Making superconductors

this video has been sponsored by expressvpn about two years ago i think i was doing research for my ferrofluid project and i ended up watching a short video about superconductors i don't remember exactly what video it was or where i even saw it but i do clearly remember that it kind of blew my mind they showed that if a magnet is dropped on top of a superconductor it just floats there like some anti-gravity magic at first i thought that it was just carefully balancing there or something but it could be easily pushed around to different positions on top of this what was even cooler in my opinion was that when it was gently nudged it was able to just freely spin around after seeing this i immediately went to google to see how hard it was to make a superconductor myself based on what i saw it seemed like it was possible but it also seemed like it was really complicated so i kind of procrastinated for the next year and a half until this past january when i decided to finally commit myself to it when i looked into it a bit more i found that superconductors can technically be made from a lot of different materials however for most of them to work they need to be cooled to ridiculously low temperatures for example just mercury can apparently be a superconductor but only when it's lower than negative 269c which for me is just impossible the superconductor that i saw in that video though was called a ybco superconductor and it didn't have to be nearly that cold it only had to be lower than negative 181c which i could easily do by just soaking it in liquid nitrogen i did a bit more research and i found that there were other ones that also worked with liquid nitrogen however i couldn't find much info on how to make them and from what i did find they all seemed to be a bit more difficult so ybco really seemed like it was the best option okay so i committed to making ybco and now i had to put together some sort of procedure like before i reached out to google for help and the first result that i got was probably the best one it was a video by ben over on the channel applied science and he was able to make a working superconductor he covered almost all the essential info about the process and it was extremely helpful the only thing that i wanted to change was the final shape of the ybco bennett just used a crucible as a mold so it wasn't exactly the most beautiful looking thing but i wanted mine to be some nice and pretty pellets just like i had seen in that video in the description he also gave a link to the full length procedure that i assume he followed it was probably the most detailed procedure on the internet and it made everything seem relatively straightforward so i decided to do exactly what they did except on a larger scale however when i actually sat down and started doing some calculations i realized that none of their numbers made any sense ybco is called ybco because it's a combination of itrium barium copper and oxygen however it's also sometimes called atrium one two three because of the ratio between the components there's always one atrium two bariums and three coppers in this case though they don't seem to be using this one two three ratio even though they say that they are on top of this they did a whole bunch of seemingly pointless calculations and they also used a number that was blatantly just wrong this isn't to blast them or anything though because calculation errors happen all the time but it meant that i couldn't rely on what i had here it was very possible that the rest of the info was still good and it probably was but after seeing this i really just didn't trust it so i scoured the internet for a new procedure and a few days later i was thankfully able to find this one it wasn't nearly as detailed and it didn't have any photos but it actually gave numbers that were accurate now before i could actually get started i had to buy a bunch of chemicals the first two were itrium oxide and copper nitrate and i was able to find both of them on ebay i also needed barium nitrate but i wasn't able to find it anywhere online so i unfortunately ended up just overpaying for it and ordering it from a chemical company the last thing that i needed was citric acid which is commonly used in food so it was really easy to find and i got two pounds of it from amazon at this point i had all the ingredients that i needed but i started to worry about the purity of the ebay chemicals the copper nitrate was all nice crystals and it looked okay but i really wasn't sure about the itrium oxide the ebay listing said that it was over 99 pure however you can never really trust those claims so unfortunately i was gonna have to purify it and the best way that i found was to convert it to atrium nitrate to do this i added 200 ml of water along with about a hundred ml of concentrated nitric acid i let it stir for a couple minutes and then i started adding some of the itrium oxide the amount that i added here was kind of random but when i eventually felt that it was enough i turned on the hot plate right now nothing was really happening but when it got hot enough the itrium oxide suddenly started reacting with the nitric acid this quickly turned it all into atrium nitrate which unlike the oxide was