The True History Of Britain's Horrifying Role In Slavery | Britain's Slave Trade | Timeline

[Applause] [Music] [Applause] [Music] the generations British plaintiff grew rich on the toil of both waves they were the wealthiest men of their time but if they began to dream of going home to buy power and status Africans who were dreaming of freedom it would be unlikely combination of a moral crusade in an ancient enemy that would finally destroy Britain slave trade in Jamaica the ku mana ritual is the remnant of the secret laws of slave a reminder of the homes they'd left an ocean away in the Caribbean slaves now outnumbered whites into one but white rule offered no room for rebellion there's a law which say the sleeves raises his hand to hit a white man you can have his hand amputated this was a sort of regulation that you actually had these laws were now being passed directly by the Jamaican House of Assembly which was dominated by planters and generally approved in the House of Commons by 1790 John Penny who had acquired 13 estates on Nevis was packing up the home he'd built Mount Travis to return to Bristol the magic of the gold rush was over a lot of people were coming back to this country and trying to bring money they've made in Nevis or in other West Indies back to this country and he was one of those two many plantation owners were leaving the Caribbean entrusting the management of their estates to overseers these men were Creoles white West Indians born in the islands overseers were hard driving people they were often cruel to the slaves all of them weren't always and they sometimes robbed their employers and they really wanted to get production up and look good on the bottom line and that they did and it was done at the cost of the slaves that worked the plantation in many cases what penny neglected to tell his slaves was what he'd sold them to a notorious slave master Edward Huggins the Penney family had trepidation about selling most of their estates to Edward Huggins and his sons because they felt that he was a bit cruel and they were really worried about what would happen to those estates that they had originally owned he started as an overseer of a sugar estate when he was just 19 years old he had no education except what he had here because he was born in eNOS you're the first generation here I think basically in those days the the fittest survives and I think that Edward Huggins was really tough and he didn't stand for any nonsense the slave saw Huggins for what he was they began to run away first one by one then in groups Huggins had them caught and brought them back to the market square for a public flogging the first Negro received 365 lashes mr. Huggins gave another Negro man 115 lashes and to a woman 110 lashes the woman who received 291 lat is appeared young and was most cruel if locked the flogging took so long that the drivers had to alternate laying the lashes on because it was too much for one man to do in spite of the fact he was quite strong [Applause] [Music] two days later the woman died of natural causes according to the coroner and the man was crippled for life and lived only a few years afterwards even Huggins fellow planters in the needeth assembly were appalled it is the opinion of this house that the conduct of Edward Huggins Esquire an inflicting punishment on several of his Negroes in the public marketplace at this time was both cruel and illegal and they're particularly in two cases where 250 to last and 291 lasses were give him he was guilty of an act of barbarity altogether unprecedented in this island from England's John Finnie who had sold his slaves to Huggins wrote in dismay at their disobedience I am truly sorry to hear that the Negroes have not behaved as they ought and you wish during my long residence in the island no people could have behaved better in general than they did we know the disposition of these people they have to try the temper than a new master by not being as correct in their conduct as they ought at first but I have no doubts with kindness and attention to their little wants when they deserve it you will find them a well dispersed set it may be that he didn't know the what Huggins was like this is possible but I think it's unlikely I think he probably did know and I think he probably for commercial reasons sold these slaves to Huggins Huggins was tried in the islands courthouse by a jury of white plantation owners he was acquitted he was hated by his slaves they tried to poison him nine times and didn't succeed and he died falling out of his carriage when he was in his 70s a lot of the white planters didn't care much for him either but he was one of them and they had to support him what the planters cared about was keeping slaves as their property chattels if slaves were chattel there could not be persons they could not give evidence in court against way and this was this was to be a very important factor because well in law did a low state masters to be brought to courts for various things like abuse since if honestly isn't witness the abuse he would actually get away with the crime simply because slaves evidence was not accepted to the slaves the case sent a clear signal that the planters would never freedom willingly their path to freedom would be marked by violent rebellion [Music] in England the absentee landlords were enjoying the fruits of their slave labor they ignored warnings of revolt instead for planters and traders built elegant new homes England streets were paved with West Indian gold he did sure they drove the most ornate gilded coaches they had sort of if you like gold threads in their wigs they am they behaved with a certain kind of arrogance because they had money and so they became am not only am despised but also feared as one aristocrat put it they drove up the price of