An Honest Look At Britain's History With The Slave Trade | Britain's Slave Trade | Timeline

[Applause] [Music] 500 years ago Europeans and Africans met for the first time on these shores the encounter created the slave trade and changed the world the slave trade remains a missing chapter in our history yet Britain led the world in the exploitation of human cargo this story is not just one of slave raiding by Europeans but slave trading by Africans greed led African Kings to sell twelve million people across the ocean [Music] this is not a tale of a trade which grew by accident but one of a global business created by Royal appointment the Royal African company is to be incorporated to set to see as many ships as shall be thought fitting for the buying selling and bartering of gold silver Negros slaves [Music] nor is it simply the story of passive suffering Negros freed by heroic white Crusaders but one of black uprising [Music] and above all this is not a tale of a dead past it still shapes the way Britons live today William Beckford and his father Oldman Beckford to put it bluntly owned my ancestors it brings some Britons face-to-face with a heritage they've never before confronted my grandfather was what I consider probably a very charming man and in his young days he was quite a dish sure he really was and for the first time Britons black and white discover a common ancestry [Music] it's an ancestry rooted in a past when British ships carried African slaves [Music] [Music] Bristol this sleepy port was once a mercantile powerhouse which dominated the transatlantic slave trade ships that wrenched millions of Africans from their homes crowded the avon for a century yet a visitor today sees a City stripped of any reminder of that cargo Bristol has turned its back on the trade that made it rich I was super amazed by the fact that there was no recognition that Bristol's wealth lay in the Atlantic trade in vain I went to the museum for example to see whether the display there not a word of it I looked at my universities or whether I was teaching it not a bit of it I talked to people in the street and they were completely ignorant of it and I think that well in 20th century Bristol went to a long period denial there rarely was as it were a participation in this Ryder world the city's authorities have long resisted efforts especially by the black communities to mark it slave trading past there has been a genuine fear in Bristol of what the consequences would be if the truth were known and part of the fear was generated I think was because the people who had the control over whether that history came out or not actually didn't know themselves what the extent and the nature of bristled involvement was and I think it's more fear than denial but in early March this year the first sign of change appeared Bristol's dignitaries gathered for the opening of a new footbridge it was a small step but a victory for the campaign to commemorate one of the slaves who lived in Bristol a man called Perot Jones we are here with our friends to show our respect to our ancestors who lived and died in the city as enslaved Africans so often not known that in 1725 Bristol alone enslaved 16550 Africans in that one year it's the bridge that helps us come to terms with to understand and sometimes to confront a shared past a past that contains for many other great sadness this moment is a sign that Britain is waking up to its slave trading history perry Jones belonged to a Bristol family for pennies Britten's Flav past does not start with Africa it begins in 17th century England with the British Empire first slaves white men the founder of a pini dynasty has arrived with farming in Dorset when he was swept up in a rebellion against the king the Duke of Monmouth landed in nine Regis in June 1685 and Azariah probably tired of haymaking saw these redcoats crossing the end of the field and thought they'd looked rather more fun than haymaking and why don't I go and join them and off he went and in July of 1685 he fought the disastrous battle I said war the Duke of Monmouth was executed and a very large number of others were executed - some were transported and a surah my ancestor was one of those lucky ones being sent to the island of Nevis as an indented servant which meant he was more or less a slave himself when a variety landed the island of Nevis was little more than untamed bush the English convicts were put to work alongside native Indians and a few imported Africans they cleared the island first for tobacco then for a new luxury crop sugar at that time the West End it was something like a gold rush there was this new chance to make quite a lot of money quite quickly and a lot of people came out from this country to do it and in fact they employed Negroes imported from Africa as slaves and they employed after the Battle of Sedgemoor quite a large number of white people who were indentured servants like like as I Azariah persuaded his sister to buy him out of servitude within a year she had set him up in the sugar business he quickly saw that convicts and Indians could not survive the harsh conditions but his own time in the fields had shown him where the answer lay Africa large numbers of Negroes were shipped from Africa to the West Indies and the the African or the linear population increased and the white population decreased within two generations his heir John Penney was meticulously recording the purchase of African slaves for his booming plantations including one he named perro Jones I desire you to take the earliest opportunity of buying me ten new Negro never let them be younger than 10 years and never let them be as old as 30 if you can help it get them at some kids or any other islands where they maybe had best and cheapest [Music] his grandfather's