Hi, I’m Mikey and welcome to Oxford Online
English! In this lesson, you can learn how to use the
English modal verbs may, might, can and could. You’ll learn how to use these modal verbs
to talk about possibilities in English. Modal verbs are powerful, because you can
use them to express many different ideas and complex nuances of meaning. However, they’re also difficult to use well. Each modal verb can be used in many different
ways! You can use might, could or may to say that
something is possible in the present or in the future. For example: They could be brothers—they look so alike! I think it’s possible that they’re
brothers. Where are my keys? They might still be in the car. I think it’s possible that your keys
are still in the car. It’s raining here, but it may be sunny there. I think it’s possible that it’s sunny
there. These sentences are all about the present. There’s no difference between could, might
and may here. You can use any of these three modal verbs
in any of these sentences—it doesn’t matter. Could and might are more common than may,
but you can choose which modal verb you use. Be careful with may be—two words, and maybe—one
word. May be (two words) is a modal verb plus the
verb be; maybe (one word) is an adverb. They aren’t the same! You can also talk possibilities in the future: It could cost more than you expect. I think it’s possible that it will cost
more than you expect. You might miss the train unless you leave
now. I think it’s possible that you’ll
miss the train if you don’t leave now. I may be around five minutes late. I think it’s possible that I’ll be
a little late. It doesn’t matter if you’re talking about
the present or the future; you can use these modal verbs in the same way. People will understand if you’re talking
about the present or the future from the context. For example: She might be there already. She might be there tomorrow. Here, the first sentence is about the present,
and the second is about the future. You can understand this from the meaning,
not from the modal verb. You can also make negatives by adding not
after the modal verb. Use negatives to say that you think it’s
possible that something is not true, or that something will not happen, in the present
or the future. In this case, you can only use may or might. You can’t use could to talk about negative
possibilities. For example: They might not be ready. I think it’s possible that they aren’t
ready. This could be in the present or in the future—you
can’t tell just from this sentence. He may not be able to help you. I think it’s possible that he won’t
be able to help you. There’s no difference between using may
or might here, but remember that there’s no way to use could in these sentences. What about can? We haven’t mentioned can until now, because
can behaves differently. Let’s see how! Look at an example that you just saw: She might be there tomorrow. This is a specific possibility. You’re talking about one person, one place
and one time. Let’s add some more details to make it easier
to see this: Sarah might be at the party tomorrow. You can use might, may or could to express
specific possibilities. You use can to express general possibilities. You’ve seen what a specific possibility
is. What does ‘general possibility’ mean? Can you explain it? A general possibility is something which is
true for many people, in many places, at many times. For example: It can take two hours to get to the airport
if the traffic’s bad. This possibility doesn’t apply to one person
at one time. It applies to anyone who tries to get to the
airport when the traffic’s bad. Let’s look at some more examples: It can be very wet and cold in spring here. This is possible every year, not just
in one year. He can be very difficult to deal with when
he’s in a bad mood. This is possible every time he’s in
a bad mood, not just one time. Moving countries can be a stressful experience. It’s possible that moving countries
is stressful whoever you are, wherever you move to and whenever you do it! If you’re talking about general possibilities,
you can only use can. You can’t use could, might or may. General possibilities refer to both the present
and the future together. For example, if you say: It can be very wet and cold in spring here. You mean that this is possible this year,
in the present, and next year, in the future, and the year after that, and so on. Also, general possibilities are only positive;
there’s no such thing as a negative general possibility. Let’s practise! Look at four sentences. For each one, decide if it expresses a general
possibility or a specific possibility. Which modal verbs could you use in each case? Pause the video and think about your answers. If it’s difficult, review this part and
the previous part of the video. Ready? Let’s look at the answers. In the first sentence, the word tomorrow makes
it specific. Tomorrow is one day. That means you can use could, might or may
in this sentence. In the second sentence, in July in the south
is a general idea. You’re talking about one place, but you’re
