when you turn on your radio and your between radio stations you pick up static that's static a lot of it comes from Jupiter believe it or not Jupiter creates much of the static we here in the solar system in our radios when you go between stations however a certain fraction of that static also comes from the Big Bang itself you are literally listening to the echoes from the creation of the universe this is mind-boggling right there on your transistor radio you could be listening in on the beginning of the universe so our universe had a Big Bang in our universe is apparently some kind of bubble we don't know too much about this bubble but we live on the skin of the bubble and the bubbles expanding and that's called the big very well this is where it gets really freaky now in quantum mechanics and also in string theory we believe that there are other universes out there other bubbles and these bubbles are floating in a much larger arena so even children ask the question mommy daddy if there was a big bang and the universe is expanding what is it expanding into well if the universe is everything there is then how can it expand into anything else that's a contradiction in terms right but you see if the universe is a bubble it is floating in a much larger arena an arena that gives you a timeless universe and so we have many bubbles in a bubble bath of universes and when these universes collide bingo we get the big bang so the Big Bang is nothing but the change in the shape of these bubbles either the bubble bumps into another bubble creates a bigger bubble or the bubble fissions in half and creates a baby bubble now this is very interesting because it coincides with well mythology every religion has some kind of theory about the origin of the universe for example the ancient Polynesians Oh a myth of the ancient Polynesians had it that in the beginning was the great ocean but in the ocean that was a coconut and when the coconuts sprang open that gave birth to the universe in the same way the ancient Egyptians in one mythology of the ancient Egyptians in the beginning was the Nile River and in the Nile River was an egg and the egg hatched to create our universe but then there are also some versions of Hinduism and Buddhism which says no no no the universe never had a beginning is timeless there's only nirvana timeless Nirvana and we are simply moving in this much larger arena this arena called Nirvana well if this new picture from cosmology is correct then we can meld together the two previous mythologies you see our universe had a beginning our universe there was an egg there was a coconut it enhanced and that's called the Big Bang Theory but there's also a Nirvana a Nirvana of hyperspace and that is what the universe is expanding into if the universe is three dimensional and it's expanding into something it must be expanding into the fourth fifth six dimensions and in string theory which is what I do for a living it expands into eleven dimensions and so in other words what is Nirvana nirvana is 11 dimensional hyperspace and we are just living on one bubble one bubble in an ocean of other bubbles now you may say to yourself this is all well and good but what about proving it what about experimental evidence well there's several ways to approach this question one is to build gravity wave detectors in outer space last year the Nobel Prize was given to three physicists who pioneered gravity wave detectors detecting the shock wave of the collision of two black holes in outer space but when you put the detectors themselves in outer space then you have an instrument big enough and sensitive enough to pick up echoes from the instant of creation itself you see when you turn on your transistor radio and hear that static a lot of that static comes from the Big Bang about 300,000 years after the instant of creation that's when atoms began to form for the first time before that it was too hot to create stable atoms so here's the name of the game if we launch Lisa the laser interferometry space antenna which nASA has on its books it may be sensitive enough to pick up shockwaves from the instant of creation not 300,000 years after creation no no no at the instant of creation itself we're going to get baby pictures baby pictures of the infant universe as it emerges from the womb and maybe just maybe we'll pick up evidence of an umbilical cord an umbilical cord connecting our universe to another parent universe and so this is the multiverse idea that universes are constantly forming big bangs are happening all the time the Big Bang is not just one event it's happening all the time somewhere somewhere in this great multiverse of ours there's a bubble-bath of universes and in this bubble bath universes are being created and so in other words to answer the question that the universe have a beginning or not the answer is yes to both our universe had a beginning but the multiverse is eternal ok well let's take a short commercial break and after the break we go right to your listener phone calls [Music] [Applause] [Music] welcome back to science fantastic with professor Michio Kaku the lines are open so let's get right to it let's go to the first listen air phone call hi this is Eric calling from Fairbanks Alaska listening to you on 970 k FBX and I'm curious how come they can't calculate the trajectory that's their own gang one Space Station and tell us where it's going to land I mean maybe it's a lot harder than I think it would be but um it also makes me wonder you know it's like how can they calculate the trajectory of you know comets and asteroids and just you know accurately and say that they're going to miss earth and how can we only hear about these near Earth misses you know after the fact they've happened or you know we only hear about it maybe a day or a few days prior to the facts so thank you I really enjoy the show okay well first of all you're actually right at Newton's laws of motion and gravity are so precise we can shoot a space probe right through the rings of Saturn that's how precise our understanding of mechanics are however we are limited by the sensitivity of our instruments and therefore tiny tiny asteroids can sneak up on you and you don't even know they're in your neighborhood till they're practically staring you in the face and that's why often you hear in the news that gee an asteroid just wins right by the planet between the orbit of the earth and the moon and we were caught with our pants down well it turns out that the bulk of research into cataloguing these asteroids is done by amateurs let me repeat that the bulk of sightings of these potentially killer asteroids are not done by professional scientists at all until fairly recently now of course we have some computerized telescope scanning the heavens but traditionally it's been done by amateurs amateurs doing the thankless job of going out there in the freezing cold for rapping the night sky photographing yet a few hours later and then comparing the two to see what moved and that's why we're often caught off guard because these objects are small perhaps smaller than the size of a football field very difficult to detect and there's nobody out there every night watching the sky except for amateurs and then of course we recently had the Chinese satellite which plunged into the planet Earth fortunately broke up over the oceans because most of the earth's surface is covered with oceans and the question is why couldn't we predict exactly where that satellite is gonna land well several reasons first the satellite was tumbling not in a simple orbit second of all the outer atmosphere of the earth is not perfectly spherical it changes hour by hour and so is very hard to predict exactly when it's going to hit the air because that entry point changes with time and third is like a skipping stone you know if you get a stone and you throw on the surface of a lake it bounces it bounces several times because the surface friction a surface tension but exactly where the rock falls into the lake is largely random it depends on so many parameters it's very difficult to predict where a skipping stone will finally land into the water in the same way these satellites are traveling at 18,000 miles per hour when they hit the atmosphere is like a skipping stone and again you don't know precisely where is going to land now this is a practical problem as well because we've had radioactive satellites come down with weapons-grade material cosmos 954 back in 1978 plunged back into the atmosphere of the earth carrying several hundred pounds of enriched uranium to energize a nuclear reactor in outer space fortunately it broke up over northern Canada and the CIA even sent a team of huskies to try to retrieve parts of this top-secret Soviet satellite and so in other