Lecture 3: Biblical Hebrew Grammar I - Dr. Bill Barrick

you as we get started today one of the first things we want to do is go over the workbook assignment for less than one so if you will all take that out at this time and have it in front of you I have it also up here on the screen so that we can follow along but I want us to review this together before I ask you to turn it in to me I want to go over it and make certain that you've understood everything and if you have any questions most the workbook assignments will be turned in or graded in class at the very beginning of the class and as we come to those times of handling that situation please be prepared for that and be ready to exchange your paper your worksheet with other people because at times will have your neighbors grade your worksheet for you and then return it to you so you can look at it and then turn it in to me and that way we can go over things in class make certain we've gone over every single point carefully and make certain there's no misunderstanding so as you're going through this first of all what is the importance of studying Hebrew what are some of the answers that you gave on your sheets Chadd how about you I thought it was important because it helps us to interpret you know that's when correctly that was the language the guy here is the Old Testament head okay good it helps us to interpret the Old Testament correctly all right and how about going to Jeff what did you have down this is gave us the word God chose to communicate all right Richard within helped spur the Old Testament so much in the New Testament alludes or points to the Old Testament okay so expand that interpretation to include the New Testament as well since the Old Testament is used so heavily in the New Testament New Testament depends upon Scott did you have anything else to add to that let's put that as soon as the hello the word that God gave us in that language it is a final authority for any disputes or issues of translation or the preacher properly we need to be able and trust others okay good so Scott has in there not only the fact that it's the final authority for reference when there's a dispute but also that it helps us to better prepare for preaching if we clearly understand the text and interact directly with the text what is the origin of the term Semitic Gus all right Shem the son of Noah actually at Shem netic you see instead of Semitic what's happened there is the aspirated Sheen has been Trent has been transliterated as just a simple s and so Semitic is actually standing for Shem midok so it has to do with any of the descendants of Shem which means it's not just if we're talking about anti-semitism or if we've already talked about the study of Semitic it's not just talking about Jews you could equally say that to be anti-arab is anti-semitic because many of their peoples are also descendants of Shem so you as we look at some of these things some of these issues some of the current usage of the term is very different than what we have in the biblical context and then the Semitic Studies biblically when we talk about Semitic we have five main branches of the Semitic languages Roger what do you have here for the five okay good thank you and as you go through those remember they're back there in your syllabus or in the textbook and the references he's giving there of the different classes of Semitic languages is on page 15 page 15 and notice the major branches the Western is the first major branch out of which come the northwest group and the southwest groups and then you have the Aramaic groups so you have Western and Eastern the eastern is what Roger gave as Acadian the Western is further divided into northwest which involves Ugaritic Hebrew and Aramaic and Southwest which is Ethiopian Arabic and then the northwest group is has another subdivision under Aramaic so technically the five should be Western Eastern or Acadian Northwest Aramaic and Southwest okay those are the should be the branches that you would have for those groups now what Roger was given giving is the text on page 13 to 14 where we have under one be the branches of Semitic languages Hebrew Acadian Aramaic Ethiopia and Arabic and in essence those as you look at them are not really branches in of themselves this is one of the revisions we're making on the the textbook here they are major language groups and major languages in the Semitic but notice that Hebrew is not a separate branch all by itself because it is tied directly in with Ugaritic Canaanite and finition and so there's going to be a little bit of revision there I want to point that out that the chart on 15 is the one you really want to follow I'm not going to be counting any points off for having the group that Roger gave as opposed to having the group that's on the later page I just want to make certain that you've taken a good look at it and thought through it but also that you keep in mind that Hebrew Ugaritic and the Canaanite Phoenician languages are the most closely allied and related of all of them and that's important for you to remember for later reference when you get into especially the third semester of Hebrew and then into Hebrew exegesis and you'll see the significance of that as we go along any questions there on that one everyone understand that yes maybe this is a suggestion if you're revising of a Bosman and how Aramaic is one of the five main branches write this up because it has sub branches that's the main point there those who have sub branches are the main branches right and part of it is the fact that Aramaic is soaked closely tied to the other three in that Northwest Semitic branch and yet it has some great distinctiveness to it and Semitic scholars have had difficulty deciding where to put Aramaic they all put it in that same location we have it there in the chart but they also have to qualify that by saying that it has some distinct differences from the other three so it does create a little bit of confusion some refer to those as the South Eastern branch or southwestern branch and try to make a separate one you see a blight on there is still unidentified as to where it belongs and it some suggest it might even result another branch I don't know as you pick up the major Semitic scholars and comparative Semitic s' you find this as an ongoing debate how divided the languages up alright let's go to the next page of your sheets there you were to write out the alphabet five times how did you feel that you did did you improve do you see any difference as you look across the page did you go down vertically and go all of through tau and then go the next column and all of your towel rather than just going all olives across that will help you with the order of the alphabet I'll be taking a good look at that as you turn it in I'll grade these mark them I'll take a good look to see how you wrote those letters and make any suggestions or observations I see that might help keep in mind that when you write it out by hand you're doing something very very different than what you see in the text in front of you because the text in front of you has a very stylized Hebrew font it is characteristic of that used for printing Hebrew Bibles that's why we learn it you must learn to read it but to write it exactly as you see it is almost an impossibility