enslavement probably made John Finnie uneasy about only slaves but the scriptures filled his conscience I can assure you I was shocked at the first appearance of human flesh he goes to sale but surely God ordained them for the use and benefit of Earth otherwise his Divine Will would have been made manifest by some particular sign or token he was motivated by commerce but in doing so it seems that he regarded his slaves as his principal asset and he looked after his asset I flatter myself to say a word respecting the care of my slaves and stock you're in good sense must tell you they are the seniors of a plantation and must claim your particular care and attention humanity tempered with justice towards the former must ever be exercised they surely deserve it being the very means of our support they should be kept clean of ticks the demand for the finished sugar was huge to meet the demands they needed more slaves but they had to raise cash to buy those slaves they turned to the merchants in a city of London for help the money men were prepared to give loans to planters but it was the higher profits from the slave ships that offered the best returns the city wanted that business all to itself the king was always ready to trade favors for cash he granted a Royal Charter which gave a single London company the Royal African company exclusive rights over the slave trade in return the royal family became its biggest shareholders charles ii by the grace of God King of England Scotland France and added to all to whom these presents shall come greeting where as Guinea Benin Angolan them South Barbary and the sole and only trade and traffic thereof are the undoubted right of our heirs and successors and whereas the trade of said regions is a great advantage to a subject of this kingdom the Royal African company is to be incorporated in the name of our dearest brother James Duke of York His Highness Prince Rupert Anthony Earl of Shaftesbury Henry Earl mannington disgrace to the back John we hereby grant unto the same royal ethical company of England to set to see as many ships as shall be thought fitting for the buying selling and bartering of gold silver Negros slaves Goods where hand manufactures the company's man would let nothing stand in the way of their drive for profits they already knew that slavery was widely practiced in West Africa in most African nations it was an alternative to a prison system those who committed crimes convicts could be sold into slavery if you order debts who could be sold into slavery sometimes through deceit or you could be tricked into slavery slaves were also acquired as captives of Africa's Wars Europeans had long been part of an established system for bartering them the first Europeans who came to Ghana where the Portuguese and they arrived in 1471 and when they got here they found that there was a brisk trade in slaves between Ghana and its West African neighbors and for 100 years Portugal remained on the coast of Ghana and took part in this coastal trade today they're going to Senegal bringing goods from Senegal from Nigeria to Ghana and bringing slaves in exchange for gold and this was a situation before the class Atlantic slave trade was introduced the Royal African company had no interest in a coastal trade they wanted slaves to ship across the Atlantic they found a ready supply in local prisoners of law when you went to war and you defeated the people you took up to home so he decided what to do with their captives how many slaves we need for farming how much we need for the army how many do we need for domestic went except etc after they've gone through all those logistics the excess goes through the Atlantic slave trade what the image we have today of the slave trade as mass kidnapped by Europeans couldn't be further from the truth for both sides this was just business the African role in this nozzle and asleep trade must not be swept under the carpet the greed factor was their kingdoms made money they rose at the result of the trade big powerful people rich families were created as a result of Africans who were active collaborators in the tree the company found that African Kings were just as greedy as England's own royal family they were willing to supply exactly what the plantations needed the slave owners in the West Indies they preferred lives from the board cuts Goethe said these were very hard-working Heidi slaves local businesses sprang up to supply the transatlantic market the European traders had no need to round up the slaves the Europeans themselves did not go inland to the villages or to the talent or capture slits they remained at the for sandcastles and it was the Africans traders African traders who sold this leads to the Europeans now what happened was that they were middlemen who would meet the inland traders bringing the slaves they would buy these leads and then in turn resold them to the European merchants in the castle [Music] rival European powers were building castles to protect their cargoes within a century there would be a fort every three miles on what used to be called for gold coast it came to be known as for slave coasts [Music] the Royal African company appealed to its major shareholder James ii he began a string of Garrison's motivated possibly by the national interest but more likely by his own profits every time a British ship was sighted its sailors could rely on a welcome from the fort and from the African settlement next to it we took up our old anchorage opposite cape coast castle and made arrangements for commencing our old business of gathering a cargo our first object is to lay in stocks of rice for the slaves on the passage to the West Indies you will naturally think it must be difficult to transact business with these people from ignorance of their