words it's largely a crapshoot we can't really predict where a satellite is in the land now why should you care because the next big satellite to come down is the International Space Station this gigantic object the largest instrument of science ever built costing over a hundred billion dollars in outer space is going to come plunging down to earth probably after 2028 that's when the great powers of the earth are saying that there's no more money sorry about that there's no more money to keep the space station up there and it will break up now the difference between the breakup of the International Space Station and the breakup of the Chinese red space station is several fold first of all the international space station as many times bigger but second of all we can aim it you see the Chinese satellite couldn't be aimed because it was tumbling and it was out of control and the Chinese lost contact with it however we can actually aim the International Space Station to a degree aim it slightly so that we know more or less what continent is going to land on but we certainly can't tell if it's going to land on your backyard it's going to be a gigantic flaming meteor with all sorts of parts breaking off as it hits the atmosphere of the earth we suspect that about 30% roughly a 30% of the international space station will actually survive reentry and plunge into the planet earth and hopefully we'll not wind up in somebody's backyard okay let's move on to the next listener phone call John Kay fqd Anchorage Alaska if the universe is getting bigger why are galaxies crashing into each other and how come whenever I put a cup with a handle on it in the it always stops with the with the handle facing backwards thank you huh well let me answer the question about galaxies think of a balloon and on the surface of the balloon get a magic marker and draw a bunch of dots each dot represents a galaxy so as the balloon inflates the distance between galaxies expands the space itself is expanding so how is it possible but we can have colliding galaxies well it turns out that with your binoculars tonight tonight you can go outside with your binoculars look in the direction of the constellation Andromeda and bingo you see a hazy patch of light with your binoculars that is the galaxy Andromeda why is that important that is the nearest giant galaxy to the planet Earth and we are on a collision course a collision course with Andromeda and it's not going to be pretty computer simulations show that it's going to be a titanic catastrophic collision between two gigantic spiral galaxies now first of all why are they spiraling together at all and that's because the expanding universe is an average effect when you take two galaxies that are very close together then the local gravitational pull is larger than the anti-gravitational dark energy that is pushing the galaxies apart so we scientists using the laws of Isaac Newton can more or less predict how things are going to end and for the Milky Way galaxy it's not going to be pretty we're going to see the collision of two gigantic spiral galaxies and what's going to happen is the black holes at the center of the Milky Way and the center of Andromeda will merge to create a super black hole in fact if you look at Andromeda galaxies very carefully you can actually see not one dot but two dots two dots at the very center the andromeda galaxy meaning that in the past Andromeda probably already had lunch we're probably already looking at a minor galaxy that was eaten up by the Andromeda galaxy and that's why we see not one but two blips at the very center of the Andromeda galaxy once our galaxy and Andromeda collide and again this is going to be about 10 billion years from now so you don't have to worry about this but when our galaxy and the Andromeda galaxy collide maybe there'll be three three black holes at the center okay let's move right on to the next listener phone call hi dr. Kaku I'm Greg Cohen from Newberg Oregon and my question is what do you think of the concept of moral bioenhancement improving humans morally using biotechnology will be implemented in the future should it thank you well the short answer to your question is yes I do believe that at some point in the future we should use our knowledge of DNA technology to enhance the human race but and this is a very big but it of course is fraught with moral implications as well we have the bad example of the Nazis the Nazis tried to use the excuse of creating a master race and in the process conquering the world and cleansing the world of people that he considered undesirable mainly Russians communists Jews Gypsies people that were not quote Arian unquote now of course we're entering the age of DNA where the mysticism and magic and folklore of the past is being replaced by hard evidence now I think that in the short term not much is going to happen because at the present time we cannot even clone a primate that's how primitive we are at this point in terms of genetic engineering we can basically engineer one or two genes at a time and we can't even clone a simple monkey however with time and with the new technology called CRISPR it's not possible to edit fairly accurately almost like with a scissors and tape to edit the DNA molecule and this is opening up a whole new realm of medical possibilities as well as dangers so one possibility is designer children designer children are going to be possible not today but in the coming decades yes it'll be possible for parents to begin to tinker with the genome of the children now that has all sorts of implications well let's take a short commercial break and after that we're going to continue a discussion of designer children and DNA technology on science fantastic [Music] welcome back to science fantastic with Professor Michio Kaku well before the break we had a question a very important question about the direction of genetic engineering you see in the past there is so many horror stories culminating with the Nazis and World War two concerning trying to cleanse the human race of undesirable genes well now in the age of genetic engineering and a technology called CRISPR it is possible with almost mathematical precision to cut and paste the DNA molecule and some people fear that sometime in the future let's say for example you're the parent of a high school kid and you find out that your next-door neighbor's kid is genetically enhanced to have better memory and better study habits then it puts enormous pressure on you to genetically modify your child to be competitive with that other kid and what's to prevent some back-alley shop in Hong Kong from offering these services even if they are banned legally I mean we have a hard time banning illegal drugs think of the problems of banning illegal genes I personally think that could be an illegal gene market just like there is an international illegal drug market today because of supply and demand unfortunately there is a demand for drugs and unfortunately there will be a demand for shady operators who offer genes to make your kids more enhanced now take a look at the far future in the far future we are going to go to the stars exactly when we can debate but if we do go to the stars we may have to genetically modify ourselves for survival sake for example the gravity on Mars is about 1/3 the gravity on the planet Earth and if we have a colony on Mars that is self-sustaining and permanent we may have to have people who are genetically modified to survive in the lower gravitational field let's say we go to planets that have a different oxygen content planets where the radiation field is larger or smaller than it is here on the earth you can imagine all sorts of scenarios where we might have to modify the human race to adapt to these other conditions well this is called transhumanism and again it's something that we cannot have today I mean we can barely manipulate one gene at a time let alone a whole complex of genes to create new forms of animals I mean some people for example asked me what about a pig with wings is it possible that we can genetically modify a pig so that it has wings well in principle yeah but in practice it would take hundreds thousands of genes to be manipulated precisely in order to add wings to an animal and that's simply not going to happen with today's technology so let's not get carried away now one technology however that is around the corner is trying to bring back prehistoric animals I've interviewed scientists have already brought back endangered animals animals that are endangered that people thought were about to go extinct yes we brought back some of them but what about bringing back the dinosaurs well it turns out that's probably not possible we're not sure but DNA from over 65 million years ago is