unless you take hours and hours of penmanship calligraphy and make certain you have all the flourishes and all the tittles in there correctly so don't worry about trying to make your letters look identical to what you see in the Hebrew Bible or what you see in the textbook try to get the smooth line representations that we showed you in class last week and we'll go over again this week all right we'll leave that for further changing I ask you to memorize the alphabet how are you doing on it okay lay everything aside make certain you're not looking at any list and let's begin right up here at the front with James and then that's just zigzag back through and go from when we get back there to Mike Michael we're going to go across to Robin and then Tom and and back up to Kyle let's keep going through and let's go through all the alphabet as rapidly as possible in order okay start here on 8 Wow Zion hey it hey yo yo calf sumit to lawmen a new song I earn your last name begins oh hey right okay just happen to be that way Gus okay sadi cool scene Xin chào all right got to learn to go through it quickly let's go through it again all of faith gimel dalet Hey Wow Zion faith take Yoda cough lawmen name noon sonic ayan pay good I was waiting to see because that's the place everyone gets confused sadi okay sadi cold resh scene Xin chào won the reason one ways remember that Saudi is remember that group of four is so-so fits so fits so fits sonic ayan paid Saudi everyone the four sama kyon paid Saudi again Tomic ayan paid Saudi again sama Cayenne paid Saudi again sama kyon pay Sade okay and then goes cofre Xin Xin town Scott those for the difficult part of this alphabet in learning it most students have that's where the breakdown comes is in those four letters in remembering their order I keep getting students to give the order noon I in Sonic instead of noon Sonic iein part of is that Sonic that s sound seems out of place after the noon whether you've had a Greek alphabet or English alphabet or whatever it just causes difficulties and then things fall apart after that alright so just remember in the middle you got so fits okay so fits Sonic I in PEI Saudi alright do it one more time all of faith gimel dalet hey wow Sian tape Yoda cough lawmen name fresh scene Xin chào I told you that's where it comes right Kelly all right do you remember the alphabet song all right anyone able to begin it all Phaethon gimel dalet Wow in Sai and Nathan Nathan Yoda and coffin llama named noon sama kyon pay and Sadiq Oh fiendish King and Sheen and Tao Zi Shalom Shalom Shalom Aleichem all of faith and gimel dalet a and Wow in Sai and Nathan Nathan Yoda and coffin Lana noon sonic guy in pay and Saudi Co Federation scene and Sheen and tau of a new Shalom Shalom Shalom Aleichem all right I still get the Burger King song involved in there somehow as I try to sing it all right which letters sometimes have a dot that we call a doggish in the bosom Kelly they are the big gimel dalet cough pay in town okay what's an easy way to remember them we call them the baguette calf a fletchers baguette affect everyone began to faith again begad cough ass and that way you get at them all in there but bass gut dad is gimel dalet cut Fath is cough pay Tao begad confess alright which letters have a different form when they occur at the end of a word George okay all right I'm okay pay and not the Zion but that Saudi okay okay paid Saudi and what else all right Michael can you help him out besides paying Saudi what are the other final forms name you all right and one more anyone Kyle Sonic not Sonic cough cough cough alright cough name noone pay and saudi all have final forms and we call them what cough so feet maim so feet noon so feet pay so feet and saw day so feet all right which letters both regular and final extend either above or below the line of writing first of all how many of the final letters extend below or or above the line of writing not 5 because the maim doesn't extend below so we have four of them right so we have the cough the noon the what pay and the saudi and then what other letters do we have the extend above or below llama goes above the only one above and one more below cough cough alright and then the next is to distinguish carefully between the letters which have similar forms and why don't we read these pairs by name all right so why don't we start over here with john and come through gus and back and john take the first line and just read that those first three there the letter the and and the letter cough okay bathe and cough Gus okay go ahead come okay good Kenny the Scott doll it and final form okay coughs so feet okay doll up and coughs so feet all right good Wow the other way around oh wow Wow inside thanks James okay Jeff all right good maybe so he's in Sonic all right good Madame Sophie and Ted tape tape put the long a sound in there if you would jump okay Kelly I in Saudi okay good Tom I am and sorry something correct all right Rob see Shane and scene remember the sheen has the point over the right horn the scene has the point over the left horn now what about the differences in one-two and following here and let's come up to Kyle Kyle which one did you circle here on number one and Y which letter a circle to noon because it doesn't cover the full square script ok good remember eyes okay remember I said that there's several different answers to this and so there'll be many other reasons and I'll look at those as I go through and looked at your sheets but we won't go over them right now all right next Chad I selected 11 because it's the only one that extends above the line okay good and number 3 Fromm's I chose the solid all right good and let's see did we have more they're going to scroll down through here I think that's it isn't it all right so you can turn those in please make certain your name and box number are on them so that we can get them back to you in your mailboxes Scott that's appropriate it's not a problem as we go along we'll trust that more of that will become more of you you put it more in your own words etc but at this point that's not a problem strategy no wrong yeah don't don't make yourself work hard to restate these things if if it's not necessary you turned in workbook exercise number one today Thursday you have workbook exercise number two that is do please look at that in your workbook so we can go over that briefly exercise number two on the vowels so there are five answers please make certain you get all five answers and answer why are they called full letter vowels and then when we do deal with the vowels that you circle here as to the item in each group that does not belong and explain why I know that sounds a little bit like Sesame Street doesn't which of these letters does not like the other which these others does not belong but that's basically what you have to learn you have to learn to distinguish here and let's face it when you start a new language you start at basics you're starting at the Dada Dada mama stage all right you're starting all over learning how to speak and pronounce and say these words you're going back to infancy and we're going to bring you through emcee very quickly and rapidly some of you will suffer trauma because it'll pass so quickly you won't have chance to even learn how to crawl in Hebrew before you're