language but they have been for so many years trading with the English that all the traders have broken English enough for the purpose Oh [Music] [Applause] the transatlantic slave trade dominated West Africa for some kingdoms selling slaves became an economic necessity and all along the coast new trading settlements were springing out in the 17th century the Atlantic slavery became the most important activity on the coast we find that almost every town goes around and auguste every rupee and fortune castle was involved in slave trading we have a 65 slave market in Ghana and no [Music] the Africans could hardly have anticipated the consequences of all this but the bargain they struck with the European slave traders transformed the continent what started as a local tradition turned into a monster that eventually swallowed 12 million people slavery existed in societies that had no prison systems it was part of the punitive measures against criminal conduct Colonel behavior the slaves lost their Liberty they went away maybe into the neighboring state for the enduring nation but only for a season it was not a long term loss of Liberty and the children of the slaves of course were never slaves in that context but here of course when with the Titanic slave trade you have a final separation if we went away and they never came back [Music] [Music] slavery would spirit millions away from the continent it would be the cause of war and torment and it would drag both Africa and Europe into a harsh new era [Music] by the 18th century the coastal towns of West Africa were making vast profits but the price paid by Africans was enormous the slaves were suffering treatments they had never endured before in the original system especially in Ghana no slave owner had a part of life and death over the sleep but in the castle you could do anything to the slaves you could kill the slave you could made the slave could meet you later sleep you could polish the sleep as you like cape coast castle in modern Ghana the headquarters of the Royal African company a place of misery and terror they lived in the dungeons as well they were animals you know so they weren't given enough food to eat they were prisoners [Music] we have the condemned cell we're fabulous with kids and a lot of them were turbulent because I mean if you live in your country and somebody comes out here and takes you into captivity if you wouldn't take kindly to that slaves were packed into every space they could be trapped here for months there were only two ways out to the sea and the slave ships or to the graveyard they had to go to the bathroom in the dungeons they were fed in the dungeons their whole life was in the dungeons and that looks very uncomfortable very unhealthy there could be some epidemics no windows they really were confined to those little rooms the forts became a byword for cruelty and rape the Europeans moral restraint evaporated under the African Sun most of the colonial officials who came onto the coast kid without their way so most of them became mistresses they doubled up as domestic servants mistresses concubine for this official for some of the female slaves who lived in the dungeons the governor saw inverted commas some of the female field and when they were found pregnant if they were lucky they were such free the Europeans had no shame about declaring their conquests in Cape Coast families still carry names like Gonzales Coleman frist and a silver your heart the European merchants intermarrying or having African local African women and their offspring for the milettis also growing in number as the slaves were brought in not everybody was sold and shipped up some remained as though one would see a kind of a cosmopolitan life growing along the coast the West Africans tolerated the traders brutality because European military backing gave them power and they needed to import cheap brass and iron trees for farming and cooking the Africans were always hunting for a better deal it was a small English town of Bristol which offered that deal local mineral deposits gave a prettier unique advantage Bristol could make high grade metal goods cheaply factories spread across the avon valley to meet the new african demand this is what earns a guinea pan that was used as one of the trade items that filled the bristol merchant ships that sailed west africa and for several of these one could exchange a slave in the early part of the 18th century and it was because these small factories only Asian value were able to develop an industrial structure to manufacture these large quantities cheaply but basically Bristol was able to develop a slave trade in the early 18th century Bristol's Golden Age was dawning the families who transform the city used their wealth to buy huge estates Abraham Elton's descendants still live in his stately home Clevedon court when he was very much a self-made man he came from a rather humble background he was apprenticed to a mariner and became master mariner but clearly had a strong entrepreneurial Flair and finally became a merchant abraham spotted the opportunities in metals he bought land bearing extensive deposits of copper and began to search for new markets he was looking for an outlet for his copper products he had the raw materials for the business here the copper works he has an outlet with the Bristol brass industry for the copper but naturally he was looking for wider markets Abraham's seafaring connections told him that Africans would pay good money for high-grade brass he seized the opportunity a wide number of people were involved in stocking the slave ships so something that seems completely unconnected in slave trade such as the brass industry was actually very much geared to an export market to the West African coast because West