venison which of course is the noble meat reserved for the aristocracy but now these people use social app stars could buy venison they drove up the prices of seats in parliament because they were able to buy themselves into into Parliament so they were despised for buying themselves privilege the planters wanted to join high society instead they were ridiculed William Beckford inherited a fortune from his father's to make implantations he proceeded to spend it at an astonishing rate he moved to Bath Spa one of the planters favorite terms his fashionable Landsdowne present home still Robert Beckford is a young theologian from Birmingham he is probably descended from beckford plantation slaves but he thinks that there's also a slave owner a white beckford among his ancestors my interest in him is regarding my name my name is Robert Beckford William Beckford and his father Alderman Beckford to put it bluntly owned my ancestors were slaves on their plantations in Jamaica for my interest is in finding out the white side of my family which is related to the Beckford family this tower was William Beckford zs-- retreat and treasure house at the top of Lansdowne Hill we know from writings that Beck's had enjoyed coming up to the tower in the mornings he would ride up before breakfast with his retinue of servants and walk around tower take the view and look at look at his fantastic art collection which was really the main reason why he built the tower on the first floor well of the tower rooms there was a sumptuous drawing room which it was called the crimson drawing room which was the room where Beckford did house collection of paintings and furniture many of which were commissions especially for the tower he showed them off in an inner spended fashion grouping them and that was one of his great enjoying this going up to the tower that he would spend hours rearranging and grouping them as he felt fit what kind of man surrounds himself with these fabulous items goes up to the tower every day and rearranges them I think a man who certainly we know lived in a world of fantasy he inherited his immense wealth of a very young age but Beckford never made it to Jamaica yet all of the money that fueled this wonderful building and these wonderful artifacts inside it came from the plantations that's right perhaps the plantations for him were it was a source of money and he wasn't aware of how we look at some plantation money today that was very very alien to him Williams fortune paid for a hundred Mason's working day and night for a month to complete the tower is that real gold it is real gold indeed and its newly gilded infected time all of this was his garden and it stretched for about a mile and a half from land bank residences house all the way up the hill and the tower was the culminating feature the Robert is more than a question of aesthetics I think William Beckford personifies the whole period of slavery people lived well ate well were able to cultivate taste in art in in other artifacts but yet they didn't pay any attention to where the money came from that was almost a a distant thing happening somewhere else in the world and it symbolizes you know a view of the world you can live well you can build these fantastic monuments but you don't have to remember too much about where the money came from and as a consequence you don't have to tell the full story the full story adds insult to injury William Beckford father brought the money houma became England's first millionaire today he is honored in London's Guildhall Roberts black ancestors have no such monument alderman Beckford was an MP and also Lord Mayor of London twice Lord Mayor of London that's really quite amazing because it shows how slave owners were able to use their monetary power to buy political power these people were revered and seen as really important people despite that the money they had was blood money slave money his features bear no resemblance to my family my family look very West African compared with this man here it strikes me as somebody who was able to deal with running slave plantations and not really blink an eyelid and makes me feel very very mode for the white side of my family yet in England in the 1700s black slaves were seldom more than a step away from their owners the ultimate status symbol was the household slave and the height of fashion to be painted with one of your human possessions the most fortunate of them were our black people worked in the EM in the mansions in the country houses because they were fed they were polished they were they were brushed and they were they were displayed they were pets so therefore you look after your pet the 18th century conversation pieces of the recall frequently have black servants in attendance as symbols of wealth were also symbols of servitude [Music] some black people could flourish in this gilded setting but others ran away or were abandoned to join a growing underclass of sailors entertainers peddlers and thieves now thronging England cities many were desperately poor many of them were beggars you have rabid sellers you have market sellers you have fairground performers you have our strolling actresses they did whatever they could they were highly visible in many areas of English life by the 1770s there were up to 15,000 black people in England cities among them was one runaway who was to strike the first blow in the battles of freedom the abolition struggle began almost by accident sparked by a runaway black servant one of thousands living in fear of the slave owners run away sometime since a Negro lad about 18 years of age answers to the name of Starling now the property of Ralph Cooke at the sign of the Rising Sun in Princes Street Bristol whoever shall Harbor or conceal the said black will be prosecuted as the law directs but any