Introduction to Tactical Motifs | Road to 2000

welcome everyone to the road to 2000s my name is Caleb Denby and I will be your driver on this journey that we take together so this is the first time this class is appearing on YouTube I think I've been doing it at the club for a while but what I wanted to talk about is basically the introduction to the class what we're basically going to be doing here is I'm gonna be looking at the different various levels on the way to 2,000 and talking about what I think could help the most what people need to work on at each level in order to improve to that next step to break that next barrier so since this is the first class I wanted to start off a little bit more basic so what many people have probably heard if you're around the thousand level or maybe below is you ask some stronger player what do I need to do to get better and more often than not they just say tactics and then that's the end of the conversation they give you one word and they say go do tactics and then get better I wanted to talk about kind of what they mean when they say that and why it helps you improve here so one of the basic tactics this happens in so many beginner games it's it's hard to count you get some position like this out of an e4 e5 opening and white plays d4 black moves the bishop and then white plays d5 so I mean everybody knows in this room I think what this is called right it's just a fork right it's a fork of the bishop and the knight and black will lose one of the pieces and now so the fork is the first tactical motif that many people learn but since most people know things like the fork and probably the pin may be things like discovered attacks I wanted to go over slightly more advanced technical motifs just so that you can be introduced to them because the way I've best heard tactical motifs introduced is they're kind of like tools in your toolkit so once you've learned the fork once you've learned you know a pawn fork like this you can use it in any game right you you can notice these things a lot faster if you've been introduced to the idea so that's one tool in your tool kit and maybe a pin is another tool in your tool click okay so I want to broaden your set of tools and see if I can help you become you know a stronger tactical player today so another easy one that you're probably familiar with is the idea of a trapped piece so what a trapped piece means is that you know the piece has no squares to go to and it's attacked and it really can't be defended right so let's see here this is maybe a position that you could get out of the caro-kann it's a very common one and let's say black plays something like 97 what would white do here yes so this is a very common idea it's the reason why blacks most popular movies h-6 to give us Bishop this square it's because after 97 white has this H 5 move now this Bishop is attacked the knight controls the square when I controls this square and there's nowhere for the Bishop to go so on the next turn black is simply going to lose his bishop and there's nothing you can do about it another easy and common tactical motif is still the trapped piece but this time in a different manner so Bishop seemed pretty easy to trap you know it got caught in front of its own pawns but here what happens if Queen takes b2 this is another super common idea so the Queen has made it to be too it's taken upon but black is neglected to develop as other pieces so yeah Knight a 4 is the very common idea if you don't understand the Queen is attacking the c3 Knight it's threatening to escape and it's not attacked currently so in order to trap the Queen we need to do we need to stop all three of these threats with this move Knight to a4 so if you didn't understand those they're not too hard so this isn't really like any fancy kind of tactics yet this is just simply you're attacking a piece and the piece has no escape so this is kind of the basis the basics of tactics here is it simple it's direct and you know there's there's not really any tricks to it the next one is kind of the first tool that I think people should learn after learn about pins and forks and things such as those so this tactic is called removing the defender so it's exactly what it sounds like so let's say in this game maybe black plays c5 attacking d4 and white plays d5 and so you might think okay white only has two defenders and black has three attackers so if black takes however what can white achieve here yes so you insert this move Bishop takes f6 and after Queen takes orgy tix now there's simply not enough pieces left to defend this bishop why wouldn't Knight takes here work what's wrong with Knight takes d5 the other order yeah so the Queen takes on d5 and then if you take f6 yeah so Queen takes d1 is a nice in-between move or an intermezzo so that's actually another tactic a tactical motif I mean but yet it's simply Bishop takes f6 removing the defender of the bishop and then capturing the bishop so these are kind of the tactics in their basic form and so I just wanted to introduce some of those and then we'll get into more complicated kind of puzzles with them so next up is called a deflection or a distraction depending on who you ask so does anyone know what a deflection or a distraction is before we jump into this intro puzzle here do you know what that kind of means that tactical oh yeah you make it move so this happens when a piece is playing an important role in a position right so if a piece is playing an important role and it's forced to move off of the square that that performs that role then it's been deflected or distracted from what of what its task was so this looks like a fairly normal position matey and so what if black threatens to checkmate us on g2 what can what can white try here yeah so why can we fork them