African warlords wanted brass pots and so most of the brass pots were arrested for what they call the Guinea tray Abraham was an aggressive cost cutter he and others spotted that with a simple redesign the ships that took their metal goods to Africa could also carry slaves to the Caribbean they could then bring back sugar to England at a stroke their costs were flashed and their profits doubled their insight gave birth to the triangular trade what she tried to do was to fill your ships on the out for journeys Africa you would then be paid for the slaves you took on the next leg of the journey and then the third leg bringing the sugar and and the tobacco back and the RAM backed Bristol which you then sold on so that you minimized as far as you could your financial risks the Bristol merchants had succeeded in surpassing the Royal African company they gave the African customers what they wanted at half the price it was not an exchange of unequals it was an exchange of equals I must remember that many of these African societies were they complex and they very urban in places some of the cities were they large and therefore they were not going to have shot a European good so it were quite a great skill in getting the right sorts of commodities and the Bristol merchants particular were very skilled at getting bringing together these different items which were acceptable for trade the breakthrough in Bristol sent slave trade profits soaring the city's Restless merchants would use those profits to begin an historic shift in British life the Industrial Revolution among abraham elton circle of friends was Thomas gold nee who had made a fortune from a single successful voyage he ploughed some of the money into the work of an old family friend Abraham Darby Darby was experimenting with new ways of making high-grade iron goods he moved his works to Shropshire where he started to smelt iron with coke a revolutionary process the iron producing Coalbrookdale was tough enough to make tools that would not bend or break it opened the way to the modern age these firms took it in 1709 and they're generally considered to be the point that a fining moment at which the Industrial Revolution begins what develop was a remarkable partnership between the people who have them know-how on the one hand and the people have the money on the other what we shopped ironmasters were trying to be able to find a source of coke fired by iron that was acceptable to the african market and it was this some extent that inspired the industrial development that took place the golden leader be partnership also inspired Ironbridge the cradle of the Industrial Revolution this Great Leap Forward is usually attributed to the native genius of British engineers but it odd marched to the demands of the African trade by 1700 ships were pouring down the Seven Valley to Bristol carrying goods destined serve eyes on the West African coast get up boys to work the merchants had to gather in commodities from the visceral region many of these came from the Seven Valley and it was the ability to get those commodities together that actually allowed the ships to trade with Africa and for the whole economies to work so in some ways the Industrial Revolution allowed the slave trade the Atlantic slave trade to be economically viable to actually happen as without the Industrial Revolution the commodities were doing too expensive and the African communities would not have been willing to trade in Africa Bristol's iron was so valuable it became a kind of currency trade is all done on the principle of exchanging one piece of goods for another all kinds of goods are priced by the number of bars of iron they're worth say for muskets equal to 40 bars tobacco beads and cloth 20 bars the total is more or less according to the value of the slave so that supposing the bar is worth one shilling and sixpence these Goods would purchase a slave worth about nine pounds sterling which at present is about the price of a prime slave the sugar trade with Bristol had made Nevis rich but it was a tedious backwater John penny now a successful sugar planter longed to come home to Bristol the magic of the gold rush was over a lot of people were coming back to this country and trying to bring money they've made in Nevis or in other West Indies back to this country and he was one of those two penny had built a great house Mount Travis on the island of Nevis and acquired 13 sugar estates his grandfather had been a convict he was returning to Bristol the equivalent of a millionaire but he didn't leave it all behind as he sailed away from Nevis he brought with him the ultimate status symbol of the prosperous West Indian planter a slave he had named taro Jones Harrow was separated from the last of his African family his sisters Nancy and Shaba when he set off for England never to return penny and Perrault moved into a brand new house in Bristol he built the house that we're now sitting in he acquired land in Somerset he still had land and houses in Dorset he continued in the sugar business trading with the plantations in the West Indies at a time when sugar was coming increasingly a part of the diet England probably seem strange to pero the African but the site of a black man was far from unusual in Bristol many merchants kept slaves as valets and housekeepers he may have started as a slave but he is described as a servant or valet and he looked after John can a person near one imagine mixing his robinia shaving water setting out his clothes and so on he was working for John Kinnear for 32 years on jumping his return to Bristol he found a city more interested in spending money than in making it complacency would cost Bristol Dean in 1794 the Bristol poet remained thorn wrote an epic poem in praise of the city it's somehow