extremely hard to find but the mammoths that's been talked about to bring back the woolly mammoths in fact at Harvard there was even a discussion of bringing back the Neanderthal at that point you have another set of ethical questions because the Neanderthal is well in some sense a human they can feel they can feel pain they can feel anguish they can feel the same kinds of feelings that we probably could and therefore how far do you go to create a new form of humans since this report was that at Harvard some people have asked the question if you were to create a Neanderthal boy or a girl where do you put it in a zoo or at Harvard that's a question that we're going to be asking a lot in the coming decades okay this moves right along to the next listener phone call my name is boots north I'm calling from Vallejo California and I'm actually not listening to a station wish I was but dr. here's my question for you if you could in the spirit of Doctor Who and his ability to travel back and forth throughout time at what point would you like to be able to travel in the TARDIS to what point in time in the creation of the universe either our past or our future what do you think is the moment that you would love to go travel to see and witness thanks so much for the opportunity to ask a question and I really care to hear what your answer is have a great day well you asked a very interesting question Doctor Who of course gets into a telephone booth and is capable of rocketing back and forth through the annals of time meeting all sorts of strange creatures and encountering many strange adventures well that's probably not possible with today's technology but you asked a question where would I go if I had the chance to spin the dial and go anywhere in space and time one place I would love to visit is the beginning of the universe itself now of course the universe was quite hot the explosion was quite volatile but let's say that we could be there a few seconds after the instant of creation and we're protected by all sorts of shielding so we don't get fried by the intense radiation that would be a magnificent event to be able to witness the creation of the universe itself another point in time might be to witness the creation of life on the earth we think that sometime around three and a half billion years ago sometime around three and half billion years ago the conditions were just right in the oceans perhaps near a volcano vent you see volcano vents on the bottom of the ocean are quite hot and microorganisms can feed off that heat because photosynthesis does not exist way down there at the bottom of the oceans and so we think and this is just a theory that life life on Earth first got started near the bottom of the oceans in a volcano event before sunlight can create organisms that can use photosynthesis that would be a great time to visit the planet Earth another time to visit the planet Earth would be 65 million years ago because that's when a gigantic meteor or comet hit the Yucatan of Mexico and basically wiped out the dinosaurs that must have been a catastrophic event in fact it was the largest meteor impact in two billion years and that happened to us 65 million years ago it would have been quite an event to witness right there and then if I had another choice I'd like to go back 75 thousand years into the past he sees something back then killed off most of the human race not the dinosaurs this time we're talking humans you see any two humans are practically twins of each other symmetrically if I take two dogs for example and I analyze their DNA at random they're quite separated but if I take two humans analyze their DNA we're almost twins of each other clones practically now the only way to explain the fact that we humans are so closely related to each other is to calculate when we had a common ancestor you do the computer program the computer program shows that seventy-five thousand years ago some event happened to wipe out most of humanity only a few of us perhaps a few hundred maybe a thousand survived that Cataclysm to repopulate the entire planet earth an amazing event a handful of atoms and a handful of eve's repopulated the entire earth now what could have caused such a catastrophic extinction cycle we think it was the eruption of the volcano in Indonesia the Toba volcano an event so catastrophic that many life forms in Africa were wiped out and we think but we cannot prove that that is the event that almost wiped out the human race so in other words many times many times in the history of the human race we have been pushed near the brink of extinction you see 99.9% of all life forms on Earth eventually go extinct in other words we have extinction facing us at some point in the future that's why I say the dinosaurs are not here because they didn't have a space program that's right they're not here because the dinosaurs had no rocket ships to take them into outer space we do as a consequence we should seriously think about having insurance policy to make sure that life on Earth is not wiped out okay well let's move right along now to the next listener phone call hi dr. Kaku denne North calling from San Jose my question is considering the DNA changes observed in astronaut scott Kelly compared to his twin brother mark how would you predict that human species will evolve in space thanks and I'll listen for the answer well personally I think the media exaggerating too much making it sound as if the two twins died very dramatically but there were only small modifications so we're running out of time but get a copy of my book the future of humanity where have a whole discussion about the dangers of radiation in outer space [Music] welcome back to science fantastic with professor Michio Kaku every week on science fantastic we profile some of the most amazing developments in science and technology things that are revolutionizing the way we look at the world and revolutionising our life and once again in this hour is open mic that's right here is your chance to get back at the radio okay well let's move right along now to the next listener phone call hello dr. Michio Kaku this is Alan rivers from dread in Washington and my question is tardigrades are known as the toughest creatures on earth so has there been any current research done with charter read and trying to explain the theory of panspermia thank you very much well you asked two very important questions one is about the origin of life on Earth one theory is called panspermia the idea that maybe DNA was seated on the planet Earth or modest face and the other possibility is that microorganisms can actually survive the rigors of being in outer space now it was once thought that life could not exist on the outside of a space capsule in outer space we've sent many space capsules into outer space and we try to sterilize them but what happens if you have a microorganism that survives on the surface well it turns out that when we shot space probes to the moon somebody sneezed somebody sneezed at the facility where the space probe is being assembled and that microorganism survived imagine that a cold room surviving on the moon well since then we found that one but several several microorganisms and animal-like creatures tiny little creatures that actually can survive the rigors of outer space which was once thought to be impossible but now hey that's what we find in fact scientists have deliberately the lube recreated cultures of these tiny organisms put them on the outside of space probes and yeah they can survive out there they can survive the fact that there's a vacuum in outer space and also outer space is radioactive because of the fact there's no atmosphere to absorb the radiation from the Sun and from black holes well let's take a short commercial break and after the break we'll talk about panspermia that is where did life come from did it come from the earth or did it come from outer space [Music] welcome back to science fantastic with Professor Michio Kaku science fantastic we talk about science science that impacts on your life in our conception of the universe well before the break we had a question about panspermia the idea that perhaps just perhaps life started not on the earth but from outer space and that we were seeded seeded somehow by DNA from the rest of the universe how does that stack up well it turns out that it's a theory that cannot be ruled out in fact there are several avenues that scientists have explored concerning whether or not life came from outer space first of all if you take a look at Earth and Mars you realize that Mars once upon a time had great oceans an ocean as big as the United States of America a huge ocean it had riverbeds it had things that resembled the Mississippi River Delta and Mars cooled down before