soluble in water this caused the solution to slowly clear up and after this i just kept adding the oxide whenever it looked like it was fading it eventually got to a point where it stopped clearing up and this meant that all the nitric acid was gone i then added a bit more nitric acid just enough to destroy the extra oxide this caused it to clear up again but it was still a bit cloudy and there was a whole bunch of solid junk that was floating around i had no idea what this was and it was all just some sort of impurity so it was apparently a good thing that i decided to clean it up to get rid of it i filtered it all through some cotton and sea light and this left me with a nice and clear solution i then put it all back on the hot plate and i got rid of most of the water i honestly didn't know exactly how much i had to get rid of and i just went until it was roughly half the volume that i started with after that i took out the stir bar and i waited for it to cool to room temperature i let it sit like this for a few hours but nothing really happened so i started poking at it a bit to force the atrium nitrate to crystallize i wasn't sure if this was gonna work but it did and there were a bunch of small crystals that formed around the stir rod i then gently stirred the whole thing and i let it sit overnight the next day there was a whole bunch of atrium nitrate at the bottom and i broke it into smaller pieces to separate it i poured it all into a vacuum filter and i was eventually left with some clean and fluffy crystals it was all still covered in water though and to fully dry it up i put it all into a vacuum chamber that had some drying agent at the bottom i pulled a full vacuum on it and then i took it out a few days later what i had now was some dry and crunchy atrium nitrate this of course wasn't the oxide that i had started with and if i specifically needed it to be the oxide part of the purification process would have been converting it back but conveniently turning the oxide into the nitrate is actually the first step in a lot of ybco procedures including the one that i was following so this whole purification was kind of just a slightly more complicated first step at this point it was still a bit wet so i put it all back into the vacuum chamber and i let it dry for a few days after this i had some dry and pure atrium nitrate and now i could actually start making the ybco to do this i started by adding 225 ml of distilled water and i turned on the stirring then into this i dumped in 72.48 grams of the copper nitrate it immediately turned a really nice blue and i waited for it all to dissolve when it came back to it a few minutes later it was still a bit cloudy probably because there was a bit of copper carbonate in there this wasn't much of an issue though and i just added a couple drops of nitric acid to convert it all into copper nitrate this caused it to all quickly clear up and the next thing that i added was 52.27 grams of the barium nitrate this however really wasn't very soluble and i had to heat it a bit with the hot plate i let it stir for about 20 minutes and it had gotten quite hot but there was still a decent amount of solid stuff this was fine though and i just went ahead and added 38.3 grams of the itrium nitrate that i just made i then waited until it looked like all the itrium had disappeared however exactly when that happened was a bit hard to tell because there was still so much barium floating around when it eventually seemed okay i added the final ingredient which was a bunch of citric acid i let this stir for about 20 minutes and then i checked the ph the red color told me that it was quite acidic and it was probably around a one or two what i had to do next was neutralize this and bring the ph up to between 6.5 and 7. to do this i had to use ammonia and i just recently bought a fresh new bottle of it the moment that it was added it started reacting and it turned a much darker blue it also generated a lot of heat and it was causing some of the water to boil so i had to make sure to add it slowly after adding a decent amount i let it stir for a few minutes and i checked the ph again it now looked like it was around five which was better but i still had a bit to go so from here i just kept adding small amounts of ammonia and checking the ph the first major reaction that was happening here was between the basic ammonia and the citric acid and it was turning it all into ammonium citrate it was also reacting though with the itrium barium and copper nitrate and turning them into hydroxides the copper and etrium hydroxides then reacted with more ammonia to form dark blue complexes i don't think the barium was complexing with the ammonia though and it was instead forming a complex with the ammonium citrate however i really don't know that for sure and i had a very hard time finding any decent info about this reaction in general it was really hard to tell with these cheap ph papers but it eventually looked like it was between 6.5 and 7. to see if all the barium had disappeared i took out a small sample and it looked ok there was a small amount of junk though so i quickly poured it all through a coffee filter when this was eventually done i got rid of the funnel and now it was time to turn all