expected to walk and run so just get used to that that's one of the things that happens in language study but as you circle again explain the reason why you circle them which one doesn't belong there on the first group you have to look carefully to see that the first one is a Sharik the second one is a whole um while the next one is a here aqui ode and then you have it's Airy so as you try to explain how they're different remember the first one the shariq is au class vowel the Holum while is a an au class valve the here aqui ode is an AI class valve that Sarah is a II class vowel so you have different classes you can't say well these are all one class except for one this one is visual isn't it the the vowel that doesn't have a vowel letter with it is the one that's different the last one that's area doesn't have a Yoda it doesn't have a WoW with it so you're watching for all kinds of things watch for the way they're combined visually watch for their values are they long vowels or short vowels are they a class Oh Class E Class vowels what are the classes the vowels check all of those factors again there could be more than one possible answer rather than any one right answer but we're looking for you to think through the distinctions and as you think through the distinctions it will help to seal in your minds the values of these vowels and then in Part C I want you to read this aloud and it should be something like this if I can read across that first line from right to left in fact I'll increase this a little bit more so it shows up even better but as we read that across it's going to sound like this D gaw me bay da k puh co rah hua Zhu Tay you alright those are the sounds we're going to learn those today we're going to learn how those vowels are created we're going to learn what their values are and we'll come back again to this and read through it again but that's the type of thing I want you to do is get to where you can read these without checking any charts alright now listen to me as I go through that first line again and it'll begin to give you a little bit of an idea even ahead of our explanation even if you haven't read chapter two yet yet this should help you a little bit as we talked about here D gaw me.they da k puh co rah hua Zhu Tay you now notice that one of the things you can start observing right away is that when there's the ah sound you have the pointing below the letter like a small tea a tiny tea that's the oo vowel like in father the name of that vowel is comments everyone come is alright so you see that under the second one gah you see another fifth one dah go toward the end you have raw and wah and it's one of the key vowels in Hebrew it occurs perhaps more often than any other vowel except for the path AK which we'll talk about later all right there's long vowels they're short vowels in the exercises then long and short vowels I want you to practice this at home and then on Thursday when you come in with your exercises we will read through these and I will call on some of you to do some reading of these lines at least share and partner will start and go around maybe start like here with Henry and say okay Henry take the first one Gus the second one etc and pronounce as we go around so today we hope to get that accomplished to where you have something to work with and then words with one syllable in point for you begin to work with actual Hebrew words and as you begin to hear them and try to hear the sounds of them I want you to begin making associations for example that first word there and number four is door every one door door means generation generation and there's for example the which at of what of in door Ain door the fountain of door the fountain the generations is what that name means I want you to associate biblical place names biblical personal names with the words you hear from time to time so that you begin to understand the parts of different biblical names and it helps you to remember or make various associations you have one generation here when we go through the door into the future we have a second generation all right some type of word association will always help you to build vocabulary the third word there the olive with the commit comments under it and the bathe is of every one of of is the Hebrew word for father father so we talked about avi Melek it's literally my father is king Melek is king obvi is my father of his father when we say Abba that's related that's Aramaic related to the Hebrew and the ending on ABBA is literally a definite article in the Aramaic it literally says the father and it's AB it's of his father there's many of those associations you can make and begin to understand and to see and then there are words of two syllables there that will learn to read and look at em to pronounce so we'll come back to that later today I want to go through some of these to give you a little bit of advance help as you start to try to pronounce these when you're doing your homework at home yes with the little T's ha ha yes little T is called comments short no it's the a but it's things nor sod under the log battle I understand how they will come back that we'll go through this all in very much detail for you ok we haven't gone over it yet so I'll answer that ok all right any other questions with regard to the exercise and what I'm expecting for Thursday notice a lot of that exercise is not written a lot of exercise is pronunciation and practicing and we'll go over it in class both before and after to make certain you get pronunciation down well and understand it so that's all that's due on Thursday is the workbook exercise their exercise number two lesson number two all right keep reading keep your reading on a schedule because for today already you should have read chapter two and so some of this should not be totally new and yet we're going to treat it as though it is new just to remind you again of the writing of the letters of the alphabet to make certain that you're understanding how to do them all right I'm going to begin with the olive remember the olive you just take a kind of a curvy line to represent it and then without tying these together in the middle so it doesn't look like an X or like the Greek key leave some spaces there and that's the simplified form of olive in handwriting to maintain the same square script as a stylized form of it in your writing the bathe remember the important thing about the bathe is the little edge here at the bottom right hand corner very important that you retain that and then so I don't go over the center thing here let me pull this down this way the gimble remember has the angled leg the support at the bottom it is only the right hand side the Dolloff remember is going to need a ledge at the upper right and so leave that ledge up there so that works well as you go through the box the hey remember as you come across and down when you come back to do this final stroke leave a gap don't make it too close don't try to make it close give enough room in here that is clearly seen that it is the hey and can't be confused for the Haythe so leave a gap in there for the hey the Wow remember it's just curved at the top and comes down the side whereas the Zion that is very similar has the little thing at the top almost like a hook goes across it's a roof on it there