person who will secure him and give notice to his said master Ralph cook shall receive one Guinea reward once court runaways could be returned by force to their masters the capture of one former slave was witnessed by a pioneer abolitionist Granville Sharpe Randall sharp who had nothing to do with slavery comes across a black boy in the streets who's badly beaten up and makes simple inquiry which is like you know what's happened and gets the story and when he understands the cruel team endured the suffering endured by ordinary black people in this country at the hands of cruel masters he decides like any decent Englishman or Christian to do something about it and he spends the rest of his life campaigning for the end of the slave trade Sharpe managed to prevent the ship's captain from taking the boy James Somerset back on board according to law he was just a piece of property but Sharpe took his case to court arguing that Somerset should be a free man the case went to the country's top judge Lord Chief Justice Mansfield a Scottish landowner Mansfield agonized for seven months between equally unpalatable alternatives challenging an Englishman's property rights or allowing slavery on British soil he gave his judgment to the effect that the air of England was too pure to be breezed by a slave and he ended up left black go free which may not be politically correct but was a splendid the demonstration of his feelings one black person was not only free but family at Mansfield London home kenwood his nieces constant companion with Dido Lindsey the daughter of a captured French slave and Mansfield nephew said John Lindsey she used to appear after dinner rather to the astonishment of some of the great men of the time who went to Kenwood who disapproved that sort of thing and not to put too fine a point on in the Lord Chief Justice gotta tie early I think come false reputation as a kind of [ __ ] lover and in fact he he was genuinely a very affectionate and kind great uncle to to Dido Mansfield never revealed whether Dido's presence influenced his judgement in any event black people was still for sale in England to be sold a healthy negro slave named Prince 17 years of age measuring 5 feet 10 inches and extremely well grow inquire of Joshua Springer in st. Stephen's Lane who has likewise to sell a four wheel shape the Somerset judgment triggered a wave of agitation against the cruelty of the slave trade at the center of the campaign led by Sharpe were heart-rending testimonies of former slaves Oh louder equiano's polished a best-selling record of his life as a slave he toured the country on behalf of the committee to abolish the trade his testimony moved the crowds to kidnap our fellow creatures however they may differ in complexion is a crime as unjustifiable as cruel can any man be a Christian who asserts that one part of the human race were ordained to be in perpetual bondage to another if we Anna was actually part of a much larger abolitionist movement there were many white people of course but the he was part of an abolitionist movement that included a number of black figures you see letters to the newspapers called funds of Africa and they would sign letters or present articles or petition people for change he was part of a large and important black community that was becoming literate and very politically active Thomas Clarkson became one of abolitionism moving spirits as a Cambridge student clubs and had written the prize essay condemning slavery ending it would become his life's work Clarkson set off on the first of many fact-finding tours to the great slaving paws of Bristol invested interests were incredibly powerful the merchant ventures who ruled the roost in Bristol up until the 1830s were very much against the abolition of the slave trade and so were many people in Bristol outside the merchant venture as the people whose jobs depended on servicing the ships of building the ships of manufacturing the goods that were exported to guinea of processing the stuff that was imported from the Caribbean it was said that the grass would grow in the docks of Bristol at the slave trade were abolished so there was tremendous opposition Clarkson inspected dozens of ships and talk to sailors who had seen the treatment of slaves on the Seas and in the Caribbean the merchant venturers retaliated it has been found that the African and West Indian trade constitutes three-fifths of the Commerce of the port of Bristol and if a bill had parted the law the decline of Bristol must inevitably follow and the ruin of thousands while Clarkson was touring the slave ports aqueon Oh heard of an atrocity that was to seize the nation's attention in September 1781 the Liverpool ships long was carrying 442 slaves from Africa to the West Indies when the captain Luke Collingwood lost his way soon water ran short slave rations were cut Hollywood's cargo began to die before his earnings he decided to throw 133 sick and starving slaves overboard [Music] he assured the crew that they would not move their share of the profit the insurers would pay up in court the lawyers argued that drowning slaves was no different from ditching horses [Music] this starts a stream of protests and more crucially it starts people thinking can you really equate black slaves with horses or other kind of cargo and increasing speed people are saying no you know these are our fellow humans they are not chattels you cannot treat people as property as cargo as as goods in this way after this outrage the cause won an unlikely convert the church of sant Mary Warner from the City of London recruited a repentant former slave ship captain John Newton of administer Newton's Hin Amazing Grace celebrated the finding of truth and freedom he talks about his conversion from being a slaver to supporting abolitionism and he makes