the earth did so the solar system was formed about four and a half billion years ago and the planets begin to cool down Mars being farther away cooled down first and so the conditions to get DNA off the ground might have originated our Mars first when the earth was still molten so let's say hypothetically that DNA gets off the ground in the oceans of Mars and then a meteor a meteor strikes the surface of Mars and blasts rock into outer space carrying carrying tiny little pockets of DNA these meteors then float in outer space for millions of years until the gravitational pull the earth brings them in and these meteors then begin to see the planet Earth now in other words if you want to see a Martian tonight look in a mirror we are the Martians according to this theory now can this theory be ruled out and the answer is no because it turns out that meteors from Mars have hit the earth any number of occasions this is amazing if you take a look at meteorites slice them open under very careful conditions analyze their mineral content and air content bingo you find that some of them are a perfect match a perfect match for Martian rock now it turns out that asteroids are quite different if you take a look at the carbon content the iron content the stone content of meteors it turns out that most of them are quite different from the Mars rocks that we see on the planet Earth and that gives ample evidence that we really are in fact looking at Mars rocks one rock in particular one rock seems to have some kind of structures inside that look like microscopic worms you can google it on the internet yeah these these things really do look like microscopic worms of the scientists say bah humbug nothing but crystals tiny little minerals crystals that look like microorganisms that debate is still going on even today even today scientists are debating whether or not if you crack open a Mars Rock are you looking at evidence of cells of ancient organisms or just crystals crystallized crystals forming inside these rocks now that's one theory panspermia from Mars however there's another theory that's perhaps even more plausible and that takes a look at a time table for example the solar system is four-and-a-half billion years old however for about a half a billion years the solar system was very dynamic with meteorites hitting the earth all the time life was impossible in the oceans there were no oceans and the earth was hit by meteors constantly but then life starts about three points five to 3.7 billion years ago so in other words there's a window a small window of opportunity because before that window the earth was too hot to create life in stable form the oceans probably boiled off many times in the past a second outside that window life already gets off the ground and so there's a narrow window between about 3.7 and 3.9 billion years ago to get life off the ground now some scientists have said aha that window is too small that window is only a few hundred million years wide that's too small to get life off the ground light gets off the ground very quickly after the age of heavy bombardment ends and the solar system cools down to the point where we can get stable oceans and stable DNA molecules forming without them being boiled off with the next asteroid hit so Fred Hoyle a great cosmologists actually believe this one of the great cosmologists of the past actually wrote about the fact that life probably did not start on the earth at all it started in outer space not to be fair most scientists believe in the opposite point of view if you were to take a poll I would say that most astronomers believe that life started on the earth in the oceans probably in a volcano event where there's enough energy to create the first forms of light without photosynthesis deep in the oceans where there's no light volcano vents give you enough energy and chemical processes to get the first DNA off the ground but hey no one was there to witness this event and so we won't know for sure for many a decade sorry about that okay let's move on to the next listener phone call hi my name is Felicia Gaddis I'm calling from Los Angeles I'm not currently listening to the radio but I wanted to ask you something I'm very interested in string theory and I wanted to know if you believe that there's a possibility that prayer affects the string theory is that it resonates that it sends out a vibration that can change things well let's try to break it down into its basic components first of all what is string theory and is it possible to influence these strings first of all when you look at particles of nature you have electrons and protons and quarks and things like that you find not one not two but literally hundreds of them especially when you smash the proton apart we have the Large Hadron Collider outside Geneva Switzerland it smashes protons at 14 trillion electron volts an energy scale not seen since the inset of creation itself and when you smash protons into each other what happens you get fragments hundreds thousands of fragments all with different Greek sounding names and it's hard to believe that mother nature at a fundamental level could be so malicious as to force us to contemplate thousands of subatomic particles at the most fundamental level we think that the deeper you go into reality the simpler it should be not the more complicated and ugly right now there's something called the standard model the standard model does seem to fit most of the particles seen by our atom smashers it is only a partial theory for example it has no gravity and so gravity is missing in the standard model a huge defect not to mention the fact that we have all these subatomic particles hundreds of them and we have 36 quarks 19 to 20 free parameters that you can twist and like a dial on a radio and mother nature why would it create something so ugly some people say that the standard model is a theory so ugly that only a mother could love it now even the creators of the standard model say it's ugly even they say their own creation is supremely ugly so there's gotta be something simple elegant beautiful at that fundamental level and the leading candidate is string theory which says an electron is not really a dot at all an electron is a vibrating rubberband vibrating at one frequency when you change the frequency of the electron it turns into another particle a neutrino if you change the frequency of the neutrino it turns into another particle a quark so you twine yet enough it turns into all the particles you see at the Large Hadron Collider when we smash protons apart so in other words why do we have so many subatomic particles because they're like musical notes on a violin string why does a violin string have so many musical notes to get to nothing but different vibrations on a single string so as beautiful is the string what's messy is the catalogue all the ways in which trains can vibrate that's quite messy and my friends spend a whole lifetime lifetime cataloguing many of the vibratory modes of the string well will answer your question about whether that you can influence these vibrations after the break [Applause] [Music] [Applause] [Music] welcome back to science fantastic with the professor Michio Kaku the lines are open well before the break we had a question a very simple one and that is if the universe is made out of tiny vibrating strings then is it possible to somehow influence these vibrating strings perhaps let's say mentally well the short answer is no however there is one way in which you might be able to use the human mind to influence matter you see the human mind is based on electromagnetism we are in some sense a brain with electric generators creating radio and radio is part of a theory of everything it is just nothing but one frequency so light itself the electromagnetic spectrum is nothing but one type of vibrations of a vibrating string and so the question was can you influence the vibrations of these strings normally the answer is no however recently we've been able to probe the brain and realize that the brain does have radio emissions and they could be channeled channeled using digital technology which is also a vibration of the string so in other words in the future you'll be able to simply think think and control objects around you take a look at my book the teacher of the mind I talked about how studies show that it's possible if you put a chip on the brain to have the chip then control objects around you you can control your wheelchair you can surf the web you can write emails you can communicate with people even if you are paralyzed this is amazing the brain can be Unleashed electromagnetically we can now upload memories simple memories download simple memories and mice now we're doing it on primary and next on