neglected to mention the slave trade majestic Bristol to thy happy port prolific commerce makes its loved resort by gallant ships with spacious sails unfurled what do they show the treasures of the world the Docklands were the heartland of Bristol and who had lovely residential houses being built just across the street from the warehouses by merchants who were all growing very ground by the seventeen 20s and 30s from what was a pretty money-grubbing and hands dirtying trade and then if you walk across to Queens Square there were at least eight African merchants in this square that was developed in the 1720s it was one of the first provincial examples of what people called the urban Renaissance another beautiful Gorge an explosion of houses and facilities in the urban centre and it was very much financed and driven by people directly involved in the slave trade and the whole square was really people by those not only in the Africa trade but in the West India Carolina and Virginia trades they were all in it and these are the same people who while they're shipping slaves from Angola to st. Kitts index no higher than 4 foot 2 inches they're also investing in the Theatre Royal they're becoming patrons and banks they're investing in the new private libraries so you have this strange mixture of brutality and gentility that is just very much part and parcel of this is trying to attract in Bristol wealth bought respectability the men who had made their fortunes from the slave business craved social recognition to be a trader or a merchant in the 18th century was thought to have low status you were so shown the back entrances at work so that when you came in too far sums of money which is what the slave merchants and the traders in slave wages commodities acquired you had to buy yourself into society by the way to do that was simple you had to build a mansion a pile hopefully in the neoclassical near palladium style to show that you had learning or that you understood the classics and then you had to patronize art Thomas gold nee was now one of Bristol's commercial aristocrats he created an estate in the newly fashionable district of kissed on the elegant veneer concealed the hard-nosed businessman in this garden is where essentially all gold news interests come be linked symbolically out here we have the harbour where he could see the ships coming in the slave ships going out his commodity is his industrial goods coming down from Shropshire he then a lady is out some wonderful gardens including over here a tower which is expect an engine house which contained a steam engine and the type was used to pump mines which his investments have in Shropshire the co hotel company were producing but you use it not to pump mines but the pump has own Visser gardens to recycle water that wasn't forward the splendor of the gold Nia State had one main purpose to impress bristled social elite beneath the garden he built a grotto full of rare finds from his ventures in the South Seas and the West Indies they thrilled his guests [Music] comer's told me the grocer's son was now a global player the new rich of Bristol could leave the past behind very quickly gold his friend Abraham Elton was now sir Abraham just standing in Bristol with immense he became mayor in 1710 and had his portrait painted wearing the Scarlet wrote he became MP for Bristol and he was so wealthy that he contributed ten thousand pounds to the rather depleted coffers of George first and as is usual with these things he was of course made a back net by the time he died so Abraham hoped the family had buried its links to the slave business he'd amassed a fortune by his death of a hundred thousand pounds in fair money he was somebody like Richard Branson he made a huge amount of money through his own entrepreneurial skills I think anybody that comes from nothing and makes that kind of a fortune on their own skill then as now is his extraordinary ziz admirable in lots of ways they weren't plantation owners they weren't slavers they were primarily concerned to export their goods to widest possible market and it seems to me with the elder families inherit the slaving part was just part of the cycle of trade so the next hundred years good works became a passion with the Elton's the Elton that really got going with the development of Clevedon was the Reverend sir Abraham who was the 5th baronet he put in the main drainage the sewage the gasworks he built the hospital he was immensely concerned with the health of the town and of course of his estate workers he built the churches for schools I'm very proud of that the foundations of this family's wealth are now obscured by a hundred years of philanthropy and across Bristol the slave trade is virtually forgotten in 1798 però the slave John penny had brought from Nevis was dying all my family are well except my servant Sparrow who was very ill and now at Ashton for a change of air I'm at daddy's recovery one or other of us visit him three or four times a week he is waited upon my person upwards of 32 years and I cannot help feeling much for him notwithstanding he has not lately conducted himself as well as I could have wished penny sent him to Long Ashton dress outside Bristol where he convalesced but then sadly died and there is rather a charming ormiston a bit Rhea saying how much he had come to know and - like what - like him then there's the sting in the tail even there at the end of his days he died of drunkenness but still he starts off by speaking well of this servant però did not psychologically survive once removed outside of his own black community and basically once he came to Bristol he drunk himself to death Barrow I am sorry to inform you died a few months ago after being almost useless caused by drunkenness and dissipation almost ever