of this into the ybco to do this i had to split it up into a bunch of smaller portions and i poured 50 mils into another beaker i then turned on the hot plate and i waited for the water to evaporate about 30 minutes later i was left with this nasty brown mess based on what i had read and seen this was kind of what i expected i still wasn't sure though and it was just so gross that i honestly started worrying that i had messed something up i actually started thinking that i was going to have to start over but it turned out that i was just being impatient at first the sound caught me a bit off guard because it was way louder than i thought it would be i also didn't think that it was going to be so slow or that it would grow like that it was a pleasant surprise though and i honestly think that at least visually it's one of the coolest reactions that i've ever done when the reaction was over the beaker was still very hot and i put it somewhere to cool down then into a new beaker i added 75 mils instead of 50. i was trying to use more because i had to keep repeating this reaction for a total of about 500 mils i was hoping that by using 75 mils i wasn't overdoing it and that it could just make things go a bit faster now in terms of what was actually happening here it was called the citrate pyrolysis reaction just before when i had added all the ammonia it had turned all the metal nitrates into hydroxides but it had also made ammonium nitrate this was a really strong oxidizer and all the ammonium citrate was a good fuel when the temperature was high enough it triggered a reaction between the two and it caused it to burn all the atrium barium and copper hydroxides were mixed in here as well though and the heat of the reaction caused them to decompose it turned them all into their oxide forms and it also made a lot of water vapor which was why the side of the beaker kept fogging up when i first did this reaction i thought that it was making ybco but i don't actually think that's the case i think that it was mostly just making a really good mixture of the metal oxides i was a bit worried that using the 75 mils might be a problem but it turned out to be mostly fine the only thing that i didn't like was that it grew out of the beaker in this run it didn't end up being an issue but in another one it could grow weird and maybe cause some of it to fall out so i went back to doing it with 50 mils and to make it go faster i ran a couple others at the same time it was kind of fun and it felt like i was running a small little ybco factory i was eventually almost done but with the last little bit that i had i decided to try something different in all the other runs there was a bunch of water vapor that clouded the beaker and it made it hard to see so i wanted to see if i could fix this by instead doing it in a dish it was definitely a lot clearer but i kind of knew that it was going to be a bit of a failure there was just no way that it was all going to stay in the dish what was worse though was that this dish wasn't made of borosilicate glass which meant that it wasn't great at handling big changes in temperature despite this i was hoping that it would still be able to survive but it did not because it exploded before it was done reacting i didn't trust the quality of the stuff that was made so unfortunately everything that i just made here was kind of just garbage that didn't really matter though because i had more than enough good stuff from all the other runs what was interesting was that it looked like i had an insane amount of it but it was just really fluffy the moment that i just even barely touched it it just collapsed i then mixed it around to reduce the volume even more and i combined everything that i had from all the runs so at this point like i said before i don't think that i actually had any ybco yet and it was just a mixture of the itrium barium and copper oxide to turn it into the ybco it had to be heated to a very high temperature in the presence of pure oxygen most procedures said that they used something called a tube furnace but when i went online to buy one they weren't exactly cheap they were all way too expensive and i figured that instead i would have to modify my little tabletop furnace this was exactly what ben had done and he had modified his furnace and rigged it to an oxygen tank so it should have been okay with a bit more research though i found some tube furnaces being sold on alibaba that were way cheaper i spent a while researching all the different models and i ended up getting this one which had a nice touch screen the total price was about 2000 us instead of like 5 000 or even more and i figured it was worth trying out i guess the only downside was that there weren't any reviews and i didn't know if it was even going to work very well i was excited when it arrived a few weeks later but i also got a call telling me that it wasn't all in one piece i was calling about your package are you coming to pick it up yeah i'm actually going to be there very shortly okay the only problem is that it's damaged uh it's quite severely damaged um yeah it's uh it seems that they shipped it in a crate and the crate has come apart huh so um i'm not sure like what you want to do um i mean you'd have to