COVID-19 Vaccines: MODERNA | PFIZER/BIONTECH | ASTRAZENECA

[Music] what's up ninja nerds in this video today we're going to talk about covid19 vaccines we're going to primarily talk about three vaccines that are being funded by operation warp speed we're going to talk about astrazeneca or the oxford vaccine moderna and then pfizer biontech what i want to preface though is that we're going to start this video talking about how these vaccines are being developed what are the phases and stages they have to go through then we'll talk about the mechanism of action how these vaccines actually work in the body and then finally we'll go over some of the interim or press release data that have been released by the companies about these vaccines also before you guys go ahead and start this video please hit that like button comment down in the comment section and please subscribe also down in the description box we have links to all our social media platforms for you guys to communicate with us all right let's go ahead and get started all right so what we're going to do is we're going to talk about how these vaccines again the ones that we're talking about that are funded by operation warp seed moderna pfizer biontech and astrazeneca what are the phases or stages that they have to go through to receive fda approval in this case emergency use authorization so what we have to do is first have a complete understanding of what the goals of vaccine development is so throughout all of these stages there's two primary goals that we're trying to meet by developing these vaccines the first goal that is going to be set forth is safety that is the utmost priority for a vaccine being developed in other words we want to make sure that any side effects that these patients or trials that are being tested any of the patients that are actually being tested with this vaccine aren't developing any serious or deadly side effects related to the vaccine the second reason we're doing a vaccine development the other goal is efficacy and this is what we have to expand on a little bit more because this is what's talked about a lot right now in the media so efficacy can be thought of in two ways it's basically uh the efficacy of the vaccine to prevent disease okay or the efficacy of the vaccine to prevent infection that is two distinctions that we truly have to understand so what are we talking about when we're talking about efficacy what we're really saying is this uh protective against disease or is it protective against infection why is that so important that we establish that distinction because covid19 the disease that's caused by sars cov2 can actually present with symptoms ranging from mild to moderate to severe weather hospitalized put on ventilators ecmo so on and so forth or they could be completely asymptomatic so when someone is infected with this sars cov2 virus they could be completely asymptomatic and not develop any of the mild moderate or severe cases so what we want to know is is this vaccine effective against preventing the severity of the disease or can it even prevent asymptomatic infections and then those people continuously spreading the disease and that's something that these vaccines are still trying to work out they're primarily focusing on disease severity of cases that's the primary endpoint so when we start a vaccine what are the phases that it has to go through and how are they basically taste testing and trying to meet the goals of safety and efficacy well there's a couple different phases we're going to kind of list them out so you have them and then we're going to discuss what they do in those phases the first one is your pre-clinical phase and this is primarily where you do animal testing okay this is animal testing after that if animal testing is basically safe and effective you move on to the human trials human trials and your clinical phase which is this three part purple pink and then this brown color here consists of three phases phase one right is going to be where you're taking on human trials but it's a small population size then after that you're moving on to the next phase if it's still effective and safe then you're going to be going on to phase two and it's still you're still doing human trials it's just a little bit of a larger sample size after that if again still safe and effective you're moving on to the next phase which is phase three okay and then again this is just a larger human population sample size that you're testing finally if it's met all the safety and effective goals that it had planned out for that vaccine it then is sent for fda approval and in this case because of the covet 19 pandemic we're looking for emergency use authorization here and then they'll still have follow-up studies where they'll appear to be peer-reviewed journals and things that are being set up afterwards so within the pre-clinical phase or animal testing what are they really doing i guess that's an important question to ask right and the first thing that we know is they're obviously testing this on animals why are they what are they doing with the animals well first off they're giving the vaccine to the animals right and after you give the vaccine to animals okay in this case mice little mices you're going to look for any side effects okay so you're monitoring their side effects do they have anything from just skin irritation to fatigue to fever or death the other thing is you're looking at efficacy so in other words if i give this person the vaccine do they develop antibodies is there a certain amount of antibodies that developed and are those antibodies actually effective at combating in this case the sars cov2 virus then what we'll do is we'll actually give the mice the