yes so it's uh what pieces being deflected then so yeah the rook is being deflected so this is kind of the most common form of deflection I think this is the one I see most and my games and in other games is a player has a weak back rank and it's got a rook defending this weak back rank and something happens to make that rook move so in this case it's gonna be this knight East seven check move so it looks like this Knight is hanging but it's also forking the king and the Queen which is one of those basic tactical motifs that I think everybody knows so after this check we see rook takes and then we actually have Queen c8 takes takes and the king is check mated on the back rank so you can kind of see how these slightly more complicated tactical motifs kind of rely on the simpler ones right so we've used this fork and this fork forced this rook to be deflected and then that allowed us to back rank made him so we've used the fork in the back rank mate all in order to achieve a deflection so these things kind of compound on each other and as you build to more complicated puzzles and more complicated tactics you can kind of see that all these things work together all these things are important and you know kind of the more tactical motifs involved sometimes the more complicated but once you've got a good handle on them they become a lot more simple all right up next we have a mating net so white would like to checkmate blacks King right but I've highlighted here there's an escape route right the black king can try to escape through g6 unless white stops them so do you know what the idea of a mating net is before we look at this specifically what does a mating net mean yeah basically you want to kind of it sound it's exactly like it sounds you want to net the king so you kind of tighten the net once once you get it around him so white already has a pretty tight mating net these 3 squares are all you know impassable by the black king and he just has to find a way to get rid of the last one before delivering the mate it looks like the natural move might be something like g4 but then like I said there's g6 square and the King can run away so we need something better than g4 yes so f5 is the natural move you start with that v the King can't move and it's actually just checkmate in one there's no legal move black can play to get out of this 196 and of course the follow up now g4 only after we've taken away the square all right and so I wanted to do a second mating net puzzle here so and it's also kind of ignoring a weaker threat so this is another tactical motif that I'm introducing so a lot of times in beginner games or games around V a thousand level one point it makes the threat the other person responds the person makes another threat the person responds and defense the threat and you kind of go back and forth like this and nothing really gets done you kind of chase each other and the board but here we see white makes a threat white plays rook d8 threatening the Queen and here black is gonna want to ignore this threat so what can black do to try to you know counter-attack yes so this h4 move becomes really strong you might be tempted to play rook h1 check when after King g3 though there's actually nothing left for black to do here you can throw away more pawns but it won't help your situation white will simply queen and checkmate you so we need to do something again to cast a mating net we need to cut off his escape here and the way to do that is actually to play h4 so obviously what happens if white takes the Queen yeah Ricca h1 is made but White has a stronger defense what else can white try to avoid checkmate yeah g4 or g3 I think is better because it blocks the diagonal so do you see them mate after g3 rook b2 rook d2 and maybe white spawn will be strong enough to win yes so we're saying white plays this move g3 to try to give us King to g2 square yeah so Rakesh won and again the king is the g2 Square and yet that's that's the killer blow so we've cast this mating net and we want to make it tighter so you plays here to try to you know give himself some more room try to escape but luckily we have rook h1 king g2 and now this Queen move cutting off again his his escape route and then the rooks well we'll finish the job after something like Queen f3 and what's he probably just rook b2 king h1 Quincy Queen f3 and me so once again it's this idea of not playing the natural check which a lot of people are inclined to do just right off the bat and first you know kind of casting this mating net to keep the king locked in okay let's see an x-ray attack now does anybody know what an x-ray tech kind of is yeah it's like you you're eyeing a piece through through another enemy piece it's kind of a weird one but it's actually pretty intuitive once once you see it on the board so this one is not so hard it's C takes d5 what black plays Queen takes d5 and now what can white do here yeah rook takes p7 and you can kind of see now this this x-ray idea this rook is defended through another piece even though the pieces in the way so when we tell beginners you know how to count attackers and defenders we usually just say okay that'd be one attacker one defender you know it's just an even trade but this Queen is actually a second attacker through the Queen in this case all right this is now a clearance sacrifice so it's exactly like it sounds but does anybody know oh yeah you want to clear the way so what that means is a young piece in your own way basically your own piece is blocking your other pieces so you want to do something to get it out of the way so let's say in this position black plays rook to d3 yes so what pieces in the way at first say this rook is in the way we'd like to play Queen g7 right but we can't right now and so the way to get it out of the way is