look at it yourself i guess after hearing this i was pretty much expecting to just see a pile of rubble however it was somehow still completely fine and there was only one minor scuff on the bottom which i was okay with i still had to make sure that it actually worked though so i brought it back to the lab and i plugged it in i then click the button and it seemed to be totally fine but then it suddenly turned off and i started to smell something burning there was also some nice smoke coming out the back of it which isn't something that you usually like to see with electronics i was really disappointed and i figured that it was damaged in shipping or something but then i realized that it was entirely my fault when i was ordering it they asked if i wanted to run it on 120 or 220 volts and i totally forgot that i said 120. i also forgot to tell them to put an american plug on it instead of the standard 220 chinese one so based on the plug and some terrible memory i just assumed it was 220 and i plugged it into my 220 line this was probably one of the dumbest mistakes that i've ever made and it was very possible that i destroyed the furnace i honestly panicked a bit and despite knowing not very much about electronics i took it apart to see what was broken the first thing that i found was this broken capacitor which had popped open at the top of it it had also spewed all of its capacitor goo onto the board that was above it the only other thing that was obviously dead was the voltage transformer and when i took it out i could see that it was all melted i assumed that i was going to have to change the capacitor and maybe some of the other things on the board but i apparently got really lucky when i contacted the company they were surprisingly super helpful and they told me that the part of the board that broke didn't actually matter so i technically didn't even have to repair this board at all and all i did was take off the broken capacitor now the only other obvious problem was the transformer and with the help of my dad i swapped it out for a new one we then plugged it in to the proper 110 socket and it didn't immediately light on fire which was a good sign the real test though was to actually turn it on and i was genuinely really nervous but by some amazing luck the furnace was apparently saved i then did a few heating tests on it just to be sure and it was completely fine so apparently luck was on my side and i didn't have to buy a new furnace or anything it did take a few days to troubleshoot and fix everything though which wasn't ideal but either way i can now get back to the actual project and try to make some ybco to do this i dropped a quartz tube into the furnace and i filled it with the oxide powder i had no idea how much i could add and i just put an amount that i felt was good and it wasn't really based on anything i then took out the piece of paper that was just being used to keep the end of the tube clean after that i slid in these end piece things which would help seal the furnace and prevent the heat from leaking out i then rigged the tube with some metal pieces that would let me attach the oxygen with all that done i closed the furnace and i connected the oxygen line i also opened the oxygen tank and i adjusted the flow rate i spent a lot of time trying to figure out how much oxygen i had to use but i couldn't find any decent resources so this was kind of based on nothing and i just went with 50 mils per minute after that i turned on the furnace and i checked the heating curve to make sure that it was the right one i'd set this up beforehand and it was pretty simple over an hour it would be slowly heated to 920c and then held there for 10 hours after that it would be slowly cooled at 50c an hour until it was room temperature this whole process should cause the oxide powders to fuse together and form the ybco the slow cooling part would also let it crystallize which was very important i went ahead and started it and i came back to check on it about an hour later at this point it was at the max temperature of 920c and on the outside it didn't look like much was going on if i looked in from the side though i could see that it was glowing red it was going to have to cook like this for another 9 hours and then it would be slowly cooled over 18 and i just left it overnight the next day i opened the furnace and the first thing that i noticed was that the powder was a lot blacker and that it also shrank i then took off most of the metal attachments on the sides and i pulled out the white blocks to get it out of the tube i carefully pushed it with a glass rod what i had now was definitely more dense than before but it was still pretty fluffy and fragile in theory though this should have been ybco and i wanted to see if it were able to superconduct so i poured some liquid nitrogen into a dish and i waited for it to cool down i then dropped in a piece and i waited for that to cool as well when everything looked nice and cold i dropped a piece of a neodymium magnet on it and it clearly didn't work this was honestly a bit disappointing but it also wasn't surprising the first problem was that it was still too light and fluffy and there wasn't actually very much here the second and probably bigger issue though