and then the Haythe make certain you connect it and there doesn't have to be a Ledge up here just make certain you've got the three sides of the box for the hate all right the tape is the what is one of them that's perhaps the most different and that is you can begin it about the middle and come up and curve and come back and across the bottom and then go up to the upper left notice that the bottom does not take up the entire bottom space of the box notice that the sides are angled but the important thing is that you get that little curve in here that you have that little tail on it on the upper right hand side to distinguish it the COFF three sides it's like the Haythe tipped over to the right it covers three sides you don't have to worry about any tittles because it can be rounded on both to distinguish it from the bait all right dalamud begin above curve over to the upper right and then come back to the center of the box at the bottom so it's kind of curved there the lawmen the meme I begin it on the bottom and curve it up and around and down to the bottom left-hand corner and then put in the little mark up there that it's it it's tittle that helps distinguish it okay the main then remember the noon is on the right hand side and a flat base the sonic begins at the upper left and just curves around the whole box leave a little tittle up there just curve it around the whole thing it's almost like a circle remember iein means what means eye so you're drawing a circle representing an eyeball basically so you have Sonic and then the eye on begin at the upper left and then as you come in this to come from the corner all the way this way down that's on the pay begin with the tittle that helps distinguish it from the cough you can put this this way if you wish it can be just the inside or it can be both the inside and outside it doesn't matter it's your choice you can choose your styles like your own handwriting you choose sometimes to write certain letters different ways than what someone else may write them but they're recognizable as having many of the same characteristics and that's a choice you have there the pay the Saudi is the one most difficult to learn and you begin at the upper left corner and come down and curve around like that first of all okay come down and hook it around and then go up that's the Saudi that's the Saudi I'm going to write the ioan again here right next to it to show the difference the iron starts in the same place comes down but this is curved around this way and this comes all the way M so you have a different form for the I M then you do the Saudi this V shape is there but this one is higher this is curved out away from it and this is a continuous curve to the bottom and left in fact to make that a little bit easier you can do it this way bring that down you can bring down all the way just be careful that you don't bring this back up because then it gets close to what the sheen is so you have the pay that Saudi The Cove remember it goes below the line has a gap between its top and what is the rest of it and bring that gap in this way The Cove the race just like the Dolloff but without the ledge on the upper right hand corner on the sheen and seen you can begin by just making a U and then cross into the lower left hand corner and if it's a scene you put the dot over the left hand horn if it is the sheen you put the dot over the right hand horn okay and then the final letter you can begin it just like you did the the faith but when you come to the bottom of the left hand side make certain that you put a foot on it and make certain that foot is visible that it clearly breaks otherwise it look like a safe this is tau alright the towel any questions on the writing Scott it just seems like a lot of the corners are around as opposed to square root of x that's appropriate yes absolutely in other words you don't want to have a very clearly stiff engineered type of look right with those sharp corners that it's not necessary at all you could as one style have it that way and some of you may prefer to have it look more that way that's fine but it's not necessary you can round off some of those corners where you don't have to have the distinctive point to it the tittle Jeremiah I I in means I not the sonic no I am okay yes that's right though I did draw the picture of the sonic and say I am an eye and the reason I did that is paleo-hebrew is a circle for the I am and getting confused there I'm glad you brought that up alright the ioan is I okay the reason is called I is that in the Paleo Hebrew it looked more like the sonic it was just a circle okay thank you and we will you know mention more the paleo hebrew as you go along through he but we don't want to get you all confused now which almost did except for jeremiah alright and some of the rest of you probably thought it but didn't want to say it right feel free to say it okay scotch have questions making sure i was doing i thought the main distinguishing factor in the in the tall with a little edge on the topic part of it no because it can be either one that ledge on the top can be there or can be absent in both faith and Tao the distinction is the bottom left hand corner foot for the towel that's the real distinction okay oh yes it doesn't touch at the top can you come all the way through on the bottom or does that gap come in here it's best to keep a gap but it's not I'm not you know I'm not gonna be fussy about it as long as the distinguishable I'm not going to make it there should be a gap at the top definitely should technically be a gap at the bottom but I'm not going to complain if it isn't okay that's a difference that is perfectly feasible and is satisfactory okay don't try to become overly detailed about the way you form the letters make certain that you are sufficiently detailed that you can distinguish the letters so like what Scott's talking about here if you bring this into where it touches the base that's not a big problem why because you still have the below-the-line part and you have the gap at the top it doesn't make any difference and remember this is just a convenience this is an accommodation to handwriting a simplified form that we're doing here we're not trying to imitate the exact printed form alright that would be for calligraphy if we if you were in the Jewish synagogue schools and you were studying Hebrew they'd probably hands you a calligraphy pen and teach you how to form the beautiful calligraphy of the Hebrew alphabet as part of your lessons we don't do that here because it really is not necessary for us to take up that much time although I would encourage you if you have an interest in it to take that up yourself later as just a kind of a little hobby especially if your student calligraphy and doing designs and who knows what you can come up with I've done some designs using I mean the way you see the Arabic calligraphy making pictures and things out of words and letters and you can do the same thing with Hebrew and end up some beautiful examples okay any other questions about the writing of the Constance we were talking about these special letters last time I want to go over these again and we'll be going over them again and again and again in the days ahead in the future the gutturals are these letters all of hey faith ayan and resh these