you attack with tempo rook h7 either Knight or King age 7 and then Queen g7 mate and it's just checkmate - up next we have an interference tactic so again exactly like it sounds they've named these quite accurately so here a very tempting move for white might be to hop into the seventh rank right we're told you know rooks on the seventh are always very strong so we see this move rook to d7 and unfortunately this is actually a blunder for white what can black do in response now yes so you might think you know maybe I can attack this Rick somehow maybe Rick to d8 but these moves actually don't do anything the best move is actually to place your knight on the square where it's hanging with Knight to d4 and this is actually a super common tactic I see a lot in games is you know the rooks are connected on a file like this and you know somebody thinks okay I can just go straight down the file no because I've got got the support but these these tricky Knight d4 tactics can can crop up and a lot of games so it's called an interference because this piece is being interfered with basically it's it's got something blocking it now it's it's been interfered and so white would recapture and black can win the exchange and maybe white gets a pawn for it but you know the exchanges is enough here alright moving on the desperado so has anyone heard of the desperado before absolutely yeah so again what it basically means is you know it's I I'm not sure what the actual translation is from Spanish but you would think it means desperate but it's something something to that effect I'm sure but what this means is you have a piece that can be captured and your opponent also has a piece that can be captured so one way that could resolve is you capture your opponent's piece and he captures your piece and then you're done that wouldn't be a desperado what a desperado is is when both of these pieces are intake but then they keep taking other pieces and rather than recapture your opponent uses his piece to take another piece and you kind of get these these mash trades which sometimes result and one player winning more material than the other so let's see it here so white plays d4 a very sensible move you know trying to break down the center but black has something strong in response well yeah let's calculate all the way through so what does whitefly after 94 you can't just give the first move yes so that works and then exactly so the placement of the pieces kind of work out for black in this case so you can take this if Bishop d8 Knight c3 and then if white wants to save the bishop he'll either lose the rook here or maybe even loser rook here and like we'd win the exchange again so best for white is probably to just recapture this Knight right away and go down the pawn so that's kind of the desperado you can kind of see especially in this line you know so both pieces are being attacked and so rather than capturing black's piece white wants to try to you know take his queen but then both pieces are attacked rather than recapture the bishop black would of course want to retake the queen maybe white wants to try to win this pawn but then black can win this rook maybe white traps this Knight now and the desperado ends and white will have or black will have the extra material at the end of the day just any move and takes and again black is up the exchange that as well possibly either F 2 or B - I like F - yeah just like that you lose your piece yeah that's that's the simpler version this is kind of an extended version but no it's usually when both sides have a piece that is attacked and you can kind of continue down this line like this where you both capture pieces and whoever kind of takes the most valuable pieces along the way ends up being out on top so this is kind of one of the more complicated things to actually calculate all the way through you have to be sure that okay I'm taking extra pieces I'm not actually losing but yeah it's a good one all right here we have an attraction tactic so it's kind of the opposite of a deflection tactic and deflection tactic you kind of force the piece away from something and an attraction tactic you try to draw a piece towards you or towards a specific square so here black plays rook takes b3 White's now down upon what can white do to uh Swinson material back yes the Queen c2 is one option right but this one it be attractions would be a fork so the rooks detect the pawns attacks zurich travels back you and this pawn back but actually now the material is just even and maybe this a pawn is going to be strong in the endgame maybe it'll be weak but white can do better Queen a2 doesn't make so much sense this pawn is simply hanging this Bishop can come in next well if you take then this Bishop singing so I was thinking maybe yet to save this Bishop they should be for this looks very good for black so why that move yeah so uh yeah it's all about move order here so you have to take on h7 first if King takes h7 the natural move now you've drawn the king forward you've attracted the king to this square and on the square you now have this fork available so the king will retreat and the rook is the Rick is captured this would win the exchange as well as the pawn back if he doesn't take the bishop that's the other problem you have to calculate so King h8 it's the only other move and now unfortunately why is Queen h5 a bad move I'm sorry I was gonna say Queen h5 but obviously it's this is the wrong choice yeah simply Knight f6 would be crushing and this bishop actually does hang this time so we need to do better after King h8 we have something better here where if you just go back to d3 he'll play night of 6 and then defend yes so you have this move Bishop c2 gaining time on the rook allowing need to do this so black would be forced to play Knight