was that i don't think it was oxygenated enough ybco always has the same ratio between the itrium barium and copper but it's able to vary between 6 and 7 oxygens however it's only able to superconduct in the 7 form and what i had probably still contained a lot of the 6 form to fix both these problems the ybco is usually compressed into pellets and then put back into the furnace and heated again with oxygen so that was exactly what i had to do next to do this i started by adding it all to a mortar and i ground it into a fine powder i think in ben's video after he did this he just put it all into a crucible and he did it again and it ended up working however like i said before i wanted mine to be some nice hockey puck looking things to make this happen i needed a die set which would let me crush it and shape it i also needed a hydraulic press and i bought both of these things over a year ago so basically i had everything that i needed but i had no idea how much powder to actually use and i just ended up putting in all of it then on top of it i added a metal spacer thing and a pushing rod and i brought it over to the hydraulic press for safety reasons i put the gate in front just in case something decided to explode under the high pressure i then started pressing it and i brought it up to about eight tons i let it sit there for a few minutes and then i released the pressure and i took off the bottom piece i could see the nice pellet that i'd made and now i had to get it out so i flipped the whole thing over put another piece on top and i pressed it until the rod was all the way through at first i was pretty happy with it but when i got a closer look it wasn't as beautiful as i thought also when i tried to move it a small piece of it broke off i think this happened because i was unfortunately missing a piece of my die set i was supposed to have two of those metal spacers where one of them would have been put underneath the powder i think this just really helps keep everything together when the whole thing's flipped over and the pellets getting pushed out i then carefully tried to put it onto a small piece that i cut from a fire brick unfortunately though a much larger piece ended up breaking off and this kind of just made me want to remake the whole thing however when i flipped it over it didn't seem that bad so i decided to just roll with what i had and i loaded this back into the furnace now as i said before one of the major purposes of this second heating step was to oxygenate it as much as possible another very important thing that it was doing though was something called sintering the pellet that i had now was just a bunch of powder crushed together but in the high heat the particles should fuse then as it slowly cooled it should crystallize which like i said before was very important when it was done it looked exactly the same and like before i carefully pushed it out with a glass rod the pellet that i had now was way stronger than before but i was used to it being super fragile so i was still really careful with it regardless of all that though what i had at this point should have been the final ybco so now i was really anxious to test it out and to see if it actually worked like before i filled the dish with some liquid nitrogen and i dropped in the pellet and i waited for it to cool down i then got a small magnet and i carefully dropped it on top and it actually worked it was floating just like how i saw in the video and i was honestly really surprised that i was able to do it on my first real attempt also this whole time i was kind of still a bit worried about the purity of my atrium and copper nitrate but they were clearly fine up until now i've referred to the floating magnet as anti-gravity magic but unfortunately it isn't anti-gravity and it also isn't magic when superconductors were first discovered it was believed that they were basically just super good at conducting it was found that they had effectively no resistance and they could move an electrical current with almost perfect efficiency however it was then discovered that they were a bit more complicated than that it was also found that superconductors were almost perfectly diamagnetic this meant that instead of being attracted to a magnet they were strongly repelled in my case when the magnetic field of the magnet is applied to my little ybco pellet an opposing magnetic field is induced in the ybco and it pushes back on the magnet this induced field perfectly cancels out the field of the magnet and it causes it to float this effect alone though would just repel the magnet and cause it to fall off but it doesn't because there's actually another unique effect that's going on at the same time the crystal structure of the ybco isn't perfect and small defects allow a bit of magnetic field to still get through this causes small magnetic flux tubes to form and they kind of act like tethers and they hold the magnet in place this is called flux pinning and unlike the diamagnetism the force is actually attractive so even though the magnet's just floating there it's still kind of connected to the ybco and if i push it around the pellet moves with it now another thing to check is to see what happens if i put the magnet on before cooling it when