five we call gut rules and notice that the gutturals is spelled GU titi you there's not an e in it it's not in the gutter GU t te RS gu t tu r al surprisingly I even see some Hebrew grammars misspell it and it's these are guttural sounds they're sounds that have to do with the air passing through the throat and various glottal stops that are involved so you have all of is a silent and it's called a guttural because it there is no sound anywhere the lips the teeth the palate are not involved in the pronunciation of all if it is totally silent it's just it's like a puff of air belonging with the vowel the vowel sound that's it the hey you have that breath coming out of your mouth as you pronounce it hey faith you have the throat constricting you have that glottal stop and you have that guttural sound that comes through that's where these words get the sound the name gutturals faith you have iean ioan again is often silent but if you mentioned before sometimes it has almost a G sound like in Sodom and Gomorrah it's like your glottal again the glottal stop but it's not as harsh as the Haythe it doesn't have the breath coming through it in an aspiration it's just a constricting of the throat that's barely audible and then the REA the race raaah you could actually argue has some of the lips involved and other things but it is classified as a guttural but in your textbook and in other places it is sometimes a guttural now I'll explain that when we come back to them again and go over them this is a little bit early to cover these these five letters but I don't think it's because I'm saying early because we haven't really covered it deeply within the textbook yet but we'll be coming back to it but we're learning the consonants and I want you to know these classifications because they're very significant important these five letters believe it or not will be your nemesis or your joy for the rest of Hebrew because these five letters behave in a special fashion they refuse to be doubled they prefer a class vowels and they prefer a compound schwa these are their preferences the reason race is sometimes a guttural is because race can be found in rare situations with a doubling doggish but these letters take these three rules and you'll hear them again and again and again as we go through the course because this is part of what you need to know if you're to understand why things happen to Hebrew words the way they do Jeremih are generals because they have a slight breeding preparation the compounds while redundant in some places but we'll come back to that when we deal with it okay all right prefer compound schwa prefer compound schwa right silent letters silent letters Olive can be silent hey can be silent Wow can be silent and yo'd can be silent and we'll observe those and watch for them these are the four letters that can be silent they can be silent in various positions the hay is normally silent at the end of a word not within a word the Wow can be silent in a number of situations and so can the yodh the olive is technically always silent always silent its sound is only the vowel that is under it the vowel that is under it and we'll come back to that and talk about the compound choise you'll see more the answer for Jeremiah's question - yes it's not included the silent letters because whenever it occurs in initial place it is often a or is sometimes a G sound so it's only sometimes silent and often when it occurs at the end of a word it will prefer what we call a furtive Pathak under it and so there are situations which ayan is only sometimes silent okay and so it's left out of a lot of lists of silent letters okay Val letters the hey the Wow and the yoader vowel letters the labels using the lips pronounce bathe name and pay bathe mane and pay now these all are needed for you to understand then how sounds are formed and how we pronounce various syllables and various words we'll come back to more of these as we go through the begad Kafei fletchers can be softer hard they can take the dog ish Lanie that's what that dog ish is called in the begad cuff a fletchers to harden it doggish lining is a hardening doggish doggish Forte is what we call the doubling Dalek doggish so this word will be pronounced shim mayor listen very carefully shim mayor notice the maimie sprin ounce twice it's pronounced at the close of the first syllable shim it's pronounced the beginning of the next syllable mayor how do I know that's a doubling doggish first of all that meme is not included among the begad cafe fletchers all right if it was a begad calf ass letter it'd be more complicated in determining what it is but whenever you see the doggish inside a letter that is not a begad calf a letter you know automatically it's going to be the doubling doggish okay now let's talk about the vowels Hebrew was originally written without any technical vowels or vowel pointings there were vowel letters utilized at various stages of Hebrew but it's primarily just writing the consonants what you see there on the left is the Tel Dan Stella that was found at Tel Dan in the 1990s that has reference to the nation of Israel on in fact that reference to Israel is located right here where it has here melech Yisrael and then below it it has date da we'd the house of David one of the few references to David specifically in fact at the time it was found there are many in Israel who believe that David was a mythical King like King Arthur who never existed it was a figment of men's imagination and therefore the biblical account was merely legend and myth concerning David but now with this at that debate has been restarted again against those who have denied the historicity of David and sentencing but since they tailed and Stella was discovered we've also found out that there are a number of other finds in which David was also mentioned that were just kept out of the press or out of the scholarly publications because the scholars who had that material in their hands and authority over it did not want the rest of the world to know they had any reference to David but it so happened that this one was in the right hands that it got put out there immediately and exposed and then all then later we find out this isn't the first piece of evidence we've had archeology archaeologically which leads us to remember very well that it is not archaeology determines whether or not we trust what scripture says first of all we can't always trust the archaeologists because they will sometimes hide evidence that does not fit their preconceived notions of Scripture but if you're to write in the beginning God created the heavens and the earth if if you used English letters and you followed the Hebrew methodology that's what it would look like no vowels now notice that I have word breaks because in the text there are word breaks here in the Tel Dan Stella and in many other Hebrew inscriptions and writings so we add those vowels in we can understand it now note that when you and I are have English as our native language art birth tongue we don't have any difficulty in recognizing what that says do we immediately upon looking at it we can figure out that's Genesis 1:1 why because we're so familiar with the language that all we need is the constants and that's the way Hebrew is done as well and always was and still is in the