Alzheimers patients and so they'll be able to remember who they are and where they live and so we are now interfacing the brain via electromagnetism and the point is that all of them are nothing but vibrations of a string electromagnetism is a vibration of the string and we're using one set of vibrations that is electromagnetism to eventually influence a computer which can then control our environment one day when you walk into a room you will mentally turn on the lights mentally turn on the Internet mentally surf the web mentally move objects around via your mind mentally draw pictures create artworks with 3d printers in fact from the outside you'll look like Harry Potter waving is magical on moving objects creating all sorts of wondrous things mentally that is the future of the internet the internet is going to be replaced by brain net and for more go to my book the future of the mind which goes into some detail about how brain death is going to look like it is a successor to the Internet ok let's move on now to the next listener phone call hello my name is Shawna ho I live in Portland Oregon in interstellar the experience time-dilation when they went down to the planet now how would that work with quantum communication which leg of Medicine has zero latency communication instant communication between two people if one is if their time is moving quicker or slower anyway thank you well you have two effects involved there well let's try to break it down first of all I'm Stein says that if you go faster and faster in a rocket time slows down in that rocket this is not science fiction we measure this in fact we put two clocks one clock on an airplane that clock is atomic the correlated with a clock on the earth when the airplane takes off bingo the clock on the airplane beats slower than the clock on the planet Earth so time is not absolute one second of the earth is not one second on an airplane is not one second in outer space so every time you go in an airplane believe it or not you're experiencing time dilation now the question that was asked though is even more sophisticated and that is quantum communication if you take two electrons and they vibrate together so they're touching each other and then you separate them an umbilical cord emerges between them and they have in some sense knowledge of each other's state so if you were to analyze the first electron and it is spinning up then you know that on the other side of the universe wherever that other electron is it's spinning down the two cancel out because originally you had no spin at all now believe it or not this effect travels instantly faster than the speed of light Einstein hated this idea in fact Einstein conceived of the experiment precisely to show that quantum mechanics is crazy that quantum mechanics allows you to go faster than the speed of light well this experiment has been done you get two electrons or two photons get them to vibrate together separate them measure one then instantly faster than the speed of light you know the state of the other well sorry about that Albert you were wrong but you have the last laugh it turns out this information is random so it is useless so even though you now have something that goes faster than the speed of light it is useless because you cannot send useful information faster than the speed of light like Morse code you cannot send Morse code this way now believe it or not this is not the only thing that goes faster than the speed of light but is also useless take a flashlight and sweep it across the night sky I used to do this when I was a kid sweep a flashlight across the night sky and realize that the impression of your flashlight as it hits the outer space or the atmosphere that image goes faster than the speed of light as you wave the flashlight in the heavens but you see is useless information you cannot send useful information faster than the speed of light each photon each particle light in the flashlight travels at the speed of light even though the image the image of the flashlight casted on the night sky travels faster than the speed of light so in other words Einstein has the last laugh yes there are things but you can go faster than the speed of light Einstein what's wrong with that but net information can I go faster than the speed of light sorry about that ok let's move on to the next listener phone call yes David jaquise and I'm calling on Long Beach and my question is why does the polar milk of normal matter universe equal the total amount of dark matter squared times dark energy and following this on Twitter so thank you okay well let's try to break this down into its basic components first of all matter consists of atoms hydrogen helium lithium things like that we used to think that the universe is made out of atoms but now we know that's not true that most of the universe is made out of dark matter and dark matter is a mysterious substance that is invisible that's why it took so long for us to be able to confirm its existence and it's related by e equals mc-squared e being energy M is being math well let's take a short commercial break but after the break we'll continue a discussion of dark matter and what the universe is really made of welcome back to science fantastic with Professor Michio Kaku before the break we had a call about dark matter so let me try to break that down back in the 1990s we seemed to have a very compelling picture of what the universe is made of back in the 1990s we thought that well the universe is made out of atoms simple as that electrons going around a positive nucleus and perhaps the atom can be shattered to create cosmic rays and black holes and things but the universe is basically made out of atoms and the universe was also expanding and expansion was probably slowing down no big deal and it was a very pleasant very stable conception of the universe back in the 1990's boy were we wrong totally wrong because in the last 10-15 years we had to rewrite all the textbooks first of all we know that matter is not mainly made out of atoms atoms are made I mean atoms are made out of electrons and protons but there's something else dark matter and dark matter is ten times more plentiful than ordinary matter and is invisible invisible meaning that our detectors cannot easily detected by telescopes and by our instruments and that's why it took so long took so long for scientists and astronomers to agree on the existence of dark matter then we had dark energy the energy of the vacuum which is pushing the galaxies apart giving us the Big Bang and it is not slowing down as most textbook said it's speeding up the universe is speeding up his acceleration now one day perhaps the night sky will be totally black because the stars are so far away light cannot even reach us from the depths of outer space so this is a very different picture than the 1990s we said that the universe has made a base out of atoms and the universe is expanding but slowing down now we realize the universe is made out of something different dark matter and the universe is not slowing down it's speeding up it is careening out of control so what do we do with this well we don't know first we want to capture it in the laboratory that's what we have detectors around the world looking for the collision of dark matter with a proton the proton will be shattered and we look for the flash of light created by the shattering of a proton so far we haven't seen any but there's always the hope then we hope to create art matter with the Large Hadron Collider and that has not been successful either so right now we're in a very strange period of time where we suspect that our textbooks have to be redrawn rewritten but we don't know how that's where we are today and if you if you in the audience ever figure out what dark matter is and what dark energy is you will get the Nobel Prize in Physics so what are you gonna do first you're gonna tell me first and then we'll split the Nobel Prize together you and me okay let's move on now to the next listener phone call hello my name is Andrew Horvath I am in Phoenix Arizona I'm actually a science teacher and I'm asking a question without help in the future futures always been a very interesting topic to me I've been very excited about it technology and everything like that and so my question is regarding the medical field recently I've seen some wonderful research about vegetable based diets and and things like that to help people saw more drain in the future what do you think is going to be the most valuable tool for preventing medicine do you think people will be changing their diets you say one time I heard about you know they could potentially have toilets in the future well I go to the bathroom in the morning and it checks all of my levels and it'll warn