virus okay and then after you give them the virus you look to see did the vaccine that you give them prevent the disease if after all of these studies that you've gone through where you give the vaccine to the animals you look for side effects efficacy by antibody production and antibody actually binding to the pathogen and you've given the virus and you've seen some prevention of disease you can move on to phase one all right with phase one we're testing this on humans right so now this is this you're giving the vaccine to humans but here's an important thing to understand when we're giving it to humans we're only doing it on a small sample size so this is a small sample size what how much generally it's at least less than 100 participants that are involved in that study okay so there's not a lot the next thing is that the humans that you're studying and testing this on you want them to be healthy you don't want them to have really any comorbidities or underlying illness because if they do get sick you want to make sure that it's from the illness and it's not from the vaccine that you're testing on them okay the next thing that you're testing is you're still testing side effects is there any side effects that you're seeing from this vaccine from skin irritation to fatigue to fever to headaches anything worst case death and then the last thing that you're testing here is dosage okay and what do i mean by dosage you're trying to figure out the upper limit of the dose and you're trying to find the lower limit of the dose there's a reason for this if you give the upper limit of the dose too much of it what are you more likely to experience potentially with a higher dosage of the vaccine there could be more risk of side effects so you're trying to figure out what dose can i go to that really the side effects aren't actually happening as much but then on the other end you want to make sure that you don't give and you don't want to give not enough of that dosage because then you might have a decreased antibody response and maybe if you're not getting enough of an antibody response that vaccine won't be effective in that case okay so you want to find that sweet spot somewhere in between these two and that's what phase one is trying to figure out if everything is still moving smoothly you move on to phase two and again in phase two you're still testing that vaccine to you're giving it to humans but now what did i tell you the sample size is a little bit bigger maybe a moderate sample size and when i say moderate sample size i'm saying in comparison to the small sample size you could have anywhere from maybe a hundred to like a thousand participants okay involved in this study so it's a little bit larger here's the next thing the humans in this study we did it on healthy individuals first in phase one in this one we want it to match the demographics of the population who we're going to be giving this vaccine to we want to match this to age right so generally 18 and above we want to match it to race to gender to underlying comorbidities like lung disease heart disease so on and so forth so you want to make sure that the people that you're giving this vaccine to they're not really healthy they could be healthy but you want to make sure that you put in there some african americans hispanics old age young age those with disease those without disease okay so you get a better representation of it the next thing is you're still monitoring side effects in this case right so you're still looking for side effects but the end goal is usually in phase one you found that sweet dosage that sweet spot you're looking to see is the dosage that we gave is the dosage basically effective okay so you're trying to see is the dosage that we determine in phase one is it effective okay phase three is really what these vaccines are at right now and they're getting emergency use authorization they'll probably have it within the next couple weeks and this is phase three is you're testing the vaccine still on humans so it's still on humans but here's where it's a little different well first off small medium you guys can already tell this is a large sample size okay and when i say large sample size i'm saying it's anywhere from it's in your thousands so it could be anywhere from like a thousand to tens of thousands right with astrazeneca their goal is to get up to 60 000 participants which is a huge sample size so now again the vaccine that you're testing we're testing it on humans right but again it's important to remember that you want these humans to that you're testing it on to match the demographics of the population that you are going to be giving this vaccine to okay and what does that mean that means you have to take into consideration the age anywhere from 18 generally up again you're testing it on people who are healthy who are not have underlying disease white african-american asian all of those things okay the last thing here is you're trying to monitor the effectivity of this disease of this vaccine in a real life situation so basically you're giving the vaccine to the humans right you're letting them go out perform all their normal daily activities and then basically you're going to come and have them they're going to be receiving like monitoring right and you're going to be monitoring some of them will monitor symptoms and then they'll do a pcr test to confirm the diagnosis or some of them will won't even worry about the symptoms and they'll just do regular swabbing of the patient and then look to see if it becomes positive and basically what they're looking at is how many of the people who got the vaccine who went out in the real world and were doing their normal daily activities got the and that