of 6 and now you actually win a forward Rock instead of the exchange so black should take on h7 so again you're attracting the king to a square it doesn't want to be on with this move so Queen c2 so I think you might want to head over to the tournament pretty soon alright I think Mike was peeping in the window trying to look for you good luck all right moving along this motif is a little bit different than the others so most of these motifs rely on threats to a piece or threats to the King so those are one types of threat and then they use those threats in an interesting way to either like attract so a piece or deflect a piece in this case this isn't so much you know using those threats but it's a different form of a threat so the form of the threat in this case is the advanced pawn so the advanced pawn is kind of threatening to win material in a totally different way instead of taking a piece to go up material it's threatening to promote right but this is the same kind of threat and it can be used in the same way with the same kind of tactics so what do you think white can do here white has to do something pretty immediately or else he will end up losing this endgame in a horrible fashion yeah so there are a couple logical options right so Rick c2 is the first option what are the what's the other option really yeah so rook d6 you might be tempted to first play rook d8 but this actually doesn't really accomplish anything black can simply play anything and you don't really have a threat here but one of these two moves is correct one of these is incorrect I'm interested if you can figure out why first off let me just show the idea so the idea is rook c2 if black does nothing we're gonna take here and now what kind of tactic is this moves specifically yes so it's a deflection using the threat of the advanced pawn this phone is on an important square so we deflect it away and now we can follow through on our threat to gain material so that's kind of what I mean when I say the advanced pawn is you know a different form of a threat rather than its own tactical motif so why is rook c2 better than our d6 yes so the problem with rook d6 is this 92 move when after Knight d4 we can no longer deflect the pawn because the knight can recapture so we simply play York c2 instead to stop this 92 idea and next move we're going to take this bishop or black well have to move away when we can capture this pawn and easily promote so that's kind of what I mean when I say you know it's it's it's own threat it's not like it's not the same thing as a deflection or an attraction or a desperado it's it's a kind of a threat alright so now I wanted to show how strong an advanced pawn can be in a real game so this is a game I had against a grandmaster very recently and I had the black pieces sadly you know I don't know if you could tell but maybe black is the one defending here and first let me show you how the how the game went so I played the move rook to c2 trying to trade off some pieces he took her right away I recaptured this pawn was attacked and white decided hey there's no rush there's no need for me to rush to try to promote my pawn right away my position is superior so he just plays recce 1 and now I couldn't really figure out what to do here I simply played to work back to c5 you play the Queen to d8 attacking my Bishop ship c6 Queen decease Queen to d6 attacking my Bishop again so now already they're a bunch of acta motifs and involved in this move first of all this bishop is attacked so I need to do something with it if I were to take here now the threat of the advanced pawn is preventing me from you know it's preventing me from doing this because now the pawn would queen or my queen would be deflected and my rook would be captured so it's kind of the idea with this Queen d6 move it uses these tactical motifs to gain an advantage so I simply have to move my Bishop again now he plays rook a1 I play b4 and now see if you can spot the tactic here yeah so you both got at the same time it's actually gonna be Queen takes c5 again it's the same kind of deflection tactic this time instead of a pawn we're deflecting we're deflecting the Queen and after a seven I resigned so with all that in mind let's back up to the original position so knowing that you know this advanced pawn is such a massive threat to the position what might black play here yeah I can flip the board so what do you think is a better try for for black than rook c2 is what I played in the game any other ideas everything that the English great so yeah my original idea in the game was to actually do nothing for the rest of the game but I got kind of nervous so I tried to work see to to see if I could make something happen but I think that was wrong Bishop e8 might be actually just holding it might be kind of a fortress but again why it's going to have a very pleasant game he can just kind of shuffle around make various threats movie will threaten to open up the Kings side at some point and I think maybe you know I would probably collapse in a real game against against a GM especially I was in time pressure as well so what Ryan suggested is actually probably blacks best option we take here and white ticks and now we actually have two options here we can take White's Queen or White's pawn I actually I think the better option is to take the pawn this is a similar position but White's Queen is just kind of more active so you would take here so in this case the threat of the advanced pawn was actually worth the full Queen and now I think this position is actually approximately equal because there's nothing white can do to break through well he has to babysit this pawn and there's no way white can take this pawn with this bishop on the board but black is done in exchange so it's not like he's pressing so