me that maybe it has some cancer cells or or you know something in my and by your end something along those lines so what kinds of things you think in the future are going to be in place to help prevent illnesses as opposed to maybe medicine that we use once we are already sick thank you very much for hearing the question and I look forward to listening to your radio show well medicine is going to explode absolutely explode in the future first of all you mentioned the smart toilet which is going to render the word tumor obsolete in the English language by the time you have a tumor form you have 10 billion cancer cells or so growing in your body it's too late surgery is required immediately in the future your toilet will pick up cancer genes cancer enzymes and give you a liquid biopsy up-to-the-minute liquid biopsy no delays and no getting an appointment with a doctor and getting cancellations of your appointment no you'll be able to diagnose yourself and detect cancer decades perhaps a decade before a tumor forms so the smart toilet is going to be a form of preventive medicine which will render the word tumor obsolete and then we'll attack tumors directly with advanced nanotechnology we're going to arm individual cancer cells so that they seek out seek out ordinary cells so they seek out cancer cells and destroy them and then when your organs wear out we'll grow new organs from your own cells these are called bio reactors I've had a chance to take a camera crew to Wake Forest University and see these at work we're talking about creating new organs of the body as they wear out we can already grow skin bone cartilage noses ears wind pipes bladders that's today tomorrow perhaps we'll grow the whole organism up to the brain [Music] [Music] welcome back to science fantastic with Professor Michio Kaku in this hour we're gonna take you on a fantastic journey a journey through space and time a journey into our bodies a journey into the world of science the cutting edge of science and if you want to be part of this then give us a call and also I just finished a national book tour my book is called the future of humanity and I've had a number of questions that were given to me and I'll try to answer another one of these questions the question that sometimes I get is why didn't Stephen Hawking the great physicist ever win the Nobel Prize in Physics well if you think about it that is ironic because many lesser-known physicists who have done less spectacular work they won the Nobel Prize so how come the Nobel Prize eluded Stephen Hawking a business is so famous that he's going to be buried in the Westminster Abbey the Westminster Abbey in London is the most sacred Church in all of British Christendom Isaac Newton is buried there not to mention many kings and queens of England and including Stephen Hawking so the question is why didn't you ever win the Nobel Prize well the answer is quite simple the nobel price is given for things that have been tested said in the laboratory well Stephen Hawking's main contribution is untested and that is Hawking radiation you see black holes are black because they absorb all light nothing can escape their like the ultimate roach motel everything checks in nothing checks out however Hawking showed and this is his great contribution that when you add the quantum theory of atoms to black holes you find that black holes are not really black at all they're gray they emit a very faint radiation called Hawking radiation that's why he didn't win the Nobel Prize this is a great discovery because it was the first major application of the quantum theory there is a theory of atoms to the theory of ice fine a theory of gravity these two theories usually hate each other but David Hawking showed that these two theories create a new effect Hawking radiation but it's too faint is too faint to be observed in the laboratory so we physicists believe it exists it's out there Hawking radiation but the proof eludes us and that's why Stephen never win the Nobel Prize okay well let's move right along now to your listener phone calls hi I'm Danny um I'm calling from Florida um my question is about your book the terraforming Mars part now the only two examples I know about it are the Superman movie where like everybody was floating up and in the ground and everything and I think there was another movie where the guy survives on Mars which he like basically maybe like a small little greenhouse and grew vegetables and stuff another part the Superman movie wouldn't be like that so if we were to do like greenhouse sort of deal and let's say we wanted the target would be half of Mars not all of it is half of Mars in a realistic sense how long would that take to happen well you asked a question that a lot of NASA engineers are asking themselves right now and that is well he saw the movie the Martian starring Matt Damon he was left stranded on Mars with no backup no supplies and he had to grow his own food and sustain himself on the Red Planet so one of the first things he had to do was find a way to get oxygen through a chemical reaction once you got that then of course you have to get fertilizer for food and he used his own waste product yuck for fertilizer and then he started to grow plants on Mars because he had the carbon dioxide atmosphere it's cold but you can heat up the temperature using solar panels and agriculture he was then the first one to create agriculture on Mars now in the future we'll do it using genetically modified algae the carbon dioxide atmosphere is ideal to grow organisms plant organisms love carbon dioxide and so it may be possible in the future to create a self-sustaining aqua form or a farm of genetically modified organisms on the surface of Mars that's one industry that you definitely want to get off the ground another industry is mining because frozen water can be unfrozen and that creates drinking water once you purify it and you can separate it out into hydrogen and oxygen so these are two reasons why you can use a hydrogen for rocket fuel and B oxygen for breathing so water would be the first major substance to be mined on the surface of Mars this is beginning the process of terraforming Mars so it's going to be very difficult no one's going to terraform Mars immediately the first settlements will just tinker tinker with the mechanics of terraforming Mars but the actual terraforming of the planet itself will take much longer now how do you jump started if you can raise the temperature of Mars by six degrees by six degrees you will have a runaway greenhouse effect how do you do that you inject methane gas into the atmosphere of Mars the methane gas captures sunlight creates a greenhouse effect which captures more carbon dioxide and so you have a runaway greenhouse effect so that's one way to self-sustain and terraform Mars but of course it's not going to happen anytime soon it'll take years decades [Music] [Applause] welcome back science fantastic professor Michio Kaku the lines are opened well before the break we also had a call about terraforming Mars and he also mentioned Superman so let me give you a historical link between Mars and Superman I near the turn of the century Edgar Rice Burroughs wrote the Tarzan series for which he was famous but he also wrote to John Carter of Mars series as part of pulp fiction back in the 1920s back then he realized that Mars had a lower gravitational field on the earth so he said that if an earthling we're to go to Mars somehow he would become somebody with superhuman powers he'd be able to leap tall buildings in a single bound he'd be faster than a speeding bullet so Edgar Rice Burroughs said that this man on Mars John Carter would have the power of a Superman well what happened was nothing happened until World War two come along and people want a hero and that's the origin of Action Comics and Superman and the very first issue of Superman the very first issue it says very plainly that anyone from another planet landing on the earth would have superhuman powers because of the low gravity precisely echoing the words of Edgar Rice Burroughs creator of Tarzan and John Carter of Mars so in other words the link between Mars and Superman is that Superman is in some sense a son a John of John Carter a creation of the man who created Tarzan okay well let's move right on to the next listener phone call I'd like to propose at least one question if the background microwave radiation from the big bag the vacuum of the relative vacuum in space like 2.7 4 degrees Kelvin then how can people like dr. Lee Nestle at Harvard who were tried to reach absolute zero completely evacuate the BMR from an environment so let the thermometer as it reach just two point seven four degrees Kelvin but actually those absolute zero I found your presentation