got the disease okay and you're also going to have another study group with all of these which you have to have a control group which is the placebo group so they could be also going out into the world and getting the disease but again with that group you're usually giving them like saline or something else that's not really effective so again once we've gone through all of these stages and we found out the efficacy of this vaccine towards the end then you move to emergency use authorization for fda approval and then you can start on basically this vaccine okay all right so we've established how these vaccines kind of come to fruition right we talked about the phases that they have to go through and right now the moderna the pfizer biontech and the astrazeneca oxford vaccine are in that phase three right on the verge of emergency use authorization okay in some areas that actually has already been kind of authorized but for right now what i want us to talk about is how these vaccines produce an immune response right how in the heck do we develop antibodies against this vaccine i think that's important i think it's there's a lot of kind of questions about that especially for mayan i want to know how they work so with moderna and pfizer biontech they kind of have the same type of technology that they're using for their vaccines it's mrna technology so what they do is they take this orange thing here right this orange thing we call this orange thing that's wrapping around the mrna we call it a lipid nanoparticle so this like orange thing here is called a lipid nanoparticle and all that is is it's just literally a phospholipid bilayer that's wrapping around the mrna to basically act as a vehicle or transport mechanism for the virus into the host cell so they take a lipid nanoparticle and then in the lipid nanoparticle they have the mrna now the mrna was derived from like the sars cov2 virus right you had to take into consideration that with the sars cov2 virus okay which is the thing that the virus that causes covid19 you have different proteins that are kind of coming off of that virus right and the one that has the most kind of things that we know that are involved with the pathogenicity is the s protein okay and so what they're doing is they're taking the s protein and working their way backwards to find the mrna that is basically being translated or coded for that protein then taking that mrna and incorporating it into this actual lipid nanoparticle then they're using the lipid nanoparticle with the mrna and obviously you'll get an injection right usually like the deltoid this nanoparticle will then invade host cells any kind of cell and when this actual lipid nanoparticle fuses with the cell membrane of a host cell what happens what kind of looks like this it would fuse here and then it would release the mrna into the cell now once the mrna is in this host cell what happens it does not get involved with our nucleus whatsoever okay it doesn't get it incorporated into the dna what happens is the mrna actually uses our cells ribosomes and when it uses the cell's ribosomes or the rough endoplasmic reticulum the result of that is that you're going to have taking mrna and making proteins right you're going to be making proteins and whenever you're making proteins from mrna what is that process called where you get mrna to proteins that's called translation so the translation of the mrna into proteins is occurring now once that happens these proteins are then going to go and get expressed on the cell membrane on two types of proteins that our cells will express one of those proteins is called an mhc2 protein and this is only found on what's called antigen presenting cells and i'll write down in a second what those are the other protein can also get expressed on another surface molecule expressed on the cell membrane of our host cells and this is called mhc-1 proteins now mhc-1 proteins are found on all nucleated cells in the body so any cell with a nucleus will have an mhc-1 complex but the mhc2 complex is only found on a couple cells b cells right which are your lymphocytes your macrophages which are basically another one of your actual white blood cells and then another one called dendritic cells okay so these are really the only cells that have these mhc2 complexes now when they express these basically this viral protein the s-protein shape on the actual complexes what does it do well it attracts in immune system cells what kind of immune system cells i'm so glad you asked one is called a t helper cell it attracts in a t helper cell now you know t t helper cells remember but th cell okay th cell this has a particular type of membrane protein that interacts with that viral antigen or in this case the shape of the s protein and that's called a tcr but then it has another protein which interacts with the mhc2 complex and that is called a cd4 protein once this interaction occurs between these two things that t cell becomes activated and it starts to release cytokines and there's a ton of these cytokines that they release what kind interleukin 2 interleukin 4 interleukin 5 all these different things the whole thing that happens with this is that all these interleukins they do a couple things they tell a particular cell in your body very very important cells especially with regards to what we're talking about here called a b cell to proliferate so it tells our b cells to go ahead and proliferate but when they proliferate we also want them to differentiate and when they differentiate they differentiate into these very very special cells called plasma cells and these plasma cells once they're developed and stimulated due to these different cytokines being released guess what they