Hi again. I'm Adam. Welcome back to www.engvid.com.
Today I have a very important lesson, I think, for all of you that will help you very much
with your reading, but especially your writing skills. Okay? Today we're going to look at the sentence.
What is a sentence? Now, I know that all of you are saying: "Well, we know what a sentence is.
We've learned this a thousand times before." Right? I know what you've learned and I know
what you haven't learned, many of you; some of you have, of course. The sentence has a
very basic structure, there's a very basic component that must be involved or included
in a sentence, and a lot of grammar teachers, a lot of English teachers don't teach this. Okay?
All of you, I'm sure have by now heard of "SVO", but have you heard of "SVsC"? Have
you heard of "SVC"? Maybe yes, maybe no. But I'm sure a lot of you are going: "What? I've
never heard of these things before." Well, we're going to talk about
this in one second. Before we talk about a sentence, we have to
talk about a clause. Now, what is a clause? I'm sure you've heard this word before as well,
but just in case, a clause is any subject, verb combination. It's a group of words that
must include a subject and a verb. Now, also very important to remember: it must be a tense
verb, meaning that it must take a time; past, present, future. Okay? No base verb, no infinitive verb.
So that is a clause. Now, there are two types of clauses. Okay? We have independent
clauses and we have dependent clauses. The... These are sometimes called subordinate clauses. Now,
every sentence in English to be a grammatically correct sentence must have an independent clause.
It doesn't need a dependent clause, but it could have one. The independent clause
could include a dependent clause as the subject or object. We'll talk about that after. So an independent clause has a subject and
a verb, and it can stand by itself. It can contain a complete idea by itself. Okay? So,
technically, the shortest sentence you can have in English will be a... Will be an independent
clause with a subject and verb. What is the absolute shortest sentence that you can think of?
Think of a sentence, the shortest you can possibly make it. Okay? Here's an example:
"Go!" Is this a complete English sentence? Yes. Why? Because it contains an independent clause.
Where? We have the implied subject: "you" and the tense verb: "go", the imperative tense "go".
So this your basic English sentence. Now, we have three other types, three basic
types and we can of course play with these after. Subject, verb, object. Some independent
clauses must have an object, we'll talk about that in a second. Excuse me. Subject, verb,
subject complement. Some sentences must have a subject complement. Subject, verb, complement.
Okay? We're going to talk about each of these in a moment. I have the "A" here because quite
often, this complement is actually an adverb phrase or an adverbial. We'll
talk about that in a second. So your basic sentence can be any one of these three.
Now, the reason we're looking at this... All these structures is because once you understand
what must be contained in a sentence, then you can read any English sentence out there
that is grammatically correct and be able to understand the main idea of that sentence.
Okay? So let's start with "SVO". Okay, let's look at our "SVO" type of independent
clause: subject, verb, object. Now, first, what is an object? Well, we have two types
of objects to talk about. We have the direct object, we have the indirect object. Now,
the thing to understand is that the object always answers a question about the verb, it
completes the meaning of the verb by asking the questions: "What?" or: "Who?" Now, keep
in mind that technically, it's: "Whom?" But if you say: "Who?" I'll let it go this time. Okay?
Formal academic writing, "Whom?", "Whom?", "Whom?" IELTS, TOEFL, SAT, all that
- "Whom?" not: "Who?" In the object position. But the direct object answers: "What?" or: "Who?" about the verb.
Okay? We'll get back to that. An indirect object answers the question: "To
what?" or: "For what?" or: "Whom?", "To what?", "For what?", "To whom?", "For whom?" Usually
about the object, about the direct object. You will never see an indirect object without
a direct object in the sentence as well. Now, again, before I get back to the objects, let
me explain this word: "transitive verb". I don't care if you remember this word or not;
it's not important, that's just a grammar word. Understand the meaning of this situation.
A transitive verb must take an object, a direct object. Okay? Look at this sentence here: "I want." Is this
a complete sentence? I have a subject and verb. Right? Should be okay. "Want" is a transitive verb.
There's no such thing as wanting without wanting something. Okay? So this is not a
complete sentence. This sentence or this clause must take an object. "I want candy." Now it's
complete because it answers the question: "What?" about want. Not all verbs are transitive.
Some are intransitive, means they don't take an object. Some are called ambitransitive,
means in some situations, they take an object; in some situations, they don't take an object.