Jerusalem Post it is the constants that are published not the vowels only an occasional vowel and the Jerusalem Post is published when it makes a very distinct difference the meaning the word and might be of unusual word or word form or a new word that people would need to know how to pronounce or to distinguish from something that might be similar so that's the way that it was written we're used to seeing this as we go through the Hebrew we'll learn the rest of them next week you have a vocabulary quiz that is a sign on Tuesday the vocabulary for that quiz is the vocabulary at the end of chapter two that you have in front of you there let's read it through together so you can hear the sounds alright and I want you to repeat after me okay kadosh that means holy it's an adjective said by oath that's a noun meaning Army's the old translation as hosts of father ah Dom that is the word for man it can also be the proper name Adam Adam ah that's a feminine noun meaning ground or earth not earth as a globe but earth as soil ground or earth or soil Adonai Adonai is Lord or master it can be with or without caps because it can be used of an individual person of the human being as well as of the Lord God now normally once pronounced this way and pointed with the comets the end alone I that is primarily a title of deity and for man it's your usually shortened to add own but there are places where you have Adonai or odd only used of man as well but just remember it's Lord or master ah that's the word brother I say that again ah brother F HOD that's one son number one f hat that's also number one the feminine form where Akkad is the masculine form F hair that means after or behind it's a preposition a cow that's a verb meaning he ate a mare that's a verb meaning he said ish that's a word meaning man or husband the plural is a machine it has other meanings as well but man or husband is your first meanings edits when you hear edits yeast Lyle that's the Land of Israel edits means land it can also mean earth with regard to the planet Earth meaning all the world is sha that's the feminine form of ish and it actually means woman or wife and the plural is Nassim and though she and no SH is another word for man bein is a word meaning between its preposition hi-yaa that means he was or in some context can mean he became ha Lac that means he went or he walked all right we'll leave this up here I'll come back to it again at the end of class to read through it one more time all right yes follow the goodies um all of its halfway between a V and a be halfway okay its aspirated alright let's go to the vowels and let's go through these vowels yes go ahead you know it seemed like most of the most of the vocabulary we just recited the ice that was on the last syllable but a couple of - the normal rule of Hebrew accents are on the last syllable unless otherwise indicated in Hebrew the indication moon child sign with tribal a little sideways triangle is the indication utilized in the vocabulary lists it is not always used in Hebrew in the Hebrew text there'll be other accents though that will be used in place of it that is kind of a catch-all accent because there's so many different accent forms that can be used alright let's learn the vowels the first one is the vowel path back everyone paths have it looks like a dash underneath the letters and it has a sound of a short a as in the were English word bat okay so path back if you pronounce the name correctly you'll pronounce the Valkyr ectly okay and modern Hebrew the path AK is not distinguished from the Comets in modern Hebrew all of the a class vowels are aw okay but we'll learn to distinguish the path AK from the Comets as in classical Biblical Hebrew because that's what we're learning to read all right that's the first letter it's an a class letter or a class vowel all right the next is comments everyone comments comments is that little T underneath a letter and it is a long a that is the a as in the English word father it's ah comments if you pronounce it correctly if you pronounce the name correctly you have the sound all right comments ah Pathak ah comments ah these are a class vowels the a-class Val is further lengthened if it has a concluding hey which is a vowel letter which in ancient hebrew is sometimes used to represent the ah sound and so when you have ah this way it's the same as the AH and Father but it is sometimes drawn out a little bit longer so that the difference would be that father father look at the difference a little bit longer on it and it's at the end of a word and so it's drawn out and the hey then is silent totally silent all it does is lengthen and so on transliteration we indicate that by means of the little circumflex over the top of the a that shows it as the extra long comments then we enter the e-class vowels the three little dots below the letter R the Sehgal everyone said goal notice the set a the as in bet the English word bet said goal said goal okay yeah then we have the long e sound say e as in beret it's actually a French word we borrowed an English beret the little hat on top of the head he wears a beret well that et at the end the T is silent and that E is pronounced and long a it's like the the a like in the Spanish seigneur the a sound that's the two dots so the three dots are a the two dots are a the two dots can be followed by a yo'd which makes an extra long a sound that is still an eClass foul and it's called a ser a yode the valine is sale ay yo let's go back again that's two dots I didn't give you the name of that it's say they say they Kate say they again if you can say it you've got the you got the sound say they okay and this is say a Yoda say they owed alright the next vowel is a single dot it's called here ik-hee deck and it's an e sound the AI as in machine but also it is sometimes shortened to the AI as in bit or the AI as in pin when you have the he deck yo'd it is the long sound always as in machine e it's an AI class vowel the first of the you class valves is three dots at an angle not three dots clustered as in Sehgal but the three dots down in it we call this kibbutz kibbutz and that ooh sound is not a full ooh sound and that's it's a short you the long you is the Sharik everyone Schulich the Schulich is ooh as in Butte ooh alright the you class sound and then you have the dot over the letter is the Holum everyone Hold'em Holum is an O sound and the longer Holum is a Holum Wow a Holum Wow and in this situation the WoW is not a consonant it becomes a silent foul letter and it's the OL as in vote notice there's no real distinction between these two the reason they're distinguished and transliteration is so that you know what is represented in the Hebrew so if you see the circumflex over an oh you know it's a whole limb while as opposed to just a simple Holum we have an unusual vowel that occurs in Hebrew that the master eats decided to use the form of the comments for but it's not really an a-class Val it is an old class Val and it is called comets hot tooth everyone comments how to and when you look at this you'll find out that the sound you'd expect comets tough but they say comets hot tooth that's because in some words it's more of an O sound in some words it's more of a you sound but they're all short it's like the O in God it's like the you in cut and so you