(yelling) - He's not gonna be able to. (woman breathing shakily) (woman breathing shakily)
(footsteps thudding) I love that they present this naive T cell as if it's scared. That's not what naive means. It means that I was made
within the bone marrow and it's ready to protect us
through our immune system. This is our immune system,
these T cells right here. (intense adventurous music) (monsters growling) (yelling) I'm gonna go ahead and guess that these and infections chasing him. I'm not quite sure which these are, they look viral, but let's see. (footsteps crunching) (gasps) (eerie music) (yelling) All right, so the influenza virus, that's our typical flu
that we see each season. Now a lot of people
like to say that the flu is not a big deal, it's a huge deal. There's over half a million
flu deaths worldwide. Something along the lines of
anywhere from 30-50,000 deaths here in the United States each season, millions of people affected, and the way that it affect
you is really something cool, I hope they show it in this show, it's gonna be about literally, the flu virus jumping
in, hijacking your own cellular machinery to help it replicate within your body and infect you. That's why it's like a zombie
apocalypse going on right now. (eerie music) That is true that headaches,
fevers, muscle aches are the most common symptoms. Now the influenza virus
does affect both the upper and lower respiratory tract, so you can develop a very
serious cough as well as a sore throat,
serious nasal congestion. The most common way my
patients describe it, is usually like they've
been hit by a train. Cause the fatigue and
body aches and fevers are so uncomfortable. That's really the hallmark symptom that you get with a flu. What happens when the virus
actually enters your body. It enters through a
lock and key mechanism, enters the cell nucleus, which is sort of the brain of the cell, and starts hijacking
the cell's own machinery to copy itself and then
infect the rest of the body. Now your body's defense system, like this neutrophil and the T cell here, as well as B cells and macrophages, they all jump in, in defense of your body, to try and eliminate this virus. But here's where it gets tricky. Your own cells are infected
with this flu virus, so these macrophages actually have to eat your own body's cells in
order for you get better. And as you can already tell
where I'm going with this, if they have an overreaction, especially in severe influenza cases, that could be lethal on its own, where your own body's inflammatory process that's meant to protect
you actually harms you. Whoa. (crowd groaning) (metal clanging) Uh oh. (adventurous music)
(laughing) Oh, the macrophage is here. So the macrophage, I think macro, this is like a Greek term. Macro means big, phag or
phago means to eat in Greek, so it's literally a big eater where it eats up the
virus or infected cells by the virus and there's actually
two types of macrophages. One that causes destruction
and inflammation, which is good to fight the virus. Then there's a second type of macrophage that actually causes tissue repair. (dramatic music) (air whooshing) (laughing)
(light happy music) Whoa. The macrophage itself,
when it consumes a part of an infected cell, it's
able to tell the other parts of the immune system like
the T cells and B cells of what kind of virus
is infecting the body. That's really important
in cell-mediated immunity, where you body can
actually create a memory so that if you're infected
with this virus again, your body knows how to combat it. (phone ringing) When we're talking about
the different types, the influenza A, B, and C. A is really the most dangerous
cause it has the most pandemic potential, meaning
that it could spread and cause serious harm. In fact, the major outbreaks
like the Spanish flu of 1918, swine flu, avian flu, those
were types of influenza A that were devastating on populations. With this patient slash imaginary body, having influenza B, mm,
it's a little bit easier. (dramatic music) (gasps) (laughing) This is the most bullying
I've ever encountered in a workplace setting. This looks like a toxic
environment to work in. (yelling)
(dramatic music) (electronic warbling) (groaning) This is really interesting. So the infected cells remember, are actually hijacked
by the influenza virus, therefore, producing more infected cells or infected particles of the
virus that infect other cells. What's really interesting
about the influenza virus is that scientists have recently found out that it's able to hide
itself from our immune system and we're trying to make
strides in figuring out how it does that, not only
for us to be able to counter the influenza virus better, but also learn about how it is we can protect ourselves from our own immune system
when it's over activated. Think about those individuals
who suffer from autoimmune disorders, where their
own immune system affects their intestines, their skin, like Crohn's disease or psoriasis. If we can figure out
how the influenza virus hides from our immune system, we can use that same
principle to shut down the autoimmune issues that we can have. (gasps)
(adventurous music) (yelling) Oh no, it's infecting other cells! (yelling) (air whooshing) One of the crazy parts
about having influenza is you may be infected
with it and spreading it, up to 24 hours before
you even feel symptoms. So think about it. I could be totally fine, meaning
not showing any symptoms, sneeze and be passing the
influenza virus to someone right next to me. Really problematic, right? (crashing) (gasps) (footsteps thudding) (metal clanging) Whoa.