this is kind of how these threats are used in a real game this is an advanced pawn and because of the advanced pawn there are so many tactics so many threats on every move that my position kind of collapsed next I want to go over a very common opening trap and so this has actually happened over 1,500 times only chess it's an eighth move game ending in checkmate so I wanted to go over some of the motifs that occur directly off of the start of the game maybe maybe so it starts with d4 and now black plays the England actually with E 5 so just sacrificing this pawn right away it's not very good for black but it's something that people play thousands and thousands of time apparently so white takes the pawn accepting the gambit the best move Knight to c6 threatening to regain the pawn Knight of three defending and now comes the first kind of you know unnatural move for black but it's it's the main line in the opening what do you think it is any idea so it's kind of the point of the way of black plays not not quite not quite we actually want to we really want to regain this pawn because giving up your ePHI pawn is is terrible and even England players realize this so Queen e7 is the move just attacking here and you might think well this is no big deal I can defend the pawn again right so what's the most natural move yeah it's simply Bishop f4 and so now now comes a point of blacks place so here comes our first tactic so what motif is this it's a fork right the basic one so the most natural move again is Bishop to d2 black takes this pawn and now we see another motif well the motif is that this rook is trapped right it's a trapped piece so white has to do something to defend it so what move would you play alright you fallen from the trap that's very good and now we see another motif from black what do you think black plays yeah yet another motif so this is motif number four already and where five moves into the game where six so what do you think white would play here what's what's the most natural way to try to keep all your pieces yes the Queen due to makes the most sense right kind of unpinning and I don't know if you want to call unpinning a motif but in my opinion it kind of is so we're unpinning we're renewing our x-ray defense of this rook this Queen is also a trapped piece now things are looking kind of dire for for black so you might think well maybe there's a desperado here so what can black do to get a favorable desperado yeah so let's clean the techs you take a piece with with your dead pieces already white recaptures you take care you take care and you're up in exchange right so you might think you know that's good enough black would play that but fortunately for white black heads better springs are our last motif into the into the mix yeah so Bishop c3 and then Queen c3 defending the rook and then the points mean c1 mate the mating net or mate threat whatever you whatever motif you you want to call it so this move this is move eight and this has happened over 1,500 times only chess so if you've seen this video don't do that instead after Queen - B - white can simply play Knight to c3 and is better in this position because the screen is out of play this phone has survived for the moment and after this move we will simply have rook to be won and something like her to be three maybe maybe just anything else maybe ninety four ninety five it all seems fun so yeah don't don't fall for that but as you can see their motifs everywhere right that was an eight move game and there were something like seven or eight types cool motifs involved obviously this is more tactical than the most eight move game well most games at move eight not Moe statement games probably but you can see how these things all kind of work together and you know you know one motif is kind of countered by another motif so there's the defense and the trapped Queen and then there's the pin on the bishop to prevent it and then there's you know the option of the desperado or this mate threat and you know they all kind of come together to make a coherent coherent game in combination I have another real game example here this game was played by a friend of mine named Gus so what happened in this game is pretty easy something like Bishop before check King e6 and now see if you can find the next move the next move for white there are a few moves that kind of win or keep the winning position but one move really seals the deal yes so why a king g5 so yeah so what motif is that say it's creating a mating net with King to g5 what do you think black can do in response rook e8 maybe right so yeah so Rick eh but then uh how can white breakthrough yeah simply a six right so we've used a few motifs here right we've created a mating net which has forced black to deflect his Rucka way from the a file and after a six maybe we see something like Bishop d3 simply a seven and now we use the threat of the advanced pawn I don't know Bishop a six Queen and now if York takes the work has actually been deflected back away from the mate threat and we can deliver the checkmate so this is how the game might have gone I think in reality the opponent Gus's opponent actually just resigned after a six but you can kind of see it kind of goes back and forth he's this one threat with the advanced pawn one throw with the mate net and it can deflect the rook until uh blacks pieces simply can't handle it anymore okay let's look at another example in a real game this is another game I had I think at Pan Am's and so we had played a very long and complicated game up to this point and now my opponent unfortunately made this move which is a blunder so what can white do here probably yes so it's it's rook takes Knight so this is again removing the defender or capturing the defender and now you know maybe you could say it's