end up with all oh oh oh they're very close together in sound and that you have to learn the words to know which ones there are this one is aa claw or claw everyone Oh claw the comets ha tooth is always in a syllable that is closed a closed syllable the comets by itself prefers to be in an open syllable a syllable it has a vow the comets itself is the end of the syllable but if you close that syllable off with a consonant as here look that cough there has a silent schwa under it it's a syllable divider and it concludes that syllable with a consonant sound that's what we call a closed syllable so the Kermit sawtooth is found it's a short form of the vowel found in a closed unaccented syllable look la the accent goes on the last syllable unless otherwise specified so this is a closed unaccented syllable yes Kelly with the last syllable the law be considered an open so absolutely yes Jenelle correct absolutely you're correct to me okay it's a closed felt it's going to be the Ozone's when you have the symbol comments that little T and it's in a closed syllable it will be all or and you have to learn the distinction in vocabulary form all right closed and unaccented syllable closed and unexcited syllable now we go to the short vowel forms the two dots in a row underneath you can height you can lift that to superscript e as transliteration for it sometimes you see an inverted be used as a transliteration for it and in some places you'll see an e with the brave over it there's as we mentioned before there's not a standard form of transliteration for Hebrew because of the nation Israel's refusal to establish a standard and so we all just go along and each one doing their own thing or we try to have something that's pretty well popular our Hebrew Department set down and determine how we would do these and what we would accept as common standard of transliteration so we're all in agreement on these but it's like the e the first e'en Bouree Bouree Bouree you almost don't even hear it's almost like bray beret in fact in modern hebrew that schwa at the beginning of a word like in the name Solomon it's supposed to be vocalized in Biblical Hebrew Shalom Shalom oh but in modern Hebrew just slow mo they don't give that vocal sound at all all right same with the Hebrew word for covenant the writ but it in modern Hebrew is just Brit sounds like talking about an Englishman a Brit okay except they even go further the Tao is no longer pronounced as a T it's an S so they say bris in modern Hebrew modern Hebrew is not classical Hebrew please keep that in mind as we go along this reason we emphasize using the classical pronunciations rather than the modern then we have what is called the hot tip Pathak and by the way that that little dot at the end there that's called a schwa schwa the schwa the two dots there underneath that schwa schwa and then we have a hot tip Pathak hot if Pathak it's a Pathak with the schwa this is what we call a compound schwa and these are always vocal they're always vocal choir's they have a sound and this is just like that the a and kaboom you can't tell the difference from that and Bouree Bouree kaboom you can't tell the difference in the sound but it's an a-class Val because the Pathak and the reason that significant important in Hebrew is that that can determine them for you exactly what the meaning of that word is to recognize that's a Pathak instead of something else a pot of Pathak if you combine it with a sigil it's a hot day sigil hot Dave sigil usually represented by a little eye sometimes by a little e in the superscript like the the eye and dividend dividend the second eye you have the Comets cut you have the hot if comments hot Dave comments can recent represent by a superscript o as in confirm hot of Pathak hot if Segel hot if comets are the names of these half vowels they are half vowels not full valves half vowels that's significant because half voles can never form a syllable by themselves now that doesn't make any sense to us in English because if we say kaboom it doesn't matter that the a is a half all in English we say cut is one syllable boom is another one but in Hebrew that's not the way it works the syllabification the dividing of syllables in hebrew is totally different you say well why is it important why is it significant if you have two sounds why can't you have two syllables because the rules of vowel pointings and the way words are formed have to do with the hebrew definition of syllable not the English definition of syllable so if you try to apply English definitions for syllable to the Hebrew you're going to get confused because then the rules just don't seem to apply that seem to be hundreds of exceptions so you have to get into the mind frame of understanding that half vowels never form syllables on their own half vowels never form syllables on their own question these three again they all sound the same as the schwa but beret schwa kibou the hot tip tactic did a dim dividend yeah hots of C goal confirm cut same sound whether whether you say buh whether you say cut the pork uh it's all the same there's no distinguishing the sound all right the reason they're distinguished in transliteration and in classification has to do with the Hebrew specifying what class of valid is by means the Pathak the C goal and the Commons which is only significant not for pronunciation but significant for understanding where the word came from what its original form was and how it then is changed in various stages okay but there's no distinction string of sound alright good question any other questions on those yes Jeremiah the smaller letters that we're seeing on the yes there's a smaller letters correct these superscript type letters the letters they're elevated are the short vowel letters for transliteration okay now let's go back through these one more time all right let's start with the first one it is what path back path back don't don't slip switch into modern Hebrew pronunciation of Puttock okay patacas what you'll hear on the internet patacas what you'll hear some who use modern Hebrew pronunciation for teaching Biblical Hebrew but that causes confusion if you keep the classical pronunciation you will understand the classical if you keep class pronunciation of the name you'll not understand the classical pronunciation of that vowel so this is Pat back okay Pat tack what's the next next vowel comments alright comments the next one is calm hey the fourth one is Sehgal Sehgal the last one is say they say they all right this one is say they owed say they owed this one is here ik-hee deck okay he thick this is hideki owed this one is kibbutz kibbutz all right and this one Sharik sure deck this one is whole them Hollen and this one is whole them Wow whole them Wow this is what comments hot both comments hot off alright so closed unaccented syllable that's in the two dots below is schwa schwa all right this one is hot if path DAC hot if say goal but notice that the Segel precedes the schwa when you say hot if that's pronouncing the schwa Pathak is the Pathak in hebrew we go from right to left that's why you have the name going right to left hot if Pathak octave stands for the schwa hot if the schwa + Pat Dec hot Dave path that caught if said goal hot if comments are these vocal half vowels which cannot form syllables of their