But that's for a different lesson altogether. So we have "SVO" must have
an object to the verb. Now, here: "She gave Mary a letter." We have
our subject "she", we have our verb, "gave", past tense. "Mary", okay? She gave who? No. She gave what?
A letter. We have our direct object to Mary, indirect object. She gave
a letter to Mary. She gave Mary a letter. Okay? So we have: she gave what? Again, this
is a transitive verb, it must take an object, a direct object. She gave a letter to Mary, our
indirect object. This is a complete independent clause, a complete idea full of
meaning, ready to be added on to. Now, what do you put before or what you put
after, that's all complements basically. It's not important. You can have a lot more phrases, you
can have other clauses, you can have subordinate clauses added to this. This is your main idea of
the sentence, that's your independent clause. Let's look at the other type: the
subject, verb, subject complement. Okay, so now we're going to look at the other
type of sentence, the other type of independent clause you can have. Subject, verb, subject complement.
Before we look at it, I want you to notice very carefully this "e" here. Okay?
We don't have "compliment". "Compliment", "complement". This one means to complete something.
This one means to say nice things about someone. "Oh, I look your shirt, it's very nice. It
suits you." That's a compliment. "Complement", to complete. So a subject complement completes
the meaning of something. Now, we had the object before. The object answered the question
about the verb. Right? It completed the meaning of the verb. The subject complement completes the
meaning or says something about the subject, not the verb. Okay? It also answers the question:
"What?" about the subject. One way to think about this is think of the verb, the "be" verb-and
it's always going to be a "be" verb-think of it as an equal sign. Subject
= the subject complement. So, for example... And many students still ask
me this, I'll say it again. "I am Canadian." So "I" equals "Canadian", Canadian completes
the meaning of "I", same thing. Right? This is the completion of me. This sentence looks a little bit more complicated,
but it's the exact same thing. "The weatherman must be wrong about today's forecast." I still
have the "be" verb, this modal, "must" only tells me something about the degree of the
"be" verb; it doesn't tell me anything about the subject or the complement. So the weatherman, wrong.
The weatherman is wrong "about today's forecast." This is just an extra piece of information.
It is a complement to "wrong". Wrong about what? That's... We're going to
talk about different types of complements like this one. "Wrong" is a complement to "weatherman".
"About today's forecast" is a complement to "wrong". A sentence can have
many complements. Okay? An independent clause can only have one object, one subject, one verb.
However, you can have many clauses in a sentence, you can only have one independent
clause unless, of course, you have two independent clause joined by a conjunction; "and", "but",
"or", etcetera. We'll talk about that in a little bit as well. So weatherman must be
wrong about today's forecast. So this is your subject, verb... Subject, verb, subject complement.
Now we're going to look at the last one: subject, verb, complement. Okay, let's look at our last one. We have "SVA".
I put "A" because quite often when you have to have it, it's an adverbial, but
technically, anything that's not an object or a subject complement is just a complement.
It is necessary to... For the completion of the sentence. Now, an adverbial. Why do we
call it an "adverbial"? Because it answers the questions: "Where?", "When?", "How?",
"Why?" We saw that the object answers: "What?" or: "Who?" Adverbial answers the other questions.
About what? About the subject? No. It's about the verb again. Okay? So, for example, if I say: "I went." Is this
a complete sentence? No, because "go" means you have to go somewhere. Technically, in
certain contexts, it could be an answer to another question. But as... By itself, it's not
a complete sentence. I need to add something to it. "I went to the store." I went where? To the store.
"To the store" is a complement, but it's acting as an adverb because it answers
one of these questions. Remember: a complement, and I just want to explain it here, completes the
meaning of something. It could... In this case, it completes the meaning of the verb, but complements
can also complete the meanings of something else. We had "SVsC" completes the meaning of the subject.
We can also have complements that complete the meaning of an object, or
a preposition, or many other things. I'll give you a few examples soon. "Bill lives in Hawaii." Bill lives where?
In Hawaii. Now, I want you to also look at this sentence:
"Carl reads." Now, could this sent-... Could this clause-I should say, subject, verb-could
this be a complete sentence? Sure. What does Carl do..? What does Carl do in his spare time?