a desperado if black tried to take this rook what's the best move for white is there anything besides taking the Queen yeah you're all too smart I had to throw a trick question so yeah it's just Queen takes Queen pawn takes rook and yeah the this should this should be game maybe just d6 that's what I was thinking about for a second if d6 worked or not so if you played d6 I guess you're using the advanced pawn motif there's the desperado motif there's the remove the the defender motif again all these motifs come together and they make up the ends to an actual game that actually happened all right last I have a puzzle for you to solve this one is parenthesis difficult as I've written on the screen so if you can solve this one I think you're officially a master of most of these motifs well mastered enough for the beginner level so the motifs include attraction clearance distraction double attack interference a mating net and a trapped piece so can all of those seven motifs be combined into one puzzle here you're welcome to try to find out I'll give you some time 9 g5 what's the idea it captures h7 tha Bishop e6 e7 Jack da Rippa Jake check th a queen in Chongqing g8 and me so why does he have to capture it though very well done out of the way but what but what if he doesn't what if he doesn't capture your night which allows what you're just saying words I know I know what you saying all right can't you can't fake your way through this one just feels like there's something there everything we do is away from them it does feel like there's something there it's 95 Queen f6 we have 97 you have to win the game I think what if Queen e7 instead right because the the rook is trapped so for the YouTube years you didn't hear any of that probably what we're talking about is this line coming up so if you wanna if you haven't solved it yet and you want the chance to do it you're gonna want to pause the video now if you have solved it you just want to see the answer it's actually gonna be this move Knight to g5 so already this move is kind of a double attack it's threatening this Queen and it's also threatening Knight h7 these are the two attacks so it's not a direct double attack but it is threatening the Queen and also another threat so Queen d7 makes the most sense to me if you're not gonna take the knight that is and then nine h7 and this work is actually a trapped piece so we've done a double attack and we've gone a trapped piece already and so the main line you might think is is H takes G so if you've gotten this far and you haven't quite seen the solution yet and you want to give it a shot from this position you're more than welcome but the main problem is you'd like to play something like queen h5 or more directly something like rook h8 Queen h5 and queen h7 but obviously there's a problem with this right the problem is whoops let's see the problem is simply Queen h6 here and then white would be losing and if you don't sac the rook and play Queen H by first still Queen h6 is defending well enough defending well enough so you have to find some way to keep this this Queen out of the h6 square so you play this Bishop h7 check and after King h8 you have Bishop g6 casting and mating net and now of course this Knight move was also acting as clearance for this Queen to get in and lastly I think I've mentioned everything the worldís pawn was distraction and now we need the attraction and that comes in the form of this jerk h8 move forcing the King onto the H file so we can move there with check and now after King g8 the game is over so if you solve that puzzle quickly kudos to you because that used well over five or six you know tactical motifs so I think you've you've got these down pretty well any questions about any of these puzzles I went over today or any of the motifs in general so still tactics and pattern recognition is the main thing but what I was trying to go over well the question was you know how do you get better I said most people just say tactics and so what's my answer to the question it's still gonna be these these tactics and just playing war chests but so what I was trying to go over is these are the motifs that make up tactics so this is what you should be looking for when you're doing tactics and this is what kind of makes mixed tactics happen so this is kind of your starting point to figuring out how techniques work and how you can find them in your own games is recognizing these types of patterns yeah other than that if you thought some of these are a little bit too hard there is a cool feature on Lee chest I wanted to show you guys which you two are probably well beyond this but it's actually this practice feature and so if you want to learn some more basic tactics like the ones I didn't cover today you can check this out they go everything is like the pin the fork double check in between moves or resolutions ooks overloaded pieces skewers and discovered attacks as well as a few more things so this is Lee chested org slash practice other than that if you want to check out the study I've actually created a account just for this class so it's called STL Road - mm and if you want I think this is going to be linked in the description maybe of the YouTube video if you're interested get out and yet you can flip through these yourself check it out ask the computer what it thinks about these these different puzzles and motifs and yeah do whatever you whatever you wish with them so thank you all for coming out thank you guys for watching on YouTube it's it's gonna be back teaching at the club I'm glad I can teach my own class my own way thanks very much [Music] [Applause] [Music]

Channel: Saint Louis Chess Club

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Id: UjKCl8AqiLk

Length: 45min 46sec (2746 seconds)

Published: Thu Jan 31 2019