delightful of the future humanity here okay well first of all let's break down your question it turns out that in outer space there is an echo an echo of the Big Bang itself believe it or not you can calculate that the Big Bang was very hot but in 13.8 billion years it cool down so the temperature of the background radiation left over the aftermath of the Big Bang has a temperature today of two point seven degrees above absolute zero so children sometimes ask the question mommy daddy how cold is out of space well we know the answer two point seven degrees why that's the temperature of the Big Bang today anything that hot back then could not go to zero today we see residual residual radiation from the Big Bang at two point seven degrees above absolute zero but on the earth but on the earth you can create in the laboratory temperatures below two point seven degrees centigrade now remember that's a temperature of outer space but on the earth it's possible to take out energy from a container of energy and drop the temperature below two point seven degrees centigrade and that resolves the paradox and that is if the temperature of outer space is two points degrees how can on the earth you can get a chamber a small chamber where the temperature inside is below two point seven degrees centigrade there's no contradiction whatsoever and by the way you can pick up this radiation on your transistor radio if you turn your frequency on a transistor radio randomly you get static believe it or not most of that static comes from Jupiter Jupiter is quite noisy in the radio spectrum quite radioactive but you can also pick up the Big Bang itself this is amazing that even the simple transistor radio can pick up residual leftover radiation from the creation of the universe itself absolutely amazing ok let's move on to the next listener phone call hello my name is Charles Davis I'm not listening to a radio station actually got national internet but I have a question for you was there ever a reverse law to the theory of light written by anyone calling Einstein never published if so what would the implications of that be and would that actually be a issue that I'm leaked to relativity and quantum theory possible thank you well I think what you're asking is is there a reverse form of light I think that's what you said in other words anti light or dark light that light from a flashlight in this radiation but a dark flashlight would absorb radiation and blackness blackness would come out rather than light well the short answer is no but let me explain why first of all there is something called antimatter the opposite of matter which is different charge so the electron has negative charge we learned that in elementary school but the anti-electron the positron has positive charge so antimatter has the opposite charge of ordinary matter now light however has no charge at all is charged less and anti light is light so that explains first of all the mystery of black light there is no such thing because light and anti light are the same thing you can also answer the question about anti-gravity anti-gravity is gravity that is the anti particle of the graviton is Agathon the anti particle is the photon of light is the photon of light and therefore reverse light or black light is not possible however recently physicists were quite amazed that the universe itself is accelerating due to dark energy now this is repulsive dark energy repels galaxies and so it is a form of anti gravity which is amazing there is a form of anti-gravity however what's the catch the catch is is extremely small so small you cannot make hoverboards or anti-gravity Rockets out of it sorry about that it is extremely tiny but we do think on a scale of galaxies now it is literally pushing the galaxies apart cooling it down now one day we may head absolute zero or near absolute zero as a consequence of dark energy okay let's move on to the next listener phone call hi this is Sean Merkley from a short Illinois my question is has become a level 1 or level 2 society and the curve chef scale which scenario becomes more plausible number 1s we're holding two other planets in the Goldilocks zone and the search in our own universe for the continuity of the species or number two iceworm holding into the past in a alternate universe to transfer folks into the alternate universe if you will for the continuity of species appreciate any help on the answer and thanks and have a great day okay well you asked a question about the Kardashev scale which I write about karna Shah was a Russian answer physicist who wanted to catalogue intelligent civilizations in outer space a type one civilization consumes the energy of a planet like Buck Rogers they control the weather they can control earthquakes and volcanoes anything planetary they can control type two is stellar they control the Stars they control the energy output of the star and nearby planets like the Federation of Planets the Federation of Planets of Star Trek would be a type two civilization type 3 is galactic they control the power of a black hole and after the break will answer the question about what it means if you can create a wormhole if you're a type 1 2 or 3 civilization can you go to the past or maybe the future welcome back to science fantastic with professor Michio Kaku here's your chance to get on national radio and ask that question that you've always been wanting to ask well before the break we had another question that came in about the carnage of scale and where we might take a wormhole - well the Kardashev scale talks about civilizations centuries millennia more advanced than us a type one civilization can control planetary power they control the weather they can mind the oceans type 2 has stellar power they control the power output of an entire star they'd colonize all the nearby planets and type 3 is galactic they control the power of black holes and they roam across the Galactic space lanes now believe it or not we can actually calculate when we will attain these ink abilities first of all we know the energy output of a type one civilization and so we are about a hundred years or so away from becoming type one in other words by 2100 we will become planetary with the ability to for example control the weather in a few thousand years will be tied to the ability to control the power output of anis of an entire star like in Star Trek type 3 is galactic the power to manipulate black holes to roam the Galactic space lanes and that depends on whether or not you can get hyperdrive so that maybe who knows maybe thousands to a hundred thousand years more advanced than us now the question that came in is when are we gonna get wormholes and where are we gonna go in space or time with the wormhole wormholes are shortcuts they are allowed by Einstein's theory in fact Einstein himself in 1935 was the first one to find a wormhole solution of his own equations a wormhole is a shortcut like the looking-glass of Alice a shortcut that allows you to go from one point of space or time and another point of space or time now when can we have these and on what scale are we talking about well as you can see a wormhole has the energy of a black hole therefore almost by definition we're talking about type 3 a type 3 civilization that can roam the Galactic space lanes has access to galactic energy and has the power of a black hole and that is the power to rip the fabric of space and time itself now what are they going to go well one point is to go to other galaxies and other star systems and other sectors of the galaxy itself so perhaps star wars takes place in such a time thousands of years more advanced than us but what about going backwards in time well that gets a little bit more dicey Steve knocking for example admitted that it may be possible to create a wormhole to go into the future or into another point in space but to go backwards in time he thought maybe bordering on impossible well we'll say a few things about that after the break [Music] welcome back to science fantastic with Professor Michio Kaku well before the break we had a call about the Kardashev scale of advanced civilizations and when we're going to be able to create wormholes well wormholes are gateways to space and time made possible through energy scales of a black hole meaning that were probably talking about Type three a galactic civilization capable of harnessing the power of dying stars and black holes to drill a hole through space and time these are called wormholes first pioneered by Albert Einstein himself in 1935 in the famous paper the hero with one of his students Nathan Rosen and then the question is can you go forwards in space like in a spaceship or backwards in time well Stephen Hawking had a point of view on this he thought that wormholes