since we left Nevis in 1794 his conduct has been very reprehensible in so much that his mistress and every branch of my family have urged me to discharge him and send him back to Nevis with an annual allowance Harrow never made it back to his family in Nevis the only records of his life are John pinnate letters but 200 years later his name is commemorated by a bridge a symbolic link between Bristol today and it's slaving past and we reflect on the life of Pierrot the man after whom this bridge is named Pierrot a black man brought to a strange land in circumstances of servitude so it gives me great pleasure to name this bridge Pyrrhus bridge to honor his memory his name and the struggle that he represented thank you [Applause] by the time of Parros death bristled gentlemanly traders have been ruthlessly pushed aside there was a new Pretender to the crown of England leading Slade thought well Bristol's heyday in the slave trade per se was in the early 18th century from 1698 till the 1740s really and then because she hadn't innovated the port to accommodate the larger ships because there was a traditionalism about bristol society mercantile society that was not as entrepreneurial didn't seize the opportunities as well as new reports like liverpool we find that liverpool eclipse surviving in the 18th century and became much more important location had made bristol the master of the African trade location also proved the reason for its downfall the avons retreating tide would regularly leave ships grounded on the month but the slave trade was expanding and needed bigger [ __ ] ambitious captain started to look for ports less awkward than Bristol it was a difficult harbour to develop and so really effectively Bristol squeezed out of the trade by the bigger more profitable ships from Liverpool rather than the rather smaller scale activity that Bristol merchants developed in the 18th century Bristol dominance of the trade with Africa had come to an end its merchants had made fortunes and now moved on to other ventures but their partners in West Africa had no such alternative the Africans were trapped in the business of selling people a ship's captain could buy a hundred slaves at a time in a salad a market and the demand from the plantations would not let up African suppliers reached further inland raiding parties were now spiriting away thousands of slaves people intentionally reading and kidnap people into slavery it was not like that before the Atlantic slavery was introduced because you had enough for the indigenous system you know so why should i kidnap the traders hit upon a new strategy walls between African nations always meant captives for sale so the slavers supplied arms to some nations and encouraged their kings to wage war on vulnerable neighbors when there was peace I mean there were no captives to be sold I slaves and therefore the slave trade would tend to decline at that particular moment and then when there were Wars then accorded captives who were brought and in Italy this later would be flourishing so in a way or to a large extent the slave trade depended I think heavily on the conflicts between the local African people the slave traders had started an arms race in Africa they never gave any African nation enough weaponry to challenge European power but the guns served to keep Africans fighting each other for a century the years of conflict and depopulation left a legacy from which Africa has still not recovered many people are saying why talk about the slave trade you want to forget about it it was such a terrible crime against humanity millions of people were sent again we can't tell the number we could talk about a number game in history some say 10 million some say 12 times 8 20 million some even say 300 million Africans were sent away and Africa was depopulated and all these things happened we are putting up with this right now the slave trade left an indelible mark on this part of Africa when I compare it with the noisiest I think the world perhaps has not given sufficient attention the fact that Africans had suffered a holocaust before they used it what it does to me just a sense of outrage also just limitless anger I think that our under development can be traced to this period because by 1,400 people who have also used iron and domesticated animals and started cereal development rice and corn and such things we had no time to advance upon thee [Music] if you use the words of law most revered Explorer David Livingstone commerce civilization and Christianity the three steam the first one we understand trade the slave trade itself was a commercial enterprise I mean the very force that you will see on our coastline we are not holiday resorts they were they were holding ends for for human being then you talk civilization what kind of civilization we're talking about Africa had had civilizations but because of the transatlantic slave trade that civilization almost came to on a blockade Africa was destined for a future of poverty and conflict England's royal venture had reinvented the trade in human beings and Caribbean planters were refining a brutal new system Plantation slavery you [Music] you

Channel: Timeline - World History Documentaries

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Keywords: Documentary, Full Documentary, real, documentary history, Full length Documentaries, Documentaries, TV Shows - Topic, Channel 4 documentary, 2017 documentary, stories, BBC documentary, Documentary Movies - Topic, British Empire, history documentary, History, British History

Id: O7OqaMkymWI

Length: 49min 26sec (2966 seconds)

Published: Mon Jun 05 2017

Reddit Comments

[u/mediation_]

Some great points covered, including the angst that remains today in officially & publicly recognising the wrongs of history.