start to do they start to make antibodies and guess what these antibodies are directed against they're directed against the s protein on the sars cov2 virus and if we can have that antibody bind on to that protein on the virus we could neutralize the virus or enhance the destruction of the virus that's beautiful and this is one of the main ways but it's also important to realize another thing okay now before i go on though you also have to remember these cytokines not only do they cause proliferation of b cells to make plasma cells and what's called memory b cells but it also stimulates your t helper cells and tells your t helper cells to also proliferate and make a lot of memory t cells and a lot of effector t cells so you're going to make a ton of immune system cells that are going to help in generating this immune response that's important to remember the other process here is a little bit more morbid you have another cell here called the cytotoxic t cell so we're going to put t cytotoxic cell it interacts with this mhc1 complex via its tcr but it has another protein here called a cd8 protein what is this called cd8 protein when it interacts with this complex here it releases some very dangerous molecules that cause the destruction of this cell okay but it also releases other cytokines that amplifies this immune response that we just talked about isn't that cool so that's kind of how this moderna and pfizer biontech vaccine is actually helping us to generate an immune response the question is is how and this is what i asked too and i don't think we know yet how long do these antibodies last and are effective against this virus it's it's uncertain at this point time there's obviously theoretical numbers that are dropped around some say six to eight months some say that we're going to need booster shots again i don't think we know all of that just yet but this is what we know about the moderna physio biotech vaccine now let's talk about astrazeneca oxford vaccine all right so next one is the astrazeneca oxford vaccine this one is not mrna technology this actually uses something really interesting it doesn't use a lipid nanoparticle so you see this brown structure here this brown structure which is housing the nucleic acid inside of it is called a chimpanzee adenovirus and this chimpanzee adenovirus chimpanzees haven't really been exposed to a lot of the human uh kind of population so we won't generate an immune response to the to the adenovirus itself we're going to try to generate an immune response to the protein that's going to be expressed by the dna housed in and that's why we're using the chimp adenovirus but inside of the chimpanzee adenovirus is a dna molecule okay there's a dna molecule and the same kind of process is kind of working here where this dna expresses a protein that is very similar to the s-peptide of the virus so the same kind of process is what we're kind of doing here is we're kind of taking into consideration that what's our goal we want to generate an immune response to this s-peptide right and so ways that we could be doing that is by kind of converting this right into an mrna and then basically converting this into dna and then incorporating that dna into this chimpanzee adenovirus right and then whatever this dna is expressing inside of this host cell it'll lead to antibodies directed against the s-peptide so how does it do that it's pretty much the same kind of process here the chimpanzee adenovirus when you inject it in right deltoid it'll then again latch on to this host cell when it latches onto the host cell it'll release the dna into the host cell right into the cytoplasm then when it releases that host dna into the cytoplasm what happens is the dna migrates into the nucleus right so you have your nucleus of the cell once in that nucleus it does not get incorporated into the dna from what astrazeneca says they say that they use the host cells enzymes to convert the dna into mrna then they take the mrna that's generated here and put it out into the cytoplasm where it will then interact with our the host cells ribosomes then the ribosomes whether free or bound to rough endoplasmic reticulum will then get translated and make proteins right and these proteins will then do what they'll get expressed on the cell membrane and you guys already know what happens here what happens it expresses this on mhc one complex is in mhc2 complexes and then the result is the same right we're not going to go through the whole process we already talked about it but you have your t cells here your helper t cells they generate an immune response and that does what it tells b cells to turn into plasma cells and then these plasma cells generate antibodies and these antibodies are generated against the s peptide on the sars cov2 virus right and you're generating memory t cells as well so a lot of that stuff is still happening the other thing is you still have those cytotoxic t cells and the cytotoxic t cells are still going to be interacting with the mhc-1 complexes and again when they're doing that they're still going to be releasing destructive molecules that cause the damage of this host cell but also release cytokines that are going to aid in kind of your antibody response as well and this response is really what we're looking at okay so again this is how these vaccines are working and now that we understand that now we can go over some of the interim and press release data on these vaccines all right so we've already talked about how we developed a vaccine the phases it has to go through to get approval and what they're going through right now we talked about how the vaccine works right how it generates in a an antibody response or an immunogenic response and