to another point in space may be possible the problem is graviton radiation gravitons are particles of light and if you have enough gravitons that can become quite dangerous and quite radioactive and you can blow up the machine so a wormhole machine may in some sense become unstable well Hawkey thought that maybe just maybe a wormhole machine taking you to a distant point in the galaxy was possible it was possible to control the graviton radiation as you entered the wormhole machine but he thought to go backwards into the past if you do the calculation it turns out the build-up of graviton radiation blows up and so maybe the machine explodes as you try to go to the past well I've looked at that calculation and I'm not convinced first of all how do you get the fact that the machine blows up when you go into the past in a wormhole because a light beam that falls in the wormhole winds up in the past and then naturally goes to the present and goes into the wormhole a second time third time and a fourth time that's why it blows up because it goes through the wormholes an infinite number of times but you see I don't believe in that I think you can only go to the wormhole basically once not an infinite number of times and so there's no contradiction with graviton radiation graviton radiation could in fact be finite now why do I believe that you can only go maybe once to the wormhole because it depends on how you view going backwards in time I personally think that the universe splits in half the timeline Forks into two rivers one river takes you through a normal sequence of time and the other river splits off Forks in the river of time and that simply creates a new branch a new branch of a timeline so all the paradoxes of time travel are resolved and there are no infinities no explosions are blowing up a graviton radiation and so in other words time travel might just might be possible I'm not saying it is because of course the calculation requires going to a higher mathematics called string theory which is so advanced that we cannot answer the question yet but in string theory it's a quantum theory time splits and at times splits and go backwards in time you do not change your own past which will create a paradox you change somebody else's past who looks like you has the same mannerisms but is your carbon copy and so you basically change the fate of a parallel universe but not your own sorry about that and that resolves all the paradoxes of time travel with a new outlook you can read any time-travel novel and resolve every paradox if you would simply assume that the universe Forks into two roads every time you go backwards in time okay let's move right along to the next listener phone call hi my name is Maya med I'm from Orlando Florida my question for you one as we know 95.1% of dealers is dark matter and dark energy the rest of the universe is stuff that we can detect visible light libel energy my question was is it possible that there's an entire universe that's undetected within that dark energy and dark matter is it possible is the awesome to know thanks so much well you asked a question that's at the cutting edge of what we know about the universe so let's break it down a bit as we've mentioned before on this radio show we used to think that the universe is oh I think we're running out of time in this segment well let's take a short commercial break then and after the break we'll answer a question is a possible there could be a parallel universe out there hidden in dark energy and dark matter welcome back the science fantastic with professor Michio Kaku well before the break we had a question and that is the universe we now know is much stranger than we previously thought it is basically made out of dark energy which is blowing the universe apart and dark matter which holds the galaxies together both are invisible and both have led to Nobel Prizes so the question is if dark matter is dark and can hide things it could basically hide a parallel universe well probably no however it does raise some very intriguing questions first of all how do we even know this dark matter out there by looking at Newton's law of gravity we know that the galaxy spins but it spends ten times to fast if you take a look at Newton's laws of spin and calculate the centrifugal force of a galaxy spinning very rapidly you find that it should fly apart by a part therefore something is keeping the galaxies together even if Newton says they are flying so fast they should fly apart and that's dark matter so we use gravity to indirectly prove the existence of dark matter now then the caller asked another question if dark matter is invisible is it possible that it's concealing something like maybe another parallel universe and the answer to that is probably no because the parallel universe would have a lot of gravity and gravity is how we even prove the existence of dark matter to begin with because dark matter is invisible therefore we see no presence of a parallel universe hiding inside the dark matter however there have been some surprises just in the last few years one surprise announced just a few weeks ago was the fact that we can now have galaxies that are totally made out of dark matter or dark or galaxies totally made out of ordinary matter without the other we used to think that dark matter in ordinary matter had to come together but now we find that you can have ordinary galaxies with ordinary matter without that much dark matter at all and vice versa and so we're not realizing that the universe is a lot more mysterious than we previously thought I should mention however that the leading candidate for dark matter is that it's a higher vibration of the string we are the lowest octave of the string but there are higher vibrations the photon has a higher vibration is partner is called the photino or little photon for short and we think that is the leading candidate for what dark matter is made of however the question is more sophisticated than you realize because in inflation theory which is also a version of the Big Bang Theory inflation happens all the time at different points in the universe so in some principle it's possible to have universes inside universes universes budding off other universe like a soap bubble putting up other soap bubbles and so then it's not so surprising if you can get a universe hiding inside dark matter ok well let's move on to the next listener phone call Richard tell her I Phoenix Arizona and my question is I just read that the longest recorded electrical pulses from a dead brain were 10 days how long does a brain consciousness last after death well you ask a very important question a question of course that is a subject of not just doctors but also ethicists because the question is when the brain dies but the body survives are you really dead at all well first of all it is usually considered that in a period of four to six minutes brain tissues start to die because of lack of oxygen and by the time eight minutes have gone by you are most likely suffering from a version of brain death that is neurons start to die and after that you are probably clinically brain-dead in other words the EEG the electroencephalograph picks up no evidence of electrical activity even though the body may still be intact and this of course raises many ethical questions sometimes people in a coma like for example because of illness or a car accident could be brain dead but their body is still alive and then the question is is it possible therefore they could be revived after being brain dead and you ask an even different question what happens under certain rare circumstances like for example when the body is cold the body can survive much longer in a state of suspended animation so let's try to break it down really quick and that is methanol a medical ethicists are still debating after the case of MS cheveux who was brain dead but the relatives clung to the possibility that she could be revived even though most doctors believe that there was no chance of her coming back because there was simply too much damage to brain tissue now it turns out that some people in comas do come out however they are not totally brain-dead if you are totally brain-dead with no electrical activity chances are you're not going to be able to be brought back however this is an area which is very fuzzy because of course it all depends on how you define brain-dead and if somebody for example falls in a lake in a frozen frozen lake then it's possible the person could survive much longer because of the cold which stops the degeneration of brain activity okay well unfortunately we run out of time today [Music] [Music]

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Length: 94min 2sec (5642 seconds)

Published: Sat Apr 14 2018