He reads. Now, what he reads, maybe not important; I want the action more than the
thing he reads. However, I see Carl, he's reading all the time, and I think: "What? Is
he in school?" No. "Carl reads for pleasure." I need this piece of information to complete
the idea, to complete the meaning of this sentence. "Carl reads books." and: "Carl reads
for pleasure." are two completely different sentences; they have completely different meanings.
If I want to specify a particular meaning, I want to tell you why he reads,
then I have to add this complement, I have to add this adverbial to complete the meaning
of this verb. "He reads newspapers.", "He reads comic books.", "He reads obituaries."
Do you know what an "obituary" is? In the newspaper, sometimes they put little notices
of people who died. Some people like to read these things, I don't know why, but some people do.
But Carl, he reads for pleasure; he enjoys it, it's fun for him. But this
completes the meaning of that. So there you have the three types. Now, the
thing to remember is that you can mix all of these. You can have "SVAO". Well, no, you
can't have "SVA". You can "SVOA", you can have "SVOC", you can have "SVAAC", etcetera.
You can mix them. I'm going to give you a couple of examples here to
see what I'm talking about. Okay, let's look at some examples here. I want...
Keep in mind this is very basic stuff. You're going to see very, very complicated
sentences in your readings, especially once you get into academic readings. But: "I went
to the store to buy bread for breakfast this morning." Now, this might seem like a bit of
a complicated sentence, but it's actually a simple sentence and it only has "SV", lots of "C's".
Okay? "I went", subject, verb. Where? "To the store". This is an adverbial. Where? "To buy bread".
Why? Why did I go to the store? "For breakfast". "Bread", for what? At the
store, I bought bread. I bought bread for breakfast. When? "This morning". This goes back to "went".
Okay? All of these are complements to the... to each other and to the verb: "went".
You can have many complements. You don't want to have too, too many because then your sentence
becomes long, and a little bit boring, and a little bit in danger of being run-on. Okay?
But you can add as many as you want. Now, the complements could be anything; could be
infinitive phrase, or participle phrase, or a clause, or a gerund, or noun phrase. Anything.
Okay? As long as it's grammatically correct. Here's another sentence. Now, this one also
looks a little complicated, it's not either. "What Sharon forgot to mention was that her
husband was the CEO of Microsoft and makes a lot of money, which is why she can afford
all of her holidays." Sorry, I forgot the comma there. Okay. Now you're thinking: "Oh, wow.
I have no idea." First thing, remember what I said: you have to find your independent
clause first. Now, keep in mind a subject can be a subordinate clause as well. What
is the subject of this entire sentence? Is it Sharon? No. Is it CEO, is it her husband,
is it Microsoft? No. What we have here is a noun clause subject. This is your subject,
a subject which is an independent clau-... A dependent clause-sorry-this is called a noun clause.
It has its own subject and verb. Remember a dependent clause also has a subject and verb.
Forgot what? "To mention", it has an object to "forgot". Now, here's your verb: "was".
Okay? "Her husband", "that her husband was the CEO of Microsoft and makes a lot of money".
Sharon forg-... This is the subject, this is the subject complement because we
have a "be" verb. This is also a noun clause with its own subject and verb. "That her husband
was the CEO" and that he "makes a lot of money." Okay? "Which is why she can afford all of
her holidays." We were wondering: "Sharon goes away on holiday all the time, but she doesn't work.
How does she do that? She's never told us that she inherited money. Oh, what
she forgot to mention last time she explained was that", blah, blah, blah. Okay?
So this is a complement. Now, of course, this doesn't look too easy.
Remember: a subject could be anything, an object could be anything. Not anything, but
there's all kinds of subjects and objects. We'll discuss that another time. Find your
subject, your main subject, find your main verb, find your object,
complement, etcetera. Now, remember I said: every sentence must have
at least one independent clause. It could have two, it could have three, as long as
you have a coordinating conjunction, "and", "but", "or". "John loves Kate", John loves who?
Kate. "and Kate loves John." Subject, verb, object. Subject, verb, object. Two independent
clauses, one sentence, conjunction. Okay? This might seem a little bit difficult, but
there's a quiz on www.engvid.com, go to it, check it out. And remember: this is all very
good for your writing skills and your reading skills. But if you need a little bit more help,
check out my website: www.writetotop.com, a lot more information there to help you out.
And come again soon.