how whenever we're exposed to the sars cov2 virus we have those antibodies and we have those activated immune system cells to fight the virus off to prevent the disease how did modern physio biotech and astrazeneca go about getting these efficacy results well moderna gives their their vaccine in two dosages all of them give it in two dosages you're going to get it on day 0 for modern and then on day 28 okay then approximately 14 days later and on if you develop any symptoms of covid19 you come in you get tested okay they started off with about a sample size of around 30 000 participants that's a pretty decent sample size and then obviously with these 30 000 participants you break it up into two groups right you have a placebo group and in this case that placebo group is just receiving like saline they're not really getting the vaccine and then the other group is the vaccine group they're the ones that are getting the moderna vaccine well after they carried out this study and they had them come back if they had symptoms and if they tested positive they would include that data then once they unblinded and found out how many people tested positive they looked to see which ones are placebo and which one was a vaccine the ones who were in the placebo group about 185 people tested positive for covid19 185. now this is a very big difference when you talk about it with respect to the vaccine the vaccine only 11 people tested positive for the vax for the actual coven 19. now here's what's even more marvelous those who tested positive for covid19 were a part of that vaccine group zero of them developed severe symptoms whereas in the placebo group those who tested positive for cova 19 there was around 30 severe cases so when you look at that and you calculate efficacy you can actually calculate efficacy in two ways i could calculate the efficacy here of two endpoints one is just against the disease itself right the kind of the mild moderate aspects of it and then the other one is against the severe disease and if you do all the calculations here against the disease itself where you take out of 185 placebo and 11 vaccine you would take 185 minus 11 right and you would get somewhere around 174 over 185 multiply that by 100 you're going to get around 94.5 efficacy against the disease that's amazing when you talk about severe disease though what are you doing we're taking in consideration here uh that zero people develop severe disease so out of a hundred percent out of a hundred percent you subtract zero percentage right because none of them got the severe disease and what do you get you get a hundred percent efficacy against the severe diseases okay so that's very impressive when we're talking about moderna the next thing that we have to talk about here is another aspect of it that's coming up a lot between especially moderna and pfizer biotech is their storage temperatures they actually prefer that in order for their vaccine to be viable to be super viable and to be at the best capabilities it can be we want that to be somewhere around negative 4 degrees fahrenheit okay now for those of you that's also negative 20 degrees celsius so that is a little bit cold but it's nowhere near as the temperature that you require for pfizer which is unbelievable uh that and that might come into effect with infrastructure costs and that really might be the only big difference in uh kind of determining which one would be utilized all right the next thing that's also very important to remember is the number of vaccines that are being developed that they kind of estimate how many vaccines they'll have by the end of 2020. so by the end of 2020 we see potentially around 20 million samples of this actual vaccine but what's even more impressive is that in 2021 by the end of 2021 we see somewhere around 1 billion vaccines okay that could be potentially produced by moderna and so that's an important thing to remember the next thing is pfizer biontech pfizer biontech is also again same type of technology but when you look at how they went about doing their study it's the same kind of setup they took and gave a first dose at day zero they went to 21 so day 21 you get the second dose and then what happens is seven days later so seven days after you get your second vaccine again you say okay dude they're going to be checking in with the participants do you develop any symptoms if they develop any symptoms then you go and get tested for covid19 you get the pcr test now participants this one actually had more participants than the moderna they had around approximately 40 000. 43 000 participants that's a that's a decent amount and again same concept here they broke it up into the placebo group who are going to be getting the saline and then they broke this up into the vaccine group we'll be getting the uh pfizer biontech vaccine when you take into consideration how many people who tested positive after they unblinded it and looked to see which one was placebo which one was vaccine they found that the placebo group was somewhere around 162 cases so 162 cases of the covid19 for the vaccine group eight eight tested positive and that's that's pretty cool so when you think about that that's a pretty big difference there in efficacy already that's around 95 and we'll calculate that out but here's the other aspect again go on to the severity of the disease when you look at this 162 of those cases only nine of the nine of them which is still interesting and that could be due to demographics of where the it could be due to a bunch of different things age gender it could have been the population area of where they were testing the vaccine there's a lot of things that can go into this but they only had nine cases of severe