own all right now I'm not going to talk about vocal choise right now because I want to do one more thing a couple more things here before we go any further come back to that I want to go back here now to your vocabulary for the vocabulary quiz on next Tuesday I want to go over this up with you again I want you pronounce this again and look carefully at these words serve the first one is kah Doge accent on last syllable because in Hebrew the accent is on the last syllable unless otherwise indicated alright Kadosh everyone Kadosh notice you have a comet's under the Cove and you have a Holum Wow giving us the O sound Kadosh the next one notes that begins with a schwa when a schwa begins a word it is always vocal so it's tip savate old say bye old ok say bye oat again you have to pronounce it to where you come to the end with the accent on the end say bye old again say bye oat all right the third word is AB okay Tom notice we have a hot if Pathak so it's just an O sound Adama Adama Adama okay the word for brother is ah alright and next the word for one in the master is a cod notice you have a seagull a cod notice the only sound of the olive is the sound of the vowel yeah F Codd the next one notice it has an accent over the top of the olive to tell you that the accent is on now the first syllable rather than the last it'll be marked for you so it becomes F hair okay f hair or excuse me an asshat that I skipped down my skip down the next one H hat is the feminine for one okay F hat is the next one is after or behind notice the app used all right ah cow notice the comets under the olive ah Cal the COFF with a path back and Lomb it a cow he ate our mare he said ish notice the Yoda is silent it's not a wise sound it's the heroic Yoda and so it is pronounced ish notice edits has a accent over the first syllable so we emphasize that first syllable edits okay and then we have a sha notice the dot in the bosom of the sheen the sheen is not a begad cough Athleta so that is not a hardening doggish it has to be a doubling doggish so the ich sha has the sheen has to be pronounced twice to close the first syllable ich and to begin the next one is sha alright and no Sh notice the hot if c goal under the olive very brief sound and the whole my low sound here we have that say they owed Bain ha ha ha lack notice the schwa the two dots in the bosom of the coughs so feet when the schwa occurs at the end of a word this way it is always silent it is always silent when the schwa occurs at the end of a word all right now let's go back here to cover the pronunciation for your exercise for Thursday this is in the workbook it's in the second exercise on the second page of the exercise and we want to pronounce these remember that when you have a headache hideki ode it is e when you have a comments it's ah when you have it save a it's a when you have it's a they owed it's a when you have a shoe rack it's ooh when you have a Holum it's oh when you have a whole um wow it's oh so we'll pronounce the words we go along here they let the these syllables okay I'll pronounce them you repeat starting on the right hand side D gah me they da k puh Co rah rah rah rah Zhu Zhu Hey Hey You you let's go to second line he lo no na they now notice there's not a dot in the towel so don't transfer the hard T soften a little bit they all right not they but somewhere between they and pay all right they all right it's a little bit of catch it's hard to do now the next one is a baguette v latter begad fat letter without a doggie so it is faux remember pay becomes fait when it doesn't have the doggish so it's fo c sorry ba k to go da let's go to the second short vowels pep have dip dip to now make it real short - it's like kibbutz not blue okay not shoe rec so keep it short to set PAP tell kit so Wow zap tell SAP cao lau new-look do tap rap that gap yeah cap yeah with who yeah i let's back up that I promised to long myself there who all right knee rx to mean it alright let's go to long and short vowels mixed in the third part of the exercise ok me Val de ke patte Koch rap right well Zoo to gap yeah tap day bow she SAP c2 gap yeah re tho yo you excuse me let's back up there we got two problems there the though is another soft T not though and not tow but in between though okay though and then you not yo I mispronounced that that's you P they get Chi now that threw one in on you alright when you have a path back followed by a yo'd it becomes like a i i i okay i so it's a totally different sound the the third from the last their neigh - yay that's do the words of one syllable door Taff of mole poor whole gam quiche team nade yesh aide a em Seuss Gill you tove coal or or sheer sheer roots okay let's take the words with two syllables remember to accent the last syllable unless otherwise indicated da VAR and this bathe is doubled it will have to explain that later it's Dib bear okay did bear coat ale shemesh safe there Bo care F F net air a cow show mayor key say Baruch harlots and actually I should be Carlos Carlos okay weathered Zahra they need Carla we he aids there he care that al yayan a ly and then a mare okay now you've gone through it keep practicing this at home remember if you some of the internet pronunciations that they'll use modern pronunciations for a lot maintain the distinctions where you need to make them distinctions allow them to help you where those distinctions don't make a difference but keep at it keep working at it will work at it more in class now next week or next not next week next to next class time and Thursday we're going to talk about syllables and what we mean by syllabification because one of your exercises coming up here is going to be dividing syllables it occurs on exercise number four but we're getting into this we're going through all of the vowels all the letters trying to put these together and then we're going to talk more about syllabification and give you all the rules for that and the exercise thank you very much oh by the way before you leave one more thing so if you've asked about vocabulary helps the best vocabulary help is Larry a Mitchell a student's vocabulary for Biblical Hebrew and Aramaic that's the very best that is a great help if you want something other than Hebrew tutor which is available online and by the way I gave you a if you go to my website you'll find that there is a link there for Hebrew tutor online instead of spending 40 bucks on the software it's available online now but if you want something hardback goes through and gives you the vocabulary beginning with the most frequent and going down through the less frequent Mitchell's will cabarets the best if you find John Watson's word lists out there somewhere cheaply it's a good one does the same thing and the most recent one of the most expensive 20 bucks for this is George Landis's Hebrew vocabulary but he has a lot of other things in there besides vocabulary but Mitchell Larry Mitchell would be the best one for those of you want more vocabulary

Channel: The Master's Seminary

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Keywords: Dr. Bill Barrick, The Master’s Seminary, Learn Biblical Hebrew, Biblical Hebrew Grammar, Hebrew, Old Testament Language, Bible Languages

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Length: 85min 51sec (5151 seconds)

Published: Thu Mar 15 2012