these rather stammering but deeply felt sermons on this subject offering himself as an example of a conversion process which the nation at large must take part in I have a conviction that they share I formerly had in the trade binds million conscience to plead for the end to a commerce so iniquitous so destructive was the African slave trade the abolitionist knew that their case had to reach many people who could barely read they use methods that would be recognized today their slogan was taken up everywhere that was what was needed the time simple appeal using one image which was instantly recognizable and if you like a sand bite am I not a man and a brother from towns or villages or all social classes people sometimes you could hardly sign their names would sign their names and present petitions against slavery and this single issue caught the British imagination white people were marching and petitioning on behalf of black people years before they were allowed to vote ordinary men and for the first time women too were petitioning Parliament [Music] abolitionist propaganda ham at home the inhumanity of the passage across the Atlantic Clarkson revealed that each slave was forced into a space smaller than a coffin to the entire sixes journey this shocked people who would not have subjected their animals to such treatment Clarkson's poster of a livable slave ship the Brooks carrying 600 slaves went up across the nation the campaign has believed that it would only be a matter of time before Parliament to get lead from the people and abolish the slave trade to lead the political campaign Clarkson had recruited a respected independent Member of Parliament William Wilberforce they both realized they couldn't manage without each other Wilberforce the first class orator that the man who had influenced a man who had money the man who was accepted by the public as being immensely popular and Wilberforce knew that he couldn't cope without the facts in front of him and was the quote about him needing an intellectual walking stick and that was Thomas Clarkson but for all his popularity Wilberforce wasn't going to have an easy ride ranged against him with the most important political figures of the day from the King downwards he difficult for us to imagine isn't it that anybody could foot-post this thing at that time of course the were the great trading ports Liverpool and Bristol whose prosperity depended entirely on the Train they had that members of parliament but apart from that the West Indian sugar planters had their own representatives agents in this country and he was estimated they had more than 50 tied members in the House of Commons would support their case with 50 is quite a good thing when all counting four votes the pro-slavery MPs weren't popular but they didn't need to be as long as influence could be bought the slave trade was safe in establishment hands the West India interest and the mercantile interests associated with them put up along and one would have to say relatively successful rearguard defense of slavery in the slave trade which were became hugely unpopular because it became a symbol rally of what was called at the end of the eighteenth century old corruption of an unreformed a political system where people with money could simply buy influence and power today a Liverpool Street bears the name of one of the city's biggest slave trading families the Tarleton's personified the old corruption Thomas Elton's family firm fitted out dozens of slave ships and his grandsons became MPs principally to defend the slave trade the Tarleton's could reach places and exercise influence that the abolitionists could only dream of this is a letter from John Tarleton the MP dated the 5th of February 1788 dear Clayton mr. Pitt on Saturday morning sent for me into Downing Street where I remained from 21 past eleven till three o'clock in the afternoon and then the letter goes on to say I expected on the value of the imports from Africa and the West Indies and North America to Great Britain and that should mr. Wilberforce his plan for the prohibition of a further importation of Negroes into our Islands take place the consequences would be total ruin and impending destruction John's brother Bannister abandoned reasoned argument for abuse of abolitionists he called them the juncture of sectarians Sophists enthusiasts and fanatics how to destroy a trade worth eight hundred thousand pounds a year and employing five thousand seamen I don't actually think that there is much point in looking back and saying my family would dreadful or anything like that I I think that they were doing what everybody was doing at the time and it was not considered to be an awful thing Wilberforce introduced a bill to end the slave trade almost every year from 1788 each time he failed ninety six was quite an n/bar you really hope to have his bill going but then they were defeated by the very popular opera which was on at the time have on the third reading and always support us were away at the Opera and it didn't turn up in time he lost it at the third reading absolute terrible thing so this was always likely to happen when whoops didn't existed anyhow he was only a private member so the were they always his adverse notes and disappointments the noble chord seems likely to founder but astonishingly the first crack in the wall of resistance came from the planters themselves in the Caribbean the relentless work and cruelty meant that for every hundred slaves only one child was born each year the labor force was maintained by continuously importing slaves from Africa but by 1800 planters had grasped but allowing slaves to marry and live in easier conditions would produce new slaves at no extra cost some offered incentives in Barbados six shillings and threatens per child as the planters