symptoms whereas with the vaccine group they only had one case of severe symptoms okay so again that's still extremely impressive all right so now that we've determined kind of the results here we have to determine come up with the conclusion basically of how effective it is right so we're looking at efficacy how effective is this vaccine against developing uh just in general like the disease itself right so mild to moderate kind of symptoms and we don't know yet is this also asymptomatic cases i think that's still questions that we have to figure out in the future um but also is it effective against severe disease and when you come and calculate this out you're taking again how many people in the placebo group 162 how many people in the vaccine group 8 162 minus 8 is around 154 take 154 divided by 162 multiply it by 100 and you're going to get somewhere around 95 effective okay against the disease if you look at severity of the disease again you're taking a hundred percent of the the sample basically right and what you're doing here is that one out of eight develop severe symptoms so if you take one divided by eight which is approximately twelve point five percent and you take one hundred percent minus twelve point five percent you're gonna get somewhere around eighty seven point five percent effective against severe disease okay so again a very very significant difference when we're talking about this this is pretty amazing what both of these vaccines can do storage temperature is where there might be a downside though pfizer biotech says that they don't see it being too difficult they say that they can build an infrastructure i just i don't know how much the cost is going to come out to be for all of that process but their vaccine viability is a little bit more stringent um so they need the temperatures to for the vaccine to kind of be transported and live a long time being to being not live but to be very viable and effective we need that temperature to be somewhere around negative 94 degrees fahrenheit and that's about negative 70 degrees celsius that's that's that's really really cold you're going to need very specific infrastructures to help to support that and the transport is going to be also very difficult so that might come into play with overall cost number of vaccine though when you look at how much they expect to have in 2020 they see potentially 50 million so 50 million units of those vaccines whereas in the end of 2021 they see somewhere around 1.3 billion units of the vaccine being produced so again very similar in efficacy very similar in a lot of their data just really the only kind of big difference here is the temperature that might come into play here all right so the last vaccine that i wanted to talk about is the astrazeneca oxford vaccine pretty cool vaccine same kind of dosing regimen as we talked about with modern and pfizer within their study they gave a dose at on day zero then they gave a dose on day 28 and then what happened is 14 days later after they gave the second dose what's interesting is that they didn't really look for the the classical symptoms of kova they just tested them they did swabs so they look for those who tested positive for the sars co v2 virus according to that rt pcr which there's some interesting things with that and i think that needs to be a little bit further analyzed and the reason why is the pfizer and moderna their endpoints was was primarily looking at disease right and disease can mean that you you're showing symptoms of an infection whereas with astrazeneca with this it seems like they also had another kind of endpoint there where they're looking at infection where someone can be infected with the sars cov2 virus and not be symptomatic they can be asymptomatic which is one of the things about this virus is that a lot of times people don't show any symptoms but still have the infection and can transmit it easily so i think that needs to be studied a little bit more and that's pretty interesting regardless though when they did this study um there was a little hiccup but the hiccup actually was a pretty interesting thing and i think it brought about some good stuff and here's what happened they did a study in brazil and then they also did a study in uk right so we had a study that happened in brazil and then he had a study that happened in uk the brazil study we had a total of about uh 9 000 participants right so they had about 9 000 participants in the study for that one in the uk they had about 3 000 participants in the study and the same thing you have to give a control group and you have to have a vaccine group so you had a group that had the placebo and then you had the group that got the vaccine in this case the astrazeneca vaccine and the same thing in uk they got the placebo and then again they also got the vaccine here's where it's a teensy bit different in comparison to what we talked about with the pfizer and the moderna the placebo within brazil and uk the first placebo that they get on day zero is actually the meningococcal vaccine so they wanted to kind of replicate something very similar to what it would be like to get a vaccine rather than saline so they got the meningococcal on the first dose and then saline on the second dose in the usa they're not doing that they're just doing saline but i thought that was pretty interesting now what happened that is very interesting here is that their brazil study when they gave the dosage on day zero and on day 28 it was a one dosage on day zero and then a one dosage full dose on day 28. now that might seem obvious but in uk by some accident they gave a half a dose on day zero and then a full dose on day 28. when they did this something very interesting resulted