i did this it didn't do anything for a while and then it suddenly jumped into the air this is called the meissner effect and it's unique to superconductors it happens because at first the magnetic field is able to pass through the ybco this changes though the moment that it gets colder than the critical temperature and it becomes a superconductor it suddenly becomes almost perfectly diamagnetic and it starts expelling almost all of the magnetic field okay so this first run turned out to be way more successful than i expected the pellet that i had made though was kind of ugly and i still had a bunch of oxide powder so the next thing that i wanted to do was use the rest of it and to make several hopefully nicer pellets to do this i figured i had to just more or less repeat the exact same process this time i felt that it was probably fine to fill the tube a lot more and i added about 10 times the amount however this was only about 70 of the powder that i had left so after this i would still have to do one other run when it was done i dumped it all out and it was definitely a lot blacker than it was before however it looked like it still had some unreacted brown stuff in it when i crushed it up it looked okay but i didn't like this at all and i decided to run it again i put it all back into the furnace and i ran it for another 28 hours and this time it was much better looking at it now on video it's kind of hard to tell but in person it was definitely a lot blacker i then ran the last 30 of the powder and i also did it twice and i combined it all together after that i went back to my fire brick and i cut out a much bigger piece [Music] i sized it to be the biggest thing that i could fit in the furnace and it looked like it could hold five pellets so that was how many i was gonna make now in terms of pellet thickness i had to decide how big i wanted them to be for the first one i just crushed what i had and it ended up being about 1.9 millimeters but now knowing that it was 1.9 millimeters and that it weighed 3.85 grams i could calculate the amount that i needed for any thickness the 1.9 millimeters did seem to be okay but i felt that it was just a bit too thin and fragile so i decided to make it three millimeters instead i also found that spacer piece that i was missing and i was able to make some really nice pellets after making four of them i decided for the last one that i would make it a lot thicker this one was six millimeters and i wanted to see if it could float the magnet higher i again loaded it all into my furnace and i ran it through a cycle when it was done they all looked good and i was pretty excited that i now had five nice superconductors i had to test them though just to make sure they all worked so i soaked one of them in liquid nitrogen i then got the same magnet that i used before and i was disappointed to say the least i thought that maybe it was just this one in particular so i tried all the others and the big one but they all completely failed this was a very sad result and i wasn't exactly sure what had gone wrong the one thing that i knew though was that my base oxide powder was good because i did have one successful run with it so to me the only possible difference was the level of oxygenation i had used a lot more powder this time and i think there was just some trouble getting it all fully oxidized i figured that there was literally only one thing that i could try and that was to oxidize it a bit more to do this i had to turn all my beautiful pellets back into a powder and i started by just trying to crush them by hand it worked okay to break it up into small bits but these bits were way too hard and i wasn't able to crush them into a powder so instead i threw them all into a small blender then after that i screwed the top on and i ran it for several minutes this gave me a relatively fine powder which i loaded back into the furnace the powder this time was way denser than before so i was able to spread it out all in a thin layer at the bottom i ran it overnight for the same 28 hour cycle and the next day it looked about the same as before i then crushed them all back into pellets and i again made four of them that were three millimeters this time though the last one was more like four and a half millimeters instead of six this happened because while reprocessing it i somehow lost 4 grams of the ybco i really have no idea where it went because it's not like i dropped any and i think that some of it might have just gotten vaporized in the furnace but either way i then sintered them and i was really hoping that this was the last time i was gonna have to put them in the furnace i took them out the next day and like before i thought they looked really nice that didn't really matter though if they didn't work so i took one of them and i soaked it in liquid nitrogen when it seemed cold enough i then got my magnet and i was honestly really nervous that it was just gonna fall and hit the ybco also if this didn't work then i'd have literally no idea what went wrong or how to fix it thankfully though it did end up working and i honestly can't say how relieved i was to see this like i just said if it didn't work i'd have no idea what to do next but i guess it really was just the oxygenation