resistance weakened the abolitionists were winning new converts in Britain's ports Thomas Clarkson found that the slave voyages were as dangerous for the crew as for the slaves he used the fact ruthlessly one of the arguments for the slave trade was it it trained sailors ready for the British Navy well Clarkson added it up and of all the sailors that were on the slave trade that were gathered each year about half of them failed to return home and this was a key factor to Wilberforce which he was able to put before Parliament the political establishment remained reluctant to abandon slavery they valued Africans not just as plantation labour but as soldiers black men had boasted the West Indian regiments for decades at the height of the abolition debate the Kings generals were still desperately buying slaves it is universally admitted that the black force in the West Indies should be augmented as much as possible with a view to lessen the consumption of the European troops the best mode of effecting this augmentation would be to take every advantage of the time allowed before the Act takes effect and then to into a contract with the merchants of Liverpool to furnish two to four thousand slaves of the tribes from the dole coast at Barbados from whence they could be distributed as the officer commanding should direct half or certainly one third of this number might be taken at the age of 16 well made him healthy lads by the early 1800s Britain was fighting a great war against the French in Europe and the Caribbean the politicians searching for a way to unite the nation put on the mantle of moral superiority Napoleon permitted slavery in French colonies though Britain would abandon it this is a way of if you like rebranding Britain in an advantageous way the British establishment can stand up in 1807 when they abolish Britain's participation in the slave trade and say it distinguishes us against the French whom we are fighting they have reintroduced slavery we the British are pulling out of the slave trade so it if you wanted to be cynical you could say that this is a cause which has an appeal not just to reform us but to the establishment to Orthodox Patriots who can see it as one more proof of Britain as the supreme land of liberty in 1807 a weary Wilberforce finally gained his victory the establishment u-turn gave the abolitionists the votes they needed to outlaw the slave trade great speeches were made by the politicians and then they all may pay tributes to him and he said so he said with his head between his hands tears pouring through his eyes of the greatest moment of his life [Music] today the abolition of the slave trade is regarded as a parliamentary triumph for Wilberforce now commemorated in Westminster Abbey but abolition was the work of many hands it needed the contributions of Granville sharp allow directly on oh and a host of others guided by the tactical genius of Thomas Clarkson [Music] slavery habits lost shingles heroic in a quiet sense you know they were just moved by just a sense of dignity and an outrage that in their own country which which values liberty and freedom and and and freedom of the body from indiscriminate abuse that this should be happening to black people whether they were black or not it didn't matter but they happened to be black so a simple moral outrage and and a courage to take on the establishment and to win the Christian reformers victory had only halted betrayed for the hundreds of thousands still enslaved in the Caribbean freedom would only come after violent rebellion [Music] the slave trade was abolished in 1807 in Africa the victory was greeted with dismay on the coast an entire economy had been built up around the slave fort now they were abandoned abolition cut local traders business by heart it presented a dilemma to the local people if the trade was suddenly stopped then what would be their livelihood and so in a way the local Africans they tended to oppose the abolition of this lately but that was their livelihood worse still the British Navy was told to intercept slaving voyages run by British ships to plantations in America Brazil and Cuba the slave trading kings were enraged by the 1820s and 1830s the Africans along the coast had to adjust a new situation and that is trading in what is called legitimate goods in the Caribbean Africans was still enslaved I felt cheated of their freedom surprisingly it was religion that would fan the flames of their rebellion since an Anglican Church on the island and some kids [Music] [Applause] [Music] two centuries ago the only black faces here would have been outside waiting for their masters to finish worship this was the Church of the owners and they wanted it kept that way slaves had their own churches and preachers often slaves themselves teaching that all were equal in the sight of God these men and their congregations were to be the core of slave resistance the very courageous in trying to to preach because most slaveholders initially were opposed to teaching Christianity the notion was that teaching slaves Christianity might lead them to think in terms of freedom if they begin to think of themselves as people slaves had ears and they would hear this debate the discussions going on on questions of abolition their slaves in taverns they are slaves in the households and they are all hearing this and the way they interpret is that the King wanted to free them but the planters were actually stopping it and I believe that this is one of the things which ensured that we had more slaves more sleepable becoming more intense slaves had been running away from the start some managed to set up rebel settlements rebellions were put down by the superior force of the colonial militia but in the end it was slave revolt that forced both planters and politicians into conceding