out of this after they went through figured out the total number of infected cases which was around 131 they unblinded it figured out how many were placebo how many were vaccine and whenever they did that and they came up with the calculations that we talked about similarly they got an efficacy in brazil of about 62 within the vaccine group within the uk they had an efficacy of a whopping 90 what the heck they got a half a dose that's interesting so they had to pause the study a little bit they're still they're going to be doing it in the usa and in other countries as well but what they had to do is come up with a combined analysis so they took the brazil and the uk study and again if you look at that how many participants would you have around about about 12 000 around that and what they did is they look and they determined how many of these cases was there that actually again how many infections were there and if you look at it there was 131 cases that were positive right so 331 of those participants tested positive when they unblinded it and figured out again after they kind of did all this information calculated everything they came up with an efficacy a combined analysis of efficacy of around 70 when you take these two things here so efficacy of approximately 70 percent here's what's also very interesting now some people might be like oh efficacy of 70 compared to 95 percent well one thing there is a 90 efficacy with this half dose that has to be studied a little bit more but here's the other interesting thing even though there is a 70 efficacy with this combined analysis which i think they did them dirty a little bit with this but nonetheless if you look at this 131 cases here that are positive guess how many of these actually had severe symptoms of covid19 zero and that's a beautiful thing when you think about it because that reduces the cases of severe hospitalization on ventilators ecmo and death basically so that's a very beautiful thing to see that as well so they're still carrying this study out in the u.s other countries the goal is to get a total number of participants about 60 000 that's a lot i don't know if i if i can remember another study that has that many uh participants in it so that's pretty amazing all right the next thing that we have to talk about here is we talked about the results here we got to talk about the storage temp this is a beautiful benefit of astrazeneca when you look at the storage temp that they need to keep their vaccine viable it's actually very interesting they don't require super cooling like refrigeration systems like uh like pfizer does and so one of the things that you look at is if you look at the temperature it's around 36 to 46 degrees fahrenheit now in celsius that's about 2.2 degrees celsius to about 7.8 degrees celsius okay so that's beautiful because that could be a benefit when it comes to this they can actually keep this in normal refrigerators in that sense all right the last thing here that we have to talk about and this is another beautiful thing and a benefit of astrazeneca is they estimate that by the end of 2021 or somewhere within 2021 they can generate around 3 billion units of these vaccine but guess what if they figure out how and why that this actual dosage is properly effective that you can get the highest efficacy with this guess how much we could actually up this dosage i mean the units we could potentially go all the way up to 4.5 billion units so that's relatively attractive as well and this is one of the cheaper ones as well when it comes to study process last thing that i want you guys to remember is with these vaccines a lot of the common questions that come up is side effects is this going to kill me is this going to give me guillain-barre syndrome is this going to give cause me to end up going into anaphylaxis from what the company data interim analysis all the press release data shows from what we see they're very mild minimal side effects for example they're seeing small percentages of pain at the injection site what you get with the flu shot maybe a little bit of redness fatigue headaches and maybe some muscle and joint pain again i think there needs to be more studies done to truly evaluate this risk there's a risk with any vaccine when you take it but again from what the data is showing from these companies there is very minimal side effects and that's a beautiful thing when it comes to these vaccines all right so nigerians within this video we talk about all these covid19 vaccines we cover how they are developed we cover their mechanism of action and we cover some of the company interim press release data on these vaccines i hope it helped and i hope that you guys did enjoy it as always engineers until next time [Music] you

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Keywords: Ninja Nerd Lectures, Ninja Nerd, Ninja Nerd Science, education, whiteboard lectures, medicine, science, coronavirus, world news, covid-19, CNBC, vaccine, pfizer, breaking news, moderna, cable news, news station, stock market, moderna vaccine, 19 vaccines, stocks, biggest COVID-19 vaccines, COVID vaccine, us news, corona, SARS-CoV-2, BIONTECH, astrazeneca, oxford university, COVID-19, operation warp speed, fauci, pandemic, coronavirus vaccine

Id: 35Idb_lCU4o

Length: 43min 40sec (2620 seconds)

Published: Mon Dec 07 2020

Reddit Comments

[u/iliketreesanddogs]

this guy has some of the BEST free lectures if you work in the medical field. helped me through my postgrad!

[u/mediocregothgf]

Ok, i have a biochem presentation about vaccines due this week and this makes me realise mine sucks.

[u/etaipo]

I wasn't sure what the best flair would be, but I thought that this video would start a decent discussion.