i then tested each one to make sure that they were all good and i also tried out the big one one thing that i noticed though was that none of them floated the magnet as high as that first successful run also the big one seemed to actually be weaker to me this meant that even though it was working now it was still probably lacking oxygen i really didn't want to have to run them in the furnace again but i decided to do it one last time i didn't do them all though and i just loaded up the big one and one smaller one this time i also decided to run it for much longer and instead of 10 hours at 920c i did it for 24. i honestly didn't expect too much to change but there was actually a huge difference on the smaller one the magnet floated significantly higher than before it was also able to hold a much larger magnet which i thought was pretty impressive the big one was now actually more powerful than the smaller ones and it had no problem holding the bigger magnet it could even keep it up when it was on the side and it had enough clearance that it was still able to rotate at this point i felt that i was more or less done and i was really happy with how it all turned out however there was something important that i still had to try up until now i had always put a magnet above the ybco but it should also be possible to do it the other way around to try this out i set up a little magnet track and when the ybco was fully cooled i dropped it on it was actually able to hold itself up and when i pushed it it moved along the track without falling off i was also able to shake the whole thing and bounce it back and forth and it kind of felt like i was playing pong the moment that it warmed up though and got above the critical temperature it would just fall off now was one final thing i wanted to try adding ferrofluid to the magnet while it was floating above the ybco i'd seen this in a few videos and i just thought that it was cool i also thought that it was an interesting crossover between my own projects because i could use the ferrofluid that i had made myself i'd made this ferrofluid over a year ago now but it's still perfectly good while i was doing this i realized that the one big thing that i still hadn't made myself was a magnet so for my next big project i've decided to try and make my own neodymium magnets however i haven't even started on that and i have no idea when it's actually gonna happen now as i've said before projects like these take months to put together and it can often cost quite a lot when i started this channel i could barely even afford a beaker and i never thought that i'd be able to do any of this but thankfully between patreon and sponsors these big projects are actually possible this one in particular was sponsored by expressvpn which is a service that keeps your information private when you're browsing the internet it does this by encrypting all your data before sending it out and then routing it through secure servers this prevents anyone including your internet service provider from seeing what you're doing or spying on the websites that you visit for me though besides privacy i mostly use it to access content that isn't available here in canada there are a lot of streaming services that i'm just not able to use and some of them like netflix have a selection that changes depending on where you are with just a few clicks though i can choose a server in another country and access the selection that they get there so now if i go to netflix i can see that i have the british selection it has a whole bunch of different shows and movies and it's the only one that has it's always sunny in philadelphia which is one of my favorite shows but with all that being said if you're interested in privacy and breaking geo restrictions i recommend checking out expressvpn you can do this by going to expressvpn.comred and right now they're giving three extra months for free when you sign up for a 12 month plan they also have a 30-day money-back guarantee and there's a link in the description but with all that being said i think this is officially the longest video that i've ever made i hope you guys liked it and bye as usual a big thanks goes out to all my supporters on patreon everyone who supports me can see all my new videos at least 24 hours before i post them to youtube you'll also get access to all the older videos that i had to take down and if you support me with five dollars or more you'll get your name at the end like you see here [Music] so you

Channel: NileRed

Views: 6,665,624

Rating: 4.9402432 out of 5

Keywords: nilered, science, chemistry, ycbo, superconductor, make, liquid nitrogen, magnet, float, levitate, nile, red, high-temperature, magic, antigravity

Id: RS7gyZJg5nc

Length: 45min 39sec (2739 seconds)

Published: Sat Aug 01 2020

Reddit Comments

[u/NitroXSC]

The chemistry feels so far removed from me that it sometimes looks likes magic. I have been really enjoying these videos by NileRed where he makes some of the weirdest things from only basic components.

[u/ZiggoCiP]

This guy is by far the most professional YouTube science channel I follow. Their material is as comprehensible as possible and the guy has the skill-set of a master chemist. I'd die to see him collab with Cody's Lab.