complete freedom in Jamaica Robert Beckford is searching for the part his ancestors played in the slave revolt Jamaica's national hero Sam sharp began the island's most momentous uprisings planned on a beckford plantation sharp was an unlikely rebel a trusted slave literate numerous and a Baptist minister Roberts arranged to meet sharp spiritual successor in the rebel leaders own church what kind of risks were the slaves taken by siding with sharp well lots of risks just by being off their plantations at wrong hours they were running a certain risk but rebellion and or anything that looked like rebellion was harshly put down in December 1831 Sharpe used his weekly prayer meetings to urge the slaves to go on strike for the moderate action he planned soon spiraled out of control groups of Flay's broke curfew and set fire to whole plantation they've begun to burn estates over a wide area one beacon on that hill got a cancer and another Hill and so on the revolt was doomed 14 planters were killed but hundreds of slaves died in a malicious reprisal they were ill-equipped to fight a war many of them did not know how to use firearms sharp decided that if he were the main cause then maybe he could stop the killing by giving himself up sharp is tried at the ringleader a plant of court found him guilty he was sentenced to be hanged in the square which now bears his name he did not deny that he had been involved he simply on the gallows argued that he reckoned he had a right to be free 580 slaves were executed hundreds more were brutally punished the floggings went on for days and were carefully recorded [Music] among the lists of punish slaves Robert Wexford finds the name the person he's been searching for this is absolutely mind-blowing for me it tells me there were people from the beckford plantation involved in this revolution and for me as a Robert Beckman living today it affirms my identity it's one thing that makes the Beckford name worthwhile I feel a real connection between that Robert Beckford and me as Robert Beckford it's almost as if this is the discovery that I wanted to make in terms of grounding my identity in something concrete and here I can see a black Beckford that I can identify with news of sharps revolt and its repression caused consternation in London I think it is not not claiming too much to say that Sam sharps rebellion was the trigger that sort of brought things to a head although there was disquiet in the British society and there were many in England who had been agitating against it but this rebellion and the kind of brutality with which it was put down I think it started the conscience of people of conscience less than two years after the rebellion Robert's ancestors would have crowded outside Jamaica's National Assembly to hear the proclamation it was a total victory for the rebels all slaves were to be freed by the 1st of August 1838 slaves gathered in the streets to celebrate but even those were the most benevolent of masters soon saw that Liberty carried a high price the Codrington plantations had covered large areas of Barbados and Antigua for 200 years their slaves were now free but their food and lodgings were not it was a huge cultural change which no one had thought about you before never had to look for job and you never had 200 years you didn't know how to go about marketing yourself where to go you probably could only do one skill you hadn't got other skills I knew you had freedom which is ever what everybody wanted but you didn't have our lives no income no land no no food scarce the plantations used to make all their own food and bring it in and sort things and what have you - everybody had enough to eat one slave who was called George Codrington right to ask for more money because he said I've got eight children and he now has to pay the doctor's bills because now he's a free man he doesn't get free doctors and some treated not looked after at the house himself and he has to clothe himself and feed himself of course when before I bought his freedom he got all that and I think this was a big change the slaves had won freedom but precious little else not so their masters Robert Beckford is back in England he's about to discover the sting in the tail of emancipation whilst the slaves are simply left to centre themselves their owners won a huge government win for 20 million then about 1 billion pounds today in the library of the City of London he's making a final reckoning with the family who owned his ancestors one of many planters who shared the compensation from my calculations roughly 20,000 pounds were paid in compensation to William Beckford and members of his family just for the slaves in Jamaica slave owners got 20 million pounds in old money in 1830s for compensation for the lack know for the loss of slaves the slaves received absolutely nothing jack and they had to go in the account living after slavery the end of slavery should have been the moment of liberation for black slaves in fact it confirmed for generations to come the ascendancy of their white masters in the end the Emancipation law was a very moderate law in the sense that it compensated not the slaves who had done so much unpaid labor for years and years and who built up the wealth of Britain the people who got the compensation were actually the former slave owners and they got a huge sum of money in compensation in 1838 slavery ended in British colonies was over half a million former slaves were provided with nothing to equip them for a fresh start [Music] some freed slaves took [ __ ] once again but unlike their ancestors they went willingly boundary new horizon they were to transform Britain in a way that is only now being understood you

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Length: 49min 36sec (2976 seconds)

Published: Mon Jun 19 2017