(metal clanging) (upbeat dramatic music) I think it's a "Dragon Ball Z" character. There we go. (metal clanging) (air whooshing) B cells! So just so you understand
the whole process of this. When pathogens enter the
body, they are labeled as antigens and they're
recognized by either the T cells or B cells
and then your body creates antibodies to fight off these antigens. Now you actually have
memory B cells in your body which remember past viruses
that you've been infected with, and have already an immune
response ready for it. For example, if you get two vaccinations for the measles shot,
like you're supposed to, you have immunity for pretty
much the rest of your life, like 98% immunity. If you get chicken pox once in your life, you have enough antibodies
for the rest of your life. So the way that this works
is your body gets infected, your immune system recognizes it. It fights it off, but also
catalogs the infection to know what to do if it
returns in the future. (upbeat dramatic music) (groaning) (yelling)
(sizzling) So an important part of your immune system is actually raising the
core body temperature which is called a fever, but it's actually important for your body to be able to fight off infections. Not only does your immune
system in certain cells function better when the
temperature's higher, but the virus has trouble replicating when the temperature's higher, so it decreases its
effectiveness and spread. Also B cells release cytokines, which actually facilitate
the inflammatory process, helping your body rid itself of the virus, but those cytokines,
those inflammatory cells, actually increase your body's temperature. That's part of their roles. (upbeat dramatic music) (explosion blasting)
(loud sneezing) (loud sneezing) (coughing) (loud sneezing) The reason your body has
a sneeze and cough reflex is to rid itself of a
lot of these pathogens. The way that actually they enter your body is usually from respiratory droplets being in the air or if you touch some of them that have landed
on a solid surface and then introduce them by rubbing your eyes, nose, or mouth. That's why we always say
our fingers and the dirtiest parts of our bodies and
we have to wash our hands. Now you heard me chest compressions, chest compressions, chest compressions. But I think nowadays we should be saying, wash your hands (laughs) was your hands, wash your hands. (yelling) (intense music) (thudding) (yelling) This is such a great picture
of the war torn city. It's something that I
often times try and explain to my patients that come in
because they have a lingering couch, even once the
infection has cleared. This happens all the time. It's called a post-viral cough or post-viral tussive syndrome. Really what happens is you
have a war between an infection and your body's immune system. Now your body's immune
system has won the war. You're not longer infected,
you're no longer contagious, but think about the battlefield and the battlefield is your airway. It's severely inflamed, just
like what was visualized right there in the city. It takes time to heal all of that. What happens when your airway's damaged? You body secretes mucus, you don't feel good, it feels difficult to fall asleep. You cough, even though you
don't have an active infection. So it takes time to calm
the body's immune system. It takes time to heal. That's why it's no surprise
if you've had a serious flu infection, that
one to two weeks later, you're still feeling run down. You body's healing. (groans)
(adventurous music) (yelling)
(footsteps crunching) He's not gonna be able to. (silly bouncing) (smacking)
(yelling) Aha! Cause he didn't have help
from his naive T cell or a macrophage to tell him
how to fight this virus. (air whooshing) But the B cell. (whimpering) (electronic echoing) It's a new virus. (gasps) Influenza A. (intense dramatic music) (squishing) (yelling) So this requires the immune system cascade to start all over again with the neutrophils, the macrophage, the presenting cells, the memory cells, everything has to start from scratch. You can't just reuse
the same immune reaction that you had to one
virus for the other one. Sometimes there's crossover,
but not every single time. This is why we still recommend
that if you have a flu during the season but
haven't gotten your flu shot, once you get better, you
can still get the flu shot and get benefit from it. (intense dramatic music) (high pitched air slicing) (yelling) The biggest difference we
see with the influenza virus and other viruses that
are circulating right now. I don't wanna say the name cause I'm gonna get demonetized
just for saying it once, but for the flu, we have
an influenza vaccine that not only prevents it
in a certain percentage of the time, but also if
you are to get the vaccine and still get sick, you'll
have a milder course. But the biggest thing is we
have an anti-viral medication that is FDA-approved to
treat and prevent the spread of the influenza virus. It's called Oseltamivir and we use it quite
regularly in my practice. Actually, if there's a nursing home where you have an outbreak of the flu, we can proactively, prophylactically treat the patients who are
healthy to not get sick. Now, if there's another virus, one that's going around right now, still don't wanna say it. We don't have those tools,
it can be quite lethal. So we wanna act smart and
the way we do that is we wash our hands to limit the spread, we don't touch our face
to limit the spread. If we're sick, we stay home. If we see someone sick, we try
and stay far away from them. And most importantly, we
stay alert, not anxious. I put together a playlist for you guys of some informative
videos about some viruses that are circulating right here. Hope you enjoy them while
staying happy and healthy. (upbeat hip music)
just got copystriked :(
Love cells at work! Itโs a time passer anime but can learn a lot
Stupid Sony :(
Wait, did it get taken down?