also talking about every year. So, you should use can. In the third sentence, you’re talking about
a general tendency which she has. She can get angry any time when people don’t
listen to her, not just one time. So, you need to use can. The fourth sentence is talking about one reaction
to one thing. The words when she finds out refer to one
piece of news, which she will find out at a specific time in the future. So, you need to use could, might or may. Now, you’ve seen how to use might, may,
could and can to talk about possibility in the present or the future. But what about the past? Let’s start with some examples. Look at three sentences, and try to work out
how to talk about possibilities in the past: Where is he? I guess he might have missed the train. I don’t know where the tickets are. I may have left them in the hotel. What was that noise? I suppose it could have been the wind. To talk about possibilities in the past, use
could, might or may, plus have, plus a past participle. Again, it doesn’t matter if you use could,
may or might here. There’s no difference in meaning. You can’t use can in these sentences. There’s no way to use can to express possibility
in the past. What do these sentences mean? Can you explain what they’re saying in other
words? The first sentence means that you think it’s
possible that he missed the train. You’re waiting for him; you don’t know
where he is or why he’s late. In the second sentence, you’re saying that
it’s possible that the tickets are in the hotel. You don’t know where the tickets are. In the third sentence, you heard a noise and
you aren’t sure what it was. You’re saying that it’s possible that
it was the wind. You can also talk about negative possibilities
in the past, like this: He might not have heard you. It’s possible that he didn’t hear
you. Their plane may not have arrived yet. It’s possible that their plane hasn’t
arrived yet. As before, you can only use may or might to
talk about negative possibilities. You can’t use could in these sentences. There’s another way in which could behaves
differently. Let’s look. In all the examples you saw in the last section,
positive and negative, you’re talking about situations where you don’t know what happened
in the past. For example, if you say their plane may not
have arrived yet, you don’t know if their plane has arrived or not. You aren’t sure. What about this sentence? You could have hurt yourself! Be more careful next time! This example is different. Can you see how? If you don’t know, here’s a clue: in this
sentence, do you know what happened, or not? Did the person you’re talking to hurt themselves,
or not? In this sentence, you know what happened:
the person didn’t hurt themselves. You’re saying that getting hurt was a possibility,
but luckily it didn’t happen! So, there are two kinds of possibility in
the past: One: you don’t know what happened, and you’re
making a guess. Two: you know what happened, and you’re
talking about a possibility which didn’t occur. In the first case, you can use any of the
three verbs: may, might or could. In the second case, you can only use could. You often need this when you’re talking
about something bad which didn’t happen. Let’s see some more examples of this second
case: They were very unlucky—they could easily
have won. They didn’t win, but it was close, so
winning was a possibility. She could have lost all of her money when
the company went under. She didn’t lose all of her money, but
it was a possibility. Of course, being in an accident was scary,
but it could have been much worse. The accident wasn’t serious, but worse
results were a possibility. In all of these sentences, you know what happened
in the past, and you’re talking about a past possibility which didn’t actually happen. Now, you’ve seen how to use the modal verbs
might, may, can and could to talk about possibilities in English. Let’s put everything you’ve learned together Might, could or may can be used to talk about
specific possibilities in the present or the future: Take a jumper—it might be cold outside. It could be a good game tomorrow. You can use can to talk about general possibilities: Using a credit card can be an expensive way
to buy things. You can use could, may or might, plus have,
plus a past participle, to talk about possibilities in the past: They may have got lost. I’ll call them and find out where they are. You can use may or might to talk about negative
possibilities, meaning that there’s a possibility that something won’t happen or didn’t
happen: It might work, but it might not. He may not have seen the message yet. Finally, you can use could to talk about two
kinds of possibility in the past: situations where you know what happened, and situations
where you don’t know what happened: You could have missed the plane! Don’t be late next time. I’m not sure why he isn’t here. I guess he could have missed the plane. Do you need practice with this topic? Visit Oxford Online English.com for the
